• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.249-255
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Globally, mulberry (Morus sp.) is exploited for feeding leaf to silkworms in order to obtain silk fiber or for animal feedstock production. Also, mulberry fruit is known to a by-product that was produced from mulberry tree after harvesting leaves for silkworm rearing, as a yield and consumption of mulberry fruit was increased, it has been fixing to a newincome crop. Mulberry leaves and fruits are used for the health benefits of human beings. Mulberry contains various bioactive components, such as alkaloids and flavonoids. Mulberry flavonoids are an important part of the diet because of their effects on human nutrition. The flavonoids in mulberry leaf and fruit of 'Suhyang'(Morus alba L.) were determined. METHODS AND RESULTS: Flavonoids for mulberry leaf and fruit of 'Suhyang' were analysed using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-QTOF/MS)technique. An UPLC-DAD-QTOF/MS system was used, and identification of mulberry leaves constituents was carried out on the basis of the complementary information obtained from LC spectra, MS ions, and MS/MS fragments. The mulberry leaf (16 flavonoids) and fruit (9 flavonoids) were isolated and analyzed from Suhyang using UPLC-DAD-QTOF/MS chromatogram. To the best of our knowledge, Quercetin 3-O-(6"-O-malonyl) glucoside and quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) was detected on the highest content in leaf and fruit, respectively and further research will be devoted to evaluate their biological activity. CONCLUSION: Obtaining information about the concentration of functional materials in mulberry leaves could contribute to the development and promotion of processed, functional products and offer possible industrial use of 'Suhyang', holding promises to enhance the overall profitability of sericulture.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.148-152
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• 1994

This study was carried out to investigate insect specles of Kiwi fruit, and ecological characteristicsof Stathmopoda m Chonnam province from 1991 to 1993 Twelve families and thirteen specieswere identified during the study. Sfothmopoda aurijerello and mulberp scale were key insect pestsamong them. The body sizes of each stage of S. a~irijereilo was measured and found to be 0.12 mmfor egg, 9.8 mm for mature lawa. 5.9 mm for pupae and 123mm for adult with opened wings.S, ouriferelia appers to have two generations a yea Adults occut~ed from late May to midJulyand mid-August to early September Mth two peaks m early to midJune and late August. Changein age structure (% lawe: % pupae) over time was 100: 0 in earlyJul, 96. 1 . 3 9 in midduly. 64.9:35 1 in late July. 19.8 . 80 2 in early August, and 0 : 100 in mld-August Damaged fruit was 4 6%in early July, increase above 40% 1" midJuly, and then the damage surpassed the damage threshold.The rate of fruit damaged was 45.9%, and there wbi no significant dtfferences among countiesDamaged parts of fruits were manly fruit apex Mth 70% and followed by fruit stalk w~th 11.1%.The rate of fruit damaged by varieties were Hayward with 25.7%. Monty with 17 5%. Hyangrokwith 13.9%, Abott with 9.3% and Bruno with 6.0%. with 9.3% and Bruno with 6.0%.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.587-602
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• 2011

Improved efficiency in the use of natural resources, pragmatic production systems and environmental sustainability, justified by the need for improved land use systems and increased productivity, are discussed in the context of Asian integrated systems, diversification, and issues of sustainability. The importance of these are reflected by serious inadequate animal protein production throughout Asia, where available supplies cannot match current and projected human requirements up to 2050. Among the ruminant production systems, integrated tree crops-ruminant production systems are grossly underestimated and merit emphasis and expansion. As an example, integrated oil palm- based system is an important pathway for integration with ruminants (buffaloes, cattle, goats and sheep), and provides the entry point for development. The importance and benefits of integrated systems are discussed, involving animals with annual and perennial tree crops, integration with aquaculture, the significance of crop-animal interactions, stratification of the systems, production options, improved use of forages and legumes, potential for enhanced productivity, implications for improved livelihoods of the rural poor and the stability of farm households. The advances in research and development in South East Asia highlight demonstrable increased productivity from animals and meat offtakes, value addition to the oil palm crop, sustainable development, and distinct economic impacts. The results from 12 out of a total of 24 case studies concerning oil palm over the past three decades showed increased yield of 0.49-3.52 mt of fresh fruit bunches (FFB)/ha/yr; increased income by about 30%; savings in weeding costs by 47- 60% equivalent to 21-62 RM/ha/yr; and an internal rate of return of 19% based on actual field data. The results provide important socio-economic benefits for resource-poor small farmers. Potential increased offtakes and additional income exist with the integration of goats. Additionally, the potential for carbon sequestration with tree crops is an advantage. The reasons for low adoption of the syatems are poor awareness of the potential of integrated systems, resistance by the crop- oriented plantation sector, and inadequate technology application. Promoting wider expansion and adoption of the systems in the future is linked directly with coherent policy, institutional commitment, increased investments, private sector involvement, and a stimulus package of incentives.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.218-221
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• 2005

