• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 1999

This study was based on a series of 164 patients with zygomatic bone fracture treated at Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Chonnam University Hospital from January 1992 to December 1996. The male-to-female ratio was 7:1. Their ages ranged from 8 to 78 years, with a median age of 35.6 years. The age frequency was highest in the second decade (30.5%), and third decade (23.8%), fifth decade (16.5%) in orders. The monthly distrbution of incidence showed October to be the month in which the greatest percentage occured (14.0%). The major cause of zygomatic bone fracture was alleged traffic accidents (53.7%). The incidence of concomitant facial bone fractures was 69,5%, and maxilla fracture (52.4%) was most frequently combined. The admission route was through emergency room (72.3%) and through outpatient department (26.8%). The incidence of associated injuries was 37.2%. The intraoral approach was the major method of treatment in zygomatic bone fracture (57.1%). The most frequent type of zygoma fracture was class IV (33.5%), and class III (25.6%) was next in order of frequency. Complications were enophthalmos (7.3%), facial asymmetry (6.7%), paresthesia (6.1%), and diplopia (2.4%) These results suggest that correct diagnosis and treatment of severity of fracture, concomitant fracture, and associated injuries are necessary, and co-operative treatment with medical department should be performed to reduce postoperative complication.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.85-97
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate dietary habits related to weight reduction and snack intake habits of $4^{th}$ to $5^{th}$ grade elementary students located in Jeju-si, Jeju, South Korea. Methods: The $4^{th}$ and $5^{th}$ grade elementary school students (total n = 234, equally matched numbers of normal weight children and overweight/obese children (n = 117/group)) were surveyed using a questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall method in Oct 2015. Results: The percentage of students who experienced reduced food intake to control weight was 26.3% in the normal weight group (NG) and 77.6% in the obese group (OG). Most frequently answered meal for reduced intake was snacks in the NG and dinner in the OG. Percentages of daily calorie intake among subjects were 17.2% for breakfast, 33.8% for lunch, 29.7% for dinner, and 19.3% for snacks. Frequency of snack intake was 2.1 times a week in NG and 1.6 times a week in OG, which showed a statistical difference between body weight groups. Types of snack foods were distinctly different depending on where children consumed them, although no difference was observed between NG and OG. In addition, snack intake level of low energy and nutrient-dense foods was significantly lower in the OG compared to the NG, whereas snack intake level of energy dense and low-nutritive foods was not different between the OG and NG. Conclusion: Taken together, snack intake level with consideration of frequency and amount of snack intake showed that children in the OG consumed significantly less low energy and nutrient-dense foods compared to the NG. Therefore, nutritional education for choosing healthy snack foods for children regardless of body weight status is crucial based on family-school links.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.70-82
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to reveal the tendency of planting design through the analysis of the planting of designer's gardens in the Suncheon Bay National Garden and to derive implications for future garden planting designs. The results of the study are as follows: First, the results of the study show that the practice of tree-based planting is still valid. Large growing trees such as 'Pinus densiflrora', 'Celtis sinensis', 'Zelkova serrata', 'Machilus thunbergii', 'Pinus strobus' overwhelmed the size of the designer's garden(150 to 390㎡). Second, the selection of trees tended to be made considering the designer's intention and the decorative effects rather than by considering the physiological and ecological conditions of the site. Third, among the herbaceous, the rate of the planting of perennials was high. Fourth, the flowering period of planted herbaceous was the most common in summer, followed by spring, fall, and winter. Fifth, the frequency color of the planted herbaceous was the most common in summer, followed by spring, fall, and winter. Fifth, in terms of flower color frequency, the most common was the yellow-series, followed by red-series, blue-series Sixth, average height herbaceous plants(20~60cm) were planted the most(47.4%). Seventh, structural plants that determined the garden's framework depended on trees, and the focal plants mainly utilized were evergreen trees, and the midrange plants were the planted herbaceous plants. The implications derived from the above findings are as follows: First, to ensure the garden's quality and sustainability, the selection of trees should be carefully considered, not considering only the artist's intention but also taking into account the physical and ecological conditions. Second, herbaceous plants can be used in various ways― the garden's focal plants, midrange plants, and ground covers, so more active herbaceous planting needs to be considered. Third, in consideration of the winter landscape, herbaceous planting using characteristics, such as fruits and stems, as well as flower colors should be considered. Fourth, blue and black color herbaceous plants have a noticeable effect even in a small amount, so it is necessary to plant them actively. Fifth, for the design of herbaceous planting, where the individual property of plants can be expressed, the design method should be considered.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.401-408
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• 2022

