• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
• /
• 2003.11a
• /
• pp.56-63
• /
• 2003

Micro/nano adhesion and friction properties of mixed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) with different chain length for MEMS application were experimentally studied. Many kinds of SAM having different spacer chains(C6, C10 and C18) and their mixtures (1:1) were deposited onto Si-wafer, where the deposited SAM resulted in the hydrophobic nature. The adhesion and friction properties between tip and SAM surfaces under nano scale applied load were measured using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and micro scale applied load were measured using ball-on-flat type micro-tribotester. Surface roughness and water wetting angles were measured with SPM (scanning probe microscope) and contact anglemeter. Results showed that wetting angles of mixed SAMs showed the similar value of pure SAMs. The coating surface morphology was increased as mixing of SAM. Nano adhesion and nano friction decreased as increasing of the spacer chain length and mixing of SAM. Micro friction was decreased as increasing of the spacer chain, but micro friction of mixed SAM showed the value between pure SAMs. Nano adhesion and friction mechanism of mixed SAM was proposed in a view of stiffness of spacer chain modified chemically and topographically.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.29-36
• /
• 2007

The present study examined the mechanical properties of the friction welding of Ni-Cr-Mo to SM45C. Friction welding was conducted at welding conditions of 2,000 rpm, friction pressure of 100MPa, friction time of 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0 seconds, upset pressure of 150MPa, and upset time of 3.0 seconds. When the friction time was 1.6 seconds, the maximum tensile strength of the friction weld happened to be 1,020MPa, which is 120% of the base material's tensile strength(850MPa). At the same condition, the maximum shear strength was 438MPa, which is equivalent to 103% of the base material's shear strength(425MPa). At the same condition, the maximum vickers hardness was Hv490 at Ni-Cr-Mo nearby weld interface, which is higher Hv40 than condition of the friction time 0.8 seconds, and the maximum vickers hardness was Hv305 from weld interface of SM45C, which is higher Hv12 than condition of the friction time 0.8 seconds. The results of microstructure analysis show that the structures of two base materials have fined and rearranged along a column due to heating and axial force during friction, which has affected in raising hardness and tensile strength.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.247-258
• /
• 2002

The high-temperature material properties of steel are very important to the fire resistance analysis of high-strength bolt connections. This paper reports on the results of the experimental studies on the high-temperature properties of 20 MnTiB steel which is widely used in high-strength bolts, and the friction coefficient of 16Mn steel plates at elevated temperature which is a necessary parameter for bolted frictional connection analysis. The test data includes yield strength, limit strength, modulus of elasticity, elongation and expansion coefficient of 20MnTiB steel at elevated temperature, and the friction coefficients between two 16Mn steel plates under elevated temperatures and after cooling. Based on the data from the tests, the mathematical models for predicting the mechanical properties of 20MnTiB steel and friction coefficients of 16Mn steel plates have been established.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.33 no.5
• /
• pp.479-484
• /
• 1996

The tribological properties of ceramics are very important in the application to engineering ceramic parts such as mechanical seal slurry valve disc and so on. In this study the effect of graphite addition on the mechanical and tribological properties of RBSC/graphite composites were investigated. The composites were prepared by adding graphite powder to the mixture of SiC powder metallic siliconcarbon black and alumina. Bending strength water absorption friction coefficient the amount of worn out material at a certain time and maximum surface roughness(Rmax) of the prepared composites were measured and crystalline phases were examined with XRD. The composite containing 5 vol% graphite powder showed improved bending strength due to high green density and decreased friction coefficient and wear resistance. The friction coefficient and the wear resistance of the composite were increased by adding graphite powder up to 10 vol% They decreased however as increasing the amount of graphite powder more that 10vol% There was no linear relationship between the tribological properties and bending strength of the composites.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.21-27
• /
• 1997

The friction and wear behavior of undulated surfaces made of tin base babbit are examined experimentally at the low sliding speed with severe loading condition. Steel is used as counterface disk material under pin-on-disk type sliding condition. Undulated surfaces can improve the friction and wear properties under dry friction condition since undulated surfaces trap wear particles in their cavities and prohibit wear particles from agglomerating. However, under boundary lubrication condition, friction and wear properties of undulated surfaces are inferior to those of flat surfaces. It is shown that land width and the ratio of wear volume to cavity volume are the most important factors in friction behavior of undulated surfaces under dry friction condition, and there exists optimum land width minimizing friction and wear of undulated surfaces.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
• /
• 1999.11a
• /
• pp.88-94
• /
• 1999