The present study was investigated in the Chittagong hill forest of Bangladesh to assess the feasibility of ginger cultivation under multipurpose forest and fruit tree species. There were three treatments such as i) ginger grown under open field condition, ie. full sunlight (T1), ii) ginger grown under Gamar tree (spacing of $90{\times}90cm$ (T2) and iii) ginger grown under guava tree (spacing $180{\times}180cm$) tree (T3). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) and each treatment was replicated three times. From data it was observed that some morphological parameters of ginger such as plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf length and leaf breadth were higher in the treatments T2 and T3 as compared to the treatment T1. A positive and linear relationship was observed between the weight of rhizome and yield of ginger which caused the highest yield of ginger ($23.63Mg\;ha^{-1}$) under guava tree species at partial shaded condition in the T3 treatment ($180{\times}180cm$), whereas the lowest yield ($15.64Mg\;ha^{-1}$) was recorded in the T2 treatment when ginger was cultivated under Gamar tree species at closer spacing ($90{\times}90cm$). Therefore, it was revealed that partial shaded condition favoured the optimum growth and yield of ginger, whereas the dense shade from intensively planted tree species badly affected the dry matter production and yield of ginger.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.63-67
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• 2006

Apple scar skin, one of the most destructive diseases affecting apple, is caused by Apple scar skin viroid (ASSV d). Fruit dappling appeared on several cultivars in Korea and has been distributed to major cultivated areas since 2001. ASSVd was identified from infected fruits by using nucleic acid sequence-based amplification with electrochemiluminescence (NASBA-ECL). NASBA-ECL method was faster and hundredfold more sensitive than reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for ASSVd detection in apple leaves/ stems. ASSVd was rapidly transmitted to the entire tree in the second year after artificial inoculation. The ASSVd could be transmitted efficiently by using contaminated pruning scissors to both lignified stems (60 to $70\%$) and green shoots (20 to $40\%$) of apple tree and young plants. Dipping of contaminated scissors in $2\%$ sodium hypochlorite solution effectively prevented viroid transmission. In the ASSV d-infected fruits, the viroid was easily detected from fruit skin, seed coat, and embryo. Moreover, embryo and endosperm separately excised from the ASSVd-infected seeds were ASSVd positive in NASBA-ECL assay. Seedlings germinated from ASSVd-positive seeds showed $7.7\%$ infection rate., which indicated that ASSVd is seed-borne.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.173-183
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• 2012

This study was conducted to select promising green manure crops, providing sufficient amount of nutrients for satisfying fruit tree growth, with the overwintering cover crops grown in organic orchards in 2009. The cover covers were investigated in 13 organic orchards in Chonnam province in April and June. The dry matter in cover crops observed in April and June was the highest for Lolium multiflorum Lam. and Bromus japonicus Thunb., respectively. Total N and K production in April was the highest for Lolium multiflorum Lam, Vicia hirsuta (L.) S. F. Gray and Vicia angustifolia var. segetilis (Thuill.) K. Koch., respectively, with Bromus japonicus Thunb. in June. This study showed that the leguminous crops, Vicia hirsuta (L.) and Vicia angustifolia, would be the prospective cover covers as the both crops provided sufficient amount of N and $K_2O$ into the soil. Amount of $P_2O_5$ producing from all cover crops provided less than nutrient levels than those of recommended nutrient requirement for satisfying 10- to 15-year-old fruit tree growth.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.567-575
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• 2009

Organic pear (Pyrus pyriforia) fruits have remarkably increased in Korea since year 2000 due to increase consumer's demand for the fruit, and the farmers are keep trying to change their cultivation system that is replaced from conventional farming to organic-base farming for the fruit. However, there is little information for the soil properties, tree nutrition, and tree growth at organic orchards in Korea. Therefore, this study was established to investigate for the chemical properties of soils and leaf and bud characteristics of a conventional and organic pear trees in experimental orchards for two years. Commercial (Sanwool, YoungHwa Co., Korea) compost was applied to the orchard soils with conventional farming systems for two years for pear trees (10 to 15 year old trees) in KyungSan, Korea. The compost application increased pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and, microbial biomass in the soil. The compost treatment also increased specific leaf weight and foliar $P_2O_5$ concentration as well as leaf and floral bud sizes.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 2008

