• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.80-87
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• 1998

Intestinal microflora in 17 breast-fed(BF) and 14 formula-fed (FF) newborn infants at about 1 week after birth were investigated to determine the floral differences of the two lactation groups. The fecal conditions were significantly different between the two groups in that the number of subjects who showed watery feces, and the times of defecation per day, were higher in the BF group. In addition, the mean fecal PH of the BF group was lower than that of the FF group. The dominant species in the BF groups which showed the highest count among the species of microflora was bifidobacteria , while the dominant species in the FF group was streptococci. The frequency of staphylococci and the count of bifidobacteria were significantly higher in the BF group. However, the frquencies of streptococci and Peptococcaceae were higher in the FF group. Through the differences were not significant, the frequency of bvifidobacteria and the count of staphylococci were higher in BF group, whereas the frequencies of bacteriodes, clostridia, enterobacter and the count of clostridia were higher in FF group.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.51-62
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• 1990

본 연구는 속리산 국립공원을 대상으로 이용객이 야생조류의 서식에 미치는 영향을 밝히기 위하여 실시되었다. 조사를 위하여 주등산로, 부등산로, 등산금지구역 등 총 4개의 조사지를 설정하여, 1989년 12월부터 1990년 10월 사이 4회에 걸쳐 line transect방법으로 조사하였다. 조사기간 동안 관찰된 야생조류는 텃새 23종, 여름철새 7종, 겨울철새 2종, 나그네새 4종의 총 36종 570개체로 평균서식밀도는 2.35마리/ha이었다. 주요 우점종은 박새, 쇠박새, 곤줄박이, 동고비의 순이었고. 이용강도가 낮은 지역에서는 박새류의 우점도가 현저하게 떨어지는 경향을 보이고 있다. 출현종수, 출현빈도 및 종다양도 모두 이용강도가 높은 지역에서 겨울철이나 봄철보다 이용객이 많아지는 여름철과 가을철에 현저하게 낮아졌으며, 상대적으로 이용강도가 낮은 지역에서는 변동이 적었다. 야생조류의 평균 출현빈도는 3.4회/km이였으며, 겨울철과 봄철에 비해 여름철이 30% 수준으로 감소하였다. 이상과 같이 야생조류의 종수, 종구성, 종다양도 및 출현빈도는 이용객에 의하여 큰 영향을 받고 있으며, 이용객이 집중하는 여름철과 이용강도가 높은 주등산로에서 더욱 심각한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 이용자에 의한 영향이 큰 주등산로와 여름철에 집중적인 이용을 제한하는 등 적극적인 야생조류의 보호대책이 요망된다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제3권3_4호
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• pp.180-187
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• 2000

Reproductive effort and spawning frequency of the two palaemonid prawns, Exopalaemon modestus and Palaemon gravieri, were investigated. In both embryos of the two species, egg size was larger in E. modestus than in P. gravien but for a given size, number of eggs (EN) was fewer in E. modestus. The statistical results revealed that there were significant differences in egg size and EN between the two species. E. modestus living in freshwater environments had larger and fewer offspring than P. gravieri inhabiting marine environments. These findings are consistent with predictions from r- and K-selections models. Reproductive effort (RE) also was higher in E. modestus, suggesting the possibility for E. modestus to invest larger amount of energy per individual offspring. In the two prawns the ovarian dry weight of females with eyed eggs was significantly higher than those with non-eyed eggs. This indicates that the ovarian maturation occurs during the period between the two embryonic stages, suggesting females being potentially of continuous breeding within a single reproductive period. In the both species brood loss did not occur during the incubation period.

• 생태와환경
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.172-186
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• 2023

불안정한 천이양상을 보이는 소형 호소는 대형 호소에 비해 동물플랑크톤 군집 동태 연구가 미진한 상황이다. 최근 지역 생물다양성 보전의 측면에서 소형 호소의 존재 가치가 부각되면서 생물 군집 동태 대한 이해의 필요성이 강조되고 있다. 본 연구는 세 소형 호소의 출현 동물플랑크톤을 월별로 채집하여 계절별 군집 동태를 분석하였다. 소형 호소의 복잡한 동물플랑크톤 군집 동태를 파악하기 위해 종 출현 패턴을 기반, 4개의 그룹(LALF Group, Low Abundance Low Frequency; LAHF Group, Low Abundance High Frequency; HALF Group, High Abundance Low Frequency; HAHF Group, High Abundance High Frequency)으로 그룹화하였다. 그룹 간 계절적 패턴을 비교하였으며, 각 그룹의 시간적 베타 다양성 기여도를 기반으로 한 다양성을 산출했다. 분석 결과 같은 출현량 경향을 보이지만 상반된 출현 빈도를 보이는 그룹 간의 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, Nauplius가 세 호소공통으로 높은 출현량과 빈도를 보이는 종으로 나타났다. 적은 개체수를 보이면서 출현 빈도 역시 드물게 나오는 종들이 포함된 그룹인 LALF 그룹에 속한 종이 월별 천이와 다양도에 핵심인 것으로 분석되었으며 해당 그룹에는 Anuraeopsis fissa, Hexarthra mira 및 Lecane luna가 포함되었다. 한편 연중 특정 시기에만 출현하여 수체를 우점하는 종들이 포함된 그룹인 HALF 그룹이 호소 공통적으로 시간적 다양성을 저해하는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 종 특이적인 출현 패턴이 연내 군집의 생물다양성에 기여하는 종을 분석하는 데 있어서 핵심적으로 작용할 수 있음을 제안한다.