Recently, PTFE-polyimide composites are being used self-lubricating parts for industrial field. Thus, this study is mainly concerned with friction and wear properties for the piston ring of non-lubricating air compressor which made of PTFE-polyimide composites. The friction and wear test was carried out for the different composition ratio under the atmosphere room temperature and constant load of 7.69N and their friction and wear properties were compared with each other at various sliding speed. Notable results are summarized as follows. PTFE 100% showed that friction coefficient was almost same values at 0.94 and 1.88m/s but the value was decreased at 2.83m/s because the friction temperature is higher than low speed. PTFE 80%-PI 20% showed the lowest mean friction coefficient at 2.83m/s. PTFE 20%-PI 80% showed the highest friction coefficient at 0.94m/s and the value was decreased at high speed but the value is higher than other materials except PTFE 100 %. PI 100% showed the highest friction coefficient at 0.94 and 1.88m/s because adhesive wear mainly occurred that speed. PTFE 100% showed highest specific wear rate on the whole. Specific wear rate of PTFE 80%-PI 20% was almost the same value with PTFE 20%-PI 80%. PI 100% showed the lowest value at high sliding speed because the friction surface was thicken and carbonated by high friction temperature.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.37 no.5
• /
• pp.151-163
• /
• 2021

Since the discovery of single-layer graphene, exploiting graphene's excellent physical/chemical properties in tribology systems has been a topic of interest in academia over the last few decades. There is no doubt that understanding the underlying friction mechanism of graphite should precede this. Even now, new properties of graphene are being reported in academia, and based on this, studies exploring the origins of graphene's surface properties and friction characteristics in a wide range of scales are also being performed. From the perspective of lubrication engineering, graphene research can be largely divided into studies that 1) reveal its basic friction mechanism at the nanoscale and 2) explore its application in macroscale sliding systems. At the nanoscale, the basic friction mechanism of graphene is mainly due to its atomic thickness. In this paper, the various research on the nanoscale friction and surface characteristics of graphene is reviewed. Graphene surface properties, such as wettability and surface energy and the basic friction mechanisms of graphene attributed to adhesion, electronphonon scattering, bending stiffness, and the underlying substrate, are summarized. Further, we provide the research outcomes on the superlubricity of graphene. Finally, the potential application and challenges of the superlubricity of graphene are highlighted. Through this, we intend to provide summarized information to researchers interested in the tribological properties of graphene and help set the direction of future research.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.123-129
• /
• 2012

The microstructures and mechanical properties of friction stir welded lap joints of Inconel 600 and SS 400 were evaluated; friction stir welding was carried out at a tool rotation speed of 200 rpm and welding speed of 100 mm/min. Electron back-scattering diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were introduced to analyze the grain boundary characteristics and the precipitates, respectively. Application of friction stir welding was notably effective at reducing the grain size of the stir zone. As a result, the reduced average grain size of Inconel 600 ranged from $20{\mu}m$ in the base material to $8.5{\mu}m$ in the stir zone. The joint interface between Inconel 600 and SS 400 showed a sound weld without voids and cracks, and MC carbides with a size of around 50 nm were partially formed at the Inconel 600 area of lap joint interface. However, the intermetallic compounds that lead to mechanical property degradation of the welds were not formed at the joint interface. Also, a hook, along the Inconel 600 alloy from SS 400, was formed at the advancing side, which directly brought about an increase in the peel strength. In this study, we systematically discussed the evolution of microstructures and mechanical properties of the friction stir lap joint between Inconel 600 and SS 400.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.21 no.7
• /
• pp.410-414
• /
• 2011

This study was carried out to evaluate the microstructures and mechanical properties of a friction stir welded Ni based alloy. Inconel 600 (single phase type) alloy was selected as an experimental material. For this material, friction stir welding (FSW) was performed at a constant tool rotation speed of 400 rpm and a welding speed of 150~200 mm/min by a FSW machine, and argon shielding gas was utilized to prevent surface oxidation of the weld material. At all conditions, sound friction stir welds without any weld defects were obtained. The electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) method was used to analyze the grain boundary character distributions (GBCDs) of the welds. As a result, dynamic recrystallization was observed at all conditions. In addition, grain refinement was achieved in the stir zone, gradually accelerating from 19 ${\mu}m$ in average grain size of the base material to 5.5 ${\mu}m$ (150 mm/min) and 4.1 ${\mu}m$ (200 mm/min) in the stir zone with increasing welding speed. Grain refinement also led to enhancement of the mechanical properties: the 200 mm/min friction stir welded zone showed 25% higher microhardness and 15% higher tensile strength relative to the base material.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2007

The present study examined the mechanical properties of the friction welding zone of solid and hollow shafts made with SM20C according to the depth of the notch. Friction welding was conducted at welding conditions of 2,000 rpm, friction pressure of 60MPa, friction time of 1.4 seconds, upset pressure of 100MPa, and upset time of 2.0 seconds. In the tensile strength test, the tensile strength decreased as the depth of the notch increased. Tensile strength was moderately high when the depth of the notch was 2mm. The tensile strength of the welding zone increased as the friction revolution radius increased, because the latter led to the generation of adequate friction heat. According to the hardness test, hardness likewise increased as e friction revolution radius increased. In the bending test, the bend strength of the solid shaft decreased when the depth of the notch was 0-2mm but increased when the latter was 3-5mm. With regard to the hollow shaft, the bend strength drastically decreased when the depth of the notch was 3-4mm. Upon examination it was found that the microstructure became finer when the friction revolution radius increased.