This research was conducted to determine heavy metal contents of soil and tree in pear orchard located near national road with heavy traffics. Topsoil (0-15 cm depth) and subsoil (15-30 cm) samples in pear orchard located within 40 m from national road had higher Pb, Cu, and Zn contents than background orchard (BG) and these heavy metal contents decreased with distance from road. Topsoil samples taken at 10 m from national road had 4 times higher level in Pb, 3 times in Cu, and 2.5 times in Zn compare to BG. The Cd contents of topsoil in orchard were higher than those of BG but were not in subsoil. Highest heavy metal contents of pear leaves in roadside orchard were 20.08 in Pb, 7.02 in Cu, 30.83 in Zn, and $1.68\;mm.kg^{-1}$ in Cd and these heavy metal contents in roadside orchard were higher than BG. Cd contents of fruit and Pb contents of fruit stalk in roadside orchard were higher than BG and these heavy metal contents decreased with distance up to 40 m from the road.

• Forest Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.160-168
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• 2018

The seeds of Elaeocarpus serratus, a tropical underutilized fruit tree are characterized by hard seed coat and consequent poor water uptake and low germination. To improve the regeneration through seeds, various parameters such as viability of seeds, water uptake, and effect of seed mass on germination and pretreatments were performed using a completely randomized design (CRD). Tetrazolium (TZ) test was conducted using fresh, mature seeds revealed $50{\pm}2.56%$ mean viability. Seeds of different weight classes showed similar pattern of water uptake and the saturation level was achieved at 60 hrs of soaking. Seeds belong to weight class 2.6-3.5g were germinated ($12.5{\pm}1.26%$) with $175{\pm}1.75days$ (d) of mean time taken for germination (MTG). Germination capacity of seeds varied significantly among different populations and Varkala population gave $12.5{\pm}1.1%$ germination with $174.6{\pm}2.5d$ MTG. Among various seed treatments, mechanical scarification was superior in germination and significant reduction in MTG ($p{\leq}0.05$). The mechanical scarification by complete removal of seed coat resulted in $49.2{\pm}1.52%$ germination within a short period of time ($9.52{\pm}0.89d$ MTG). However, the complete removal of seed coat without damaging to embryo is a difficult task. An alternate treatment (Mechanical scarification II) by making cracks on nut faces vertically followed by soaking in distilled water for 24 hrs gave $48.4{\pm}1.73%$ germination with significantly reduced MTG ($12.14{\pm}0.56d$) over unsoaked, untreated control ($6.5{\pm}1.84%$ germination and $197.18{\pm}1.79d$ MTG; $p{\leq}0.05$). This treatment (Mechanical scarification II) is therefore recommended for E. serratus seeds as it can adopt easily and can achieve 7 fold increases in germination over control. The recorded germination through mechanical scarification is in tune with realized viability percentage of the seeds.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.347-356
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• 2018

Chionanthus retusus is a small deciduous tree that is widely used in landscaping due to its beautiful white spring flowers and ornamental value. Conventional propagation through seeds requires one to two years of breaking dormancy. The objective of this study was to determine the conditions of in vitro germination in C. retusus. In vitro embryo culture was carried out to investigate the effects of six factors: basal media (McCown Woody Plant Medium (WPM) and Murashige and Skoog (MS)); plant growth regulators (different combinations and concentrations of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA), and gibberellic acid ($GA_3$)); embryo age (collected weekly beginning 36 days after fruit setting); low temperature pretreatment (storing $4^{\circ}C$ for 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks); coconut additives (100, 200, and $300ml{\cdot}L^{-1}$); and genotype (grouping plants depending on their flowering nature). The basal medium used in this study was WPM with $2mg{\cdot}L^{-1-1}\;GA_3$, $20g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ sucrose, and $6g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ Agar. WPM medium mixed with $GA_3$, resulted in higher germination rate as compared to when using a combination of auxin and cytokinin. $GA_3$ at $2mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ was the most effective of all combinations and concentrations of PGRs. WPM medium with $2mg{\cdot}L^{-1}GA_3$ resulted in better and faster germination (75.93%). Embryos collected at 57 days after fruit setting had the highest percent of germinated seeds (87.04%) while low-temperature pretreatment of fruits at $4^{\circ}C$ for two weeks produced the highest germination (95.37%). These results of this study could be an open ground for development of an efficient protocol for commercial production of the ornamental tree.