As research on a controlled environment system based on crop growth environment sensing for sustainable production of horticultural crops and its industrial use has been important, research on how to properly utilize soil moisture sensors for outdoor cultivation is being actively conducted. This experiment was conducted to suggest the proper method of utilizing the TEROS 12, an FDR (frequency domain reflectometry) sensor, which is frequently used in industry and research fields, for each orchard soil in three regions in Korea. We collected soils from each orchard where fruit trees were grown, investigated the soil characteristics and soil water retention curve, and compared TEROS 12 sensor calibration equations to correlate the sensor output to the corresponding soil volumetric water content through linear and cubic regressions for each soil sample. The estimated value from the calibration equation provided by the manufacturer was also compared. The soil collected from all three orchards showed different soil characteristics and volumetric water content values by each soil water retention level across the soil samples. In addition, the cubic calibration equation for TEROS 12 sensor showed the highest coefficient of determination higher than 0.95, and the lowest RMSE for all soil samples. When estimating volumetric water contents from TEROS 12 sensor output using the calibration equation provided by the manufacturer, their calculated volumetric water contents were lower than the actual volumetric water contents, with the difference up to 0.09-0.17 m³·m^-3 depending on the soil samples, indicating an appropriate calibration for each soil should be preceded before FDR sensor utilization. Also, there was a difference in the range of soil volumetric water content corresponding to the soil water retention levels across the soil samples, suggesting that the soil water retention information should be required to properly interpret the volumetric water content value of the soil. Moreover, soil with a high content of sand had a relatively narrow range of volumetric water contents for irrigation, thus reducing the accuracy of an FDR sensor measurement. In conclusion, analyzing soil water retention characteristics of the target soil and the soil-specific calibration would be necessary to properly quantify the soil water status and determine their adequate irrigation point using an FDR sensor.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2010

The subjects of this study were patients at scaling practice, the total number of the subjects was 249 of 138 men and 111 women. The results were analyzed using SPSS 12.0. 1. In oral health care, among tooth brushing methods, scrub method was found to be 65.9%(164 patients), and 83.9%(209 patients) did not use oral care aids. 2. Mean calculus index was $0.57{\pm}0.22$. 3. For calculus index per tooth brushing method, there was statistically significant difference in all of the upper jaw, the lower jaw, the anterior portion, and the posterior portion(p < 0.05). 4. For calculus index per frequency of tooth brushing, there was statistically significant difference in the upper jaw, the lower jaw, and the posterior portion(p < 0.05). 5. For calculus index per time of tooth brushing and per use of oral care aids, there was statistically significant difference in all of the upper jaw, the lower jaw, the anterior portion, and the posterior portion(p < 0.05). 6. For factors influencing calculus index, as a result of applying stepwise method based on 0.05 of significance level, age, use of oral care aids, sex, and time of tooth brushing were found to influence calculus index. Final regression model was calculus index = $0.362^*age+0.216^*$use of oral care aids - $0.161*sex-0.127^*$time of tooth brushing, and explanatory power of the model was 23.4%. $0.362^*age+0.216^*$use of oral care aids - $0.161^*sex-0.127^*$time of tooth brushing, and explanatory power of the model was 23.4%.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.98-107
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• 2006

