• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.53-70
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• 2016

Korean temple gardens have very high preservation value as the place reflecting ancestral wisdom in harmony with nature. Not only as a religious place but also as a beautiful landscape place, many people including foreigners are visiting traditional Korean temples. However, current many Korean temple gardens lost their original value and meaning because of the inappropriate planting in traditional places. In this study, for maintaining the representativeness of traditional Korean temple, we researched the current planting status of traditional Korean temple. After the research of 51 traditional Korean temples, a total of 207 species of plants was investigated, and among them 128 species (61.84%) were Korean native plants, 76 species (36.71%) were cultivar plants, 2 species (0.97%) were naturalized plants, and 1 species (0.48%) is introduced plant. Korean red pine (46 temples), sawleaf zelkova (38 temples), and ginkgo (36 temples) were the high rank species among 207 species. Korean rare plants including black-fruit hackberry and Korean fir form 5.3% of total species, and Korean endemic plants including Korean weigela and Korean paulownia form 3.4% of total species in traditional Korean temples. On the other hand, plants that have religious meaning such as lotus, musa, and guelder rose form slightly. There is a higher proportion of traditional Korean plants than religious meaning plants in traditional temple gardens, so that temple gardens are highlighted as historic places. Based on the planting status, maintenance plans were established reflecting characteristics of each spaces: entry space, the precincts of a shrine, and flower stairs. As a result, we suggest that selecting a suitable plant species with regard to the religious meaning of the plant symbolism for newly designing Korean temple gardens.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.25 no.4 s.83
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• pp.311-319
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• 1997

These studies were carried out to develop an artificial cultivation method. The diameter and thickness of pileus ranged $1.5{\sim}7.0\;cm$ and $0.8{\sim}3.0\;cm$, respectively. The diameters of stipe were $1.2{\sim}2.5\;cm$ and the lengthes were $4.5{\sim}9.0\;cm$. The spore fingerprint was white. The sizes were spore $10.8{\sim}12.2{\times}4.35{\sim}5.65\;{\mu}m$, basidia $50.0{\sim}59.2{\times}7.4{\sim}7.8\;{\mu}m$, nalsistidia $21.75{\sim}28.7{\times}4.8{\sim}6.1\;{\mu}m$, pileus hymenium cell $50.6{\sim}66.0{\times}4.4{\sim}6.7\;{\mu}m$, and stipe hymenium cell $28.6{\sim}33.0{\times}5.5{\sim}6.6\;{\mu}m$. The thirty percent mixture of rice and wheat bran into sawdust gives the high density of mycelia and the good development of fruiting structure. The optimum water contents of sawdust substrates were $60{\sim}65%$ in which condition the mycelium grows well and gives high density. In PP bottle cultivation, the first fruiting period was $6{\sim}8$ days earlier in nonscratching samples than scratching ones, but the quantity of fruiting body was higher in scratching samples than nonscratching ones. In the case of PP bag cultivation, the first fruiting was 10 days faster, and the quantity of fruiting bodies was 30% higher in samples with 30% wheat bran than those with rice bran. The fleshiness of stipe was $2{\sim}3$ times harder than that of pileus.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.87-94
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of maturating and dried jujube. The moisture contents of the unripe and ripe jujube were found to be 84.66 and 66.45%, respectively, but that of the dried jujube was 31.48%. The crude-fat and crude-ash contents of the dried jujube were much higher than those of the maturing jujube. The carbohydrate contents of the unripe, ripe, and dried jujube were found to be 13.51, 27.94, and 61.70%, respectively, and the soluble-protein contents were 0.88, 1.73, and 3.71%. The reducing-sugar content of the dried jujube was 18.82%, higher than that of the ripe jujube. The sucrose contents of the unripe and ripe jujube were 10.15 and 16.66 g/100 g, respectively, and that of the dried jujube was 33.46 g/100 g. The major fatty acids that were found to compose jujube were palmitic, oleic, pamitoleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid. The myristoleic and arachidonic acid contents were higher in the dried jujube than in the ripe jujube, but the palmitoleic acid content was lower in the dried jujube than in the ripe jujube. The major minerals of jujube were found to be Ca, K, Mg, and P, and the total mineral contents of the unripe, ripe, and dried jujube in this study were 343.38, 584.94, and 331.56 mg/100 g, respectively. The polyphenol contents of the unripe, ripe, and dried jujube were 309.12, 248.80, and 23.34 mg/100 g, respectively, while the vitamin C contents were 610.04, 310.22, and 423.27 mg/100 g.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.73-95
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• 1997