Magnetization Transfer (MT) imaging generates contrast dependent on the phenomenon of magnetization exchange between free water proton and restricted proton in macromolecules. In biological materials in knee, MT or cross-relaxation is commonly modeled using two spin pools identified by their different T2 relaxation times. Two models for cross-relaxation emphasize the role of proton chemical exchange between protons of water and exchangeable protons on macromolecules, as well as through dipole-dipole interaction between the water and macromolecule protons. The most essential tool in medical image manipulation is the ability to adjust the contrast and intensity. Thus, it is desirable to adjust the contrast and intensity of an image interactively in the real time. The proton density (PD) and T2-weighted SE MR images allow the depiction of knee structures and can demonstrate defects and gross morphologic changes. The PD- and T2-weighted images also show the cartilage internal pathology due to the more intermediate signal of the knee joint in these sequences. Suppression of fat extends the dynamic range of tissue contrast, removes chemical shift artifacts, and decreases motion-related ghost artifacts. Like fat saturation, phase sensitive methods are also based on the difference in precession frequencies of water and fat. In this study, phase sensitive methods look at the phase difference that is accumulated in time as a result of Larmor frequency differences rather than using this difference directly. Although how MT work was given with clinical evidence that leads to quantitative model for MT in tissues, the mathematical formalism used to describe the MT effect applies to explaining to evaluate knee disorder, such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear and meniscal tear. Calculation of the effect of the effect of the MT saturation is given in the magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) which is a quantitative measure of the relative decrease in signal intensity due to the MT pulse.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.591-597
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• 2008

Background: Pulmonary endarterectomy is widely accepted as a treatment for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Based on our experiences, we sought to find ways to reduce perioperative complications and to improve surgical outcomes in patients undergoing pulmonary endarterectomy. Material and Method: This study was designed as a retrospective analysis of 20 patients with pulmonary hypertension who underwent pulmonary endarterectomy between January 1998 and March 2008. All patients presented with chronic dyspnea. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was the major cause of chronic pulmonary thromboembolism (55%). Seventeen patients (85%) underwent inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement. Thirteen patients underwent surgery under total circulatory arrest, while the others underwent surgery while on low flow cardiopulmonary bypass. Concomitant tricuspid annuloplasty was done in 6 patients (66%) whose tricuspid regurgitation was as severe as grade IV/IV. The mean follow-up duration was $45{\pm}32$ months. Result: Using of University of California, San Diego (UCSD), thromboembolism classification, 4 patients (20%) were type 1, 8 patients (40%) were type II, and 8 patients (40%) were type III. Right ventricular systolic pressure was reduced significantly from $77{\pm}29$ mmHg to $37{\pm}19$ mmHg after pulmonary endarterectomy (p<0.001). The degree of tricuspid regurgitation and the NYHA functional class were all improved postoperatively. Reperfusion edema occurred in 7 cases (35%). The incidence of reperfusion edema was higher in the UCSD type III group than in the other group (25% vs 50%, p=0.25) and the length of postoperative intensive care unit stay was longer in type III group ($5{\pm}2$ days vs $9{\pm}7$ days, p=0.07). The early mortality rate was 10%, and the late mortality rate was 15% (n=3); one death was due to progression of underlying non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and the other deaths were related to recurrent thromboembolism and persistent pulmonary hypertension, respectively. Conclusion: Pulmonary endarterectomy, as a curative surgical method for treating chronic thromboernbolic pulmonary hypertension, should be performed aggressively in patients diagnosed with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, and an effort should be made to reduce the frequency of perioperative complications and to improve surgical outcomes.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2002

Purpose : To analyze the clinical results of treatment for the osteochondritis dissecans of femoral condyle by age, the type of lesion and method of treatment. Methods : From March 1991 to February 2000, 17 patients (20 cases) with osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral condyle were followed up over 1 year. Three patients had bilateral lesion. There were 12 cases with trauma history (9 cases with sports injury and 3 cases with direct trauma). The initial symptoms were pain, clicking, locking, giving way in the order of frequency, pain was revealed in all cases. Clinical evaluation of IKDC and Hughston method were used for subjective and objective function. Results : The number of male patient was 12, and the mean age was 19.8 year old (11$\~$50). The location of the lesion was 14 cases in medial femoral condyle and 6 cases in lateral femoral condyle. The arthroscopic findings of the lesion in 15 cases were as follows, early separation in 6 cases, partially detachment in 4 cases, and crators and complete detachment in 5 cases. 5 cases were treated with mutiple drilling and 5 cases with Herbert screw fixation, 3 cases with Herbert screw fixation and bone graft. In early stage, 7 cases were treated with conservative method. In the grading of Hughston score, 6 cases were graded as excellent, 9 cases as good, 15 cases were graded as good to excellent. Based on the IKDC scale, 1 case was graded as normal, 6 as nearly normal, and 10 as abnormal. Conclusions : The trauma seemed to be important factor in occurrence of osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral condyle. The clinical results of juvenile period showed better than adolescence and adult period, it is necessary to detect the lesion as soon as possible. The result of subjective evaluation was worse than the Hughston evaluation. It was caused by limiting involvement of sports activity and limited activity in the adolescence.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.529-538
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• 2003

The objectives of this study were to measure customers' cognition and overall satisfaction, and to identify relatively important attributes for the overall satisfaction, of home-delivered meals. Questionnaires were distributed to 243 customers. The statistical data analyses were completed by x$^2$-tests, ANOV A, factor analysis, reliability analysis and regression analysis using SPSS version 10. 56.6% of customers get obtained information from the internet, with 31.3% of these using this method at least once a week, but 72.9% of customers used this method less than once per years. The major reasons for ordering home-delivered meals were tired of cooking, more economical and no time to cook. The results were significantly different in relation to age, occupation and monthly income. The major reasons for hesitation about ordering home-delivered meals were meals should be prepared in households, not sanitary and the use of too many artificial flavors. The results for this factor were significantly different in relation to gender, age and monthly income(p<0.01). The most preferred kinds of home-delivery meals were Korean soup (guk), stew, soup (tang), speciality dishes and party dishes. The customer's cognition of kindness of the delivery staff was highest, with food temperature being the lowest among the options. The food and service level factors were derived from a factor based analysis of customer's cognition towards home-delivered meals. The customer's cognition of food taste, food quantity, kindness of delivery staff and packaging container shape were significantly different according to the use frequency and use period. The packaging method, sanitation, kindness of delivery staff, price and taste were the most relatively important attributes for overall satisfaction with home-delivered meals.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.342-352
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• 2020

Objectives: The characteristics of research workers are different from those working in the manufacturing industry. Furthermore, the reagents used change according to the research due to the characteristics of the laboratory, and the amounts used vary. In addition, since the working time changes almost every day, it is difficult to adjust the time according to exposure standards. There are also difficulties in setting standards as in the manufacturing industry since laboratory environments and the types of experiments performed are all different. For these reasons, the measurement of the working environment of research workers is not realistically carried out within the legal framework, there is a concern that the accuracy of measurement results may be degraded, and there are difficulties in securing data. The exposure evaluation based on an eight-hour time-weighted average used for measuring the working environment to be studied in this study may not be appropriate, but it was judged and consequently applied as the most suitable method among the recognized test methods. Methods: The investigation of the use of chemical substances in the research laboratory, which is the subject of this study, was conducted in the order of carrying out work environment measurement, sample analysis, and result analysis. In the case of the use of chemical substances, after organizing the substances to be measured in the working environment, the research workers were asked to write down the status, frequency, and period of use. Work environment measurement and sample analysis were conducted by a recognized test method, and the results were compared with the exposure standards (TWA: time weighted average value) for chemical substances and physical factors. Results: For the substances subject to work environment measurement, the department of chemical engineering was the most exposed, followed by the department of chemistry. This can lead to exposure to a variety of chemicals in departmental laboratories that primarily deal with chemicals, including acetone, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, sodium hydroxide, and normal hexane. Hydrogen chloride was measured higher than the average level of domestic work environment measurements. This can suggest that researchers in research activities should also be managed within the work environment measurement system. As a result of a comparison between the professional science and technology service industry and the education service industry, which are the most similar business types to university research laboratories among the domestic work environment measurements provided by the Korea Safety and Health Agency, acetone, dichloromethane, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxide, nitric acid, normal hexane, and hydrogen chloride are items that appear higher than the average level. This can also be expressed as a basis for supporting management within the work environment measurement system. Conclusions: In the case of research activity workers' work environment measurement and management, specific details can be presented as follows. When changing projects and research, work environment measurement is carried out, and work environment measurement targets and methods are determined by the measurement and analysis method determined by the Ministry of Employment and Labor. The measurement results and exposure standards apply exposure standards for chemical substances and physical factors by the Ministry of Employment and Labor. Implementation costs include safety management expenses and submission of improvement plans when exposure standards are exceeded. The results of this study were presented only for the measurement of the working environment among the minimum health management measures for research workers, but it is necessary to prepare a system to improve the level of safety and health.