Elderly problem from being aging society, especially health related problem of the elderly is very serious in many parts of this country. The reason is that most of geriatric disease are chronic and debilitating. The cause of chronic and debilitating disease are bad lifestyle and wrong health habit. Health is affected by a result of interaction of environment and human being. Because of difference of lifestyle between a city and a farm village, health behavior and health status of urban elderly and rural elderly may be dissimilar. Thus the purpose of this study was to grasp health behavior and health status, to identify the factors that effect on health status of the elderly. The subfects for this study, 488 persons aged 60 and over who live in Seoul or Cheonbuk Province. The preliminary survey was carried out from Aug. 19, to Aug. 22, 1996. With complement of questions, main survey was carried out from Sep. 29, to Oco. 10, 1996. The data was analysed by using in SPSS/PC+ program. The results were as follows. 1. General Characteristics 1) In the individual characteritics of the respondents, Seoulites aged 80 and over were 24.7%, the average age was 73.14 years old and rural residents aged 60-69 were 63.7%, the average age was 68.90 years old. In Seoul, 142 men and 101 women were respondents. In Cheonbuk Province, 101 men and 144 women were answered. In Seoul, those who graduated form elementary school were 35.4%, in farming region, illiteracy persons were 44.9%. In Seoul, 47.7% of respondents had spouse and in farming village, 66.1% of respondents had spouse. 39.0% of respondents who's imcome type was independent were Seoulite, and 66.1% of respondents who's income type was independent were rural residents. Employed persons in Seoul and in rural region were 16.9% and 62.0%. 2. Health Behavior 1) For the health behavior total score, the difference by region was not statistically significant. But the score of individual item was different and statistically significant. 2) For the Seoulites, younger person(p〈0.01), the female(p〈0.001) showed better health behavior and for the farming village residents, younger person(p〈0.01), the female(p〈0.01), independent income type(p〈0.05), employed person(p〈0.05) showed better health behavior. 3. Health Status 1) For the self-rated health status total score, the difference by region was statistically significant and individual item score was different and statistically significant. For ADL and IADL total score, the difference by region was not statistically significant, but individual item score was different and statistically significant. 2) For the Seoulites, woman(p〈0.05), lower education(p〈0.00l), independent income type(p〈0.05) showed higher score in self-rated health status. For rural residents, woman(p〈0.05), lower education(p〈0.01), independent Income type(p〈0.001) showed higher score in self-rated health status. For the Seoul residents, younger person(p〈0.001), employed(p〈0.05) showed higher score in ADL and IADL, and for the farm area residents, younger person(p〈0.001), higher education(p〈0.01), having spouse(p〈0.001), family type(p〈0.01) showed higher score In ADL and IADL. 3) For the Seoulites, drinking(p〈0.05), breakfast(p〈0.05), exercise(p〈0.05) and for the rural residents, drinking(p〈0.05), deep sleeping(p〈0.05), exercise(p〈0.01), washing hands before meal(p〈0.01) showed higher score In self-rated health status. For the Seoulites, deep sleeping(p〈0.05), exercise(p〈0.05) and for the farm village residents, fruit(p〈0.05), deep sleeping(p〈0.05), exercise(p〈0.001) showed higher score in ADL and IADL. We carried out this study to analyze the effectiveness through health education program in short term which was performed to use the special subject activities. This study was conducted on 63 students who were first grade in S Junior High School from Dec. 1995 to Feb. 1996. To analyze the effectiveness, we performed the Pretest, 1st Posttest, and 2nd Posttest for learned health knowledge. The results were as follows: 1. Most of the students(69.8%) responded that their health were good, and they got the information for health through Mass Com.. The students who had experience of health education were 15.9%, and the 77.8% of the respondents needed the health education. 2. The means of health knowledge on tests were 18.2(Pretest), 21.5(1st Posttest), and 21.4(2nd Posttest). Increase of health knowledge between Pretest and 1st Posttest was 10.9%. 3. The mean of differences between Pretest and 1st Posttest was 3.26, it was significant(p〈0.01). And the mean of differences between Pretest and 2nd Posttest was 3.19, it was significant(p〈0.01);however, the mean of differences between 1st Posttest and 2nd Posttest was not significant(p=0.2514). 4. The significant main contents were Health Facilities(d=0.42), Pregnancy and Labor(d=0.39), Hygiene(d=0.35), Safety Education(d=0.66), and Drug Abuse(d=0.60)(p〈0.01).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.162-169
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• 2008

To determine suitable composition of nutrient solution according to soil textures in fertigation culture of cucumber using three strengths (S) of Yamasaki cucumber recipe, chemical changes of soil, growth characteristics and yield of cucumber were investigated. Electric conductivity of drainage solution was risen in all treatments, pH of loam soil was generally optimum level and that of sandy soil was high level. Photosynthetic rate in loam soil supplied the 1/2 S and transpiration rate in sandy soil supplied the 1.0 S were most low. Diffusive resistance in sandy soil supplied the 1.0 S was high. Chlorophyll contents was higher concentrations by the kinds of soil. Amount of drainage solution in sandy loam soil supplied the 1/2 S and loam soil supplied the 1.0 S were most much and little, respectively. Water absorption rate was the opposition to amount of drainage solution. Nutrient contents in soil except calcium were most high in the 1.0 S by the kinds of soil. Nutrient contents in leaves, nitrogen in sandy soil supplied 1.0 S, phosphorus in loam soil supplied 1/2 S, potassium in two soil supplied 1.0 S, calcium in loam supplied 1/2 S and sandy loam soil supplied 1.0 S, magnesium in loam soil supplied the 1/2 S was high. The growth and yield of fruit were more in loam than in sandy loam soil. Therefore, the suitable compositions of macro-nutrients for fertigation culture of cucumber were determined in loam and sandy loam soils as follows: In loam soil, they were $NO_3$-N 12.3, $NH_4$-N 1.0, P 3.0, K 5.9, Ca 5.7, Mg $3.5\;me{\cdot}L^{-1}$, whereas in sandy loam soil $NO_3$-N 11.7, $NH_4$-N 1.0, P 3.0, K 5.9, Ca 4.9, Mg $3.2\;me\;L^{-1}$.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.96-106
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• 2014

The primary objective of the present study is the characterization of the somatic hybrids of dikaryon-monokaryon (di-mono) crosses in mushroom breeding. We employed this technique for developing superior strains from Pleurotus ostreatus strains with 48 intraspecific hybrids of 12 combinations between six P. ostreatus strains and one P. florida strain. The results on the experiments of hybridization rate, nuclear DNA patterns, and colors and morphology of fruit-bodies, are presented. In di-mono crosses, somatic hybrids among Pleurotus strains showed 100% of crossability as seen in those between P. ostreatus and P. florida strains indicating that the nuclei of a dikaryon is inferred to be migrated to a recipient. 87.5% of the somatic hybrids among Pleurotus strains were similar to the donor dikaryons, and 12.5% of the somatic hybrids presented DNA patterns of both parents. In 16.6% of di-mono crosses between P. ostreatus and P. florida, the nuclear DNA patterns of all hybrids showed the same or similar patterns compared to the donor dikaryons. 70.9% of the hybrids between P. ostreatus and P. ostreatus were similar to the donor dikaryons and 12.5% of them presented the DNA patterns of both parents. 79.2% of fruiting body morphology of the hybrids among Pleurotus strains were similar to the dikaryons and 20.8% of them were similar to both parents. Interestingly, the morphology of all dikaryons were dissimilar each other. All hybrid strains between dikaryon P. florida and monokaryon P. ostreatus showed the fruiting body of which colors were similar to those of the dikaryon, while the hybrids between dikaryon P. ostreatus and monokaryon P. florida were showed the combined colors of both parents. Therefore, the fruiting body color of P. florida tends to be generally dominant. In conclusion, the present study provides a way to find out and suggest superior hybrid strains using the nuclear DNA patterns of hybrids between Pleurotus strains as well as the characteristics of their fruiting bodies. The advantages of the di-mono crossing are needs to be fully utilized in mushroom breeding because it is an ideal way to develop the superior strains of Pleurotus.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.279-285
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• 2017

This study reviews the manufacturing characteristics of distilled liquor prepared using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 88-4 separated from traditional Nuruk. From analysis of soju mash (sool-dut) during the fermentation process, 17.2% of alcohol was detected in the final fermentation with succinic acid present at the highest level ($7,164.3{\pm}85.2ppm$). From the analysis of alcohol content in different distillation conditions, distillation condition No. 6 showed the lowest amount of alcohol ($29.6{\pm}0.0%$), whereas distillation condition No. 4 showed the highest amount ($59.9{\pm}0.1%$). N-propanol has been detected at the highest level in distilled liquor under conditions No. 1 and 4, each being $163.4{\pm}18.3$ and $174.0{\pm} 0.1ppm$, respectively. Isobutanol showed a tendency similar to n-propanol. Distilled liquor in conditions No. 1 and 4 has shown the highest acetaldehyde level, each being $303.4{\pm}4.5$ and $325.4{\pm}13.1ppm$, respectively. After distillation, 14 volatile substances were found in common, with isoamyl alcohol present at the highest levels in all the distilled liquors. Distillation conditions No. 3, 5, 6, and 7 have shown high levels of isobutanol that emits a banana-like fragrance and ethyl octanoate that emits a pleasant fruity and floral fragrance.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.101-110
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• 2004

The growth and niche breath of four species, i.e., native plants such as Bidens tripauita and B. bipinnata and naturalized plants such as B. frondosa and B. pilosa var. minor, were studied as related with environmental gradients including light intensity, soil moisture and soil nutrient. There were no significant differences in the phonology within each environmental gradients while considerable differences were found between species; the two naturalized species bloomed and produced fruit later than the two native species. Two naturalized species exhibited relatively higher total dry weight than the two native counterparts within all environmental gradients. Total dry weight showed positive responses to light intensity and soil moisture, and negatively to soil nutrient. The relative contribution of the environmental factors to total dry weight decreased in the order of soil nutrient, soil moisture and light intensity. Both B. bipinnata and B. pilosa var. minor showed significantly higher net assimilation rate (NAR) than other species. Also, NARs of B. bipinnata and B. pilosa var. minor decreased with increasing soil nutrient. Relative growth rate (RGR) decreased in order of B. tripartita, B. bipinnata, B. frondosa and B. pilosa var. minor in response to light intensity. In addition, RGRs of B. bipinnata and B. piEosa yay. minor increased in response to soil moisture, while those of B. pilosa var. minor and B. tripartita decreased with increment of soil nutrient. No significant fluctuations of shoot/root ratio were not observed in three species, but a native species, B. tripartita showed n decreased shoot/root ratio in response to soil nutrient. Comparing the growth characteristics of the species, B. pitosa var. minor and 3. tripartita revealed vigorous growth on barren soil. On the other hand, B. frondosa exhibited vigorous growth on fertile soil. Morphologically, B. tripartita adapted to light and required considerable moisture. On the contrary, the leaves of B. bipinnata did not change considerably in their area, although it preferred habitat with abundant light. In terms of niche breadth, B. bipinnata showed the widest ranges of 0.875 and 0.845 for light intensity and soil moisture gradients, respectively. B. pilosa var. minor showed a value of 0.933 for soil nutrient gradient. B. tripartita showed narrow ranges for the three environmental factors, whereas B. frondosa showed wide values for light intensity and soil nutrient, but relatively narrow value for soil moisture.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.115-126
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• 2004

Somatic hybrids of inter-compatible and inter-incompatible strains were obtained by protoplast fusion. The fusion products between compatible strains, Pleurotus ostreatus and P. florida, formed heterokaryons, while fusants between incompatible strains such as P. cornucopiae + P. florida, P. ostreatus + Ganoderma applanatum, P. florida + Ganoderma lucidum, and P. ostreatus + Flammulina velutipes formed synkaryons that retained genes from both parents. The heterokaryons showed the same level of basidioma development. In contrast, the synkaryons showed unique characteristics including clamp connection formation at mitosis, either partner basidioma development, and abnormal segregation and recombination compared with inter-compatible strains. Synkaryons can be classified into homokaryoyic and heterokaryotic type. A comparison of somatic hybrids with compatible and incompatible strains was made using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The heterokaryons between compatible species showed the same level of variability and contained both parental RAPD bands. In contrast, most of the synkaryons between incompatible species showed similarity to those of either parental bands and non-parental RAPD bands. Synkaryons can be classified into microgenome insertion type and macrogenome insertion type. A tetrapolar mating system was found among monospore isolates in somatic hybrids and wild type P. ostreatus. Homokaryons from each somatic hybrid combination were paired with tester homokaryons of the initial wild type of P. ostreatus. The changed mating types were identified in progenies. The pattern of mating type switching in somatic hybrids depends on compatibility of fusion partner. There are several factors related to the mechanism of clamp connection formation and fruiting body development of synkaryons. Of these,the major factor may be associated with self-fertility and mating type switching such as homokaryotic fruiting of wild type P. ostreatus. This review will discuss these aspects.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.284-288
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• 2005

This study was conducted to clarify the effects of supplying methods of selenium on the growth and Se uptake of hydroponically grown tomato plants. Tomato seeds (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. cv. Momotaro T-93, Daki Seed Co.) were sown in plug tray with fifty holes, and raised for sixty days. Tomato seedlings transplanted to coco fiber slabs were supplied with the nutrient solutions adjusted to EC $2.3dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and pH $5.8\~6.2$ recommended by the Japanese Horticultural Experiment Station. Selenium forms used were inorganic $SeO_2$ (here in after referred to Se) and organic selenium chlenium with sugar fatty acid ester (here in after referred to chelated-Se). 10 ppm selenium solutions were treated to tomato plants with foliar applications, drenching, and foliar application plus drenching. Growth characteristics in terms of plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and chlorophyll content were significantly increased in the plot of foliar application ot Se, and in the plot of foliar application plus drenching of chelated-Se than other plots, respectively. Transported contents of selenium into the tomato fruits were highest as 0.302 ppm in the plot of foliar application plus drenching of chelated-Se. Also, it had tended to be higher in the plot of foliar application plus drenching than in the plots of foliar application or drenching in both of Se and chelated-Se. Foliar application and drenching of organic chelated-Se were effective to produce the functional tomato fruits.