• 농촌계획
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2007

Shannon and Simpson indexes are used for species diversity analysis of ecosystem. In species diversity analysis of ecosystem, not only frequency of each species but also survey size have to be considered. In this study, total information composed with knowledge and ignorance was suggested as a species diversity analysis method for ecosystem survey. To apply developed method, flora in the Sangachun river valley was sampled with 19 sites and 198 species. In applying results, Shannon index shows more reasonable results than Simpson index by the variance of sample size but has difficulties of determining the relation of surveying species number and sample site number. Suggested total information can overcome this difficulty by the relation of knowledge and ignorance.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.31-41
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• 1990

About 117 weed species composed of 44 annuals, 26 biennials, and 47 perennials belonging to 36 families were identified from golf fields in both Anyang an Taegu country clubs on May and September, 1989. Graminae was the most widely occuring family covering 21 species, followed by 14 species in compositae, 8 species in leguminosae, polygonaceae and caryophyllaceae respectively, and 5 species in cyperacae etc. The highest numbers of weed species occured in the rough area in golf fields, followed by tee, fairway and green area in orders. The dominant weed species in golf fields based on importance value and frequency were Digitaria Sanguinalis, Poaannua, Polygonum aviculare, Trifohum repens, Plan tago asiatica, Capsella bursa-pastoris Rumx acetocella and Kyllinga brevifolia.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제7권2_3호
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• pp.67-80
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• 1993

About 154 weed species composed of 31 annuals, 33 biennials, and 90 perennials belonging to 38 families were identified from golf courses in Dongrae, Joongmoon and Ora country clubs on June and September, 1992. Compositae was the most widely occurring family covering 30 species, followed by 28 species in Graminae, 12 species in Leguminasae and Rosaceae, respectively, and 7 species in Caryopbyllacese etc. The bighest number of weed species occurred in the out of bounds in three golf courses, The dominant weed species based on importance value and frequency were Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides, Poa annua, Cyperus rotundus, Oxalis corniculata, Digitaria sanguinalis and Artemisia prinseps.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2019

Species diversity is one of the most important indices that used to evaluate the sustainability of forest communities. In the present study, three variables including number of individuals (frequency of species), basal area and volume of tree species were compared to estimate tree species diversity in broadleaves forests of Iran. Based on systematic random design, 30 plots (circle plot, $1000m^2$) was selected. Type of species, number of species, DBH and height of trees were measured. Simpson (1-D), Hill ($N_2$), Shannon-Wiener (H'), Mc Arthur ($N_1$), Smith-Wilson ($E_{var}$) and Margalef ($R_1$) indices used to estimate tree species diversity. Species diversity was calculated in each plot. ANOVA test showed that there was a significant difference between of three variables used for estimation of species diversity. Number of trees variable has more precision than basal area and volume variables to estimate of species diversity. But Duncan test revealed that there were significant difference between of basal area and volume variables with number of trees. Therefore, basal area and volume variables were selected as more suitable variables in order to estimate of biodiversity indices in northern forests of Iran.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 1970

Ecological study on the reclaimed high saline soil was carried out throughout a year(1969) to elucidate the changes of the structure of halophytes communiteis and the possibilities of desalination from high saline soil by absorption of chloride ion. Results from this studies are summarized as followings; 1) The growth rates of halophytes showed a variation; maximum growth rate of Salicornia appeared on August, Chenopodium on July, Suaeda on July, Aster on August and Scirpus on June. 2) Changes of frequency of each halophyte were varied in accordance with species. Chenopodium and Salicornia have the highest frequency of all on May. However, frequency as well as density of halophytes decreased after on May due to competition for absorbing moisture in plant communities. 3) The terrestrial plants which were succeed into the reclaimed tidal land had herborized 25 species on the both side of irrigation route. 4) Each of the maximum chloride uptake by halophytes appeared on May(Salicornia and Aster), on June(Chenopodium and Scirpus), and on August(Suaeda), respectirecely 5) Among the halophytes, Salicornia was confirmed to absorb the highest amount of chloride. A possible amount of chloride uptake by all halophytes per 100 square cm reached about 24,629. ppm.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.65-71
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• 1979

On studying of microbes and appearance frequency which are floating around dwelling space and life environments in Seoul area, the results are summarized as follows ; 1. 1931 strains of 29 bacteria are isolated in dwelling spaces, Among them, there are Staphylococcus aureus, S. anthracis which are pathogenic to human beings. 2. In fungi, 76 strains of 13 species are isolated. That of highest frequency is confirmed to be Aspergillus which is pathogens of Aspergillosis (one of a group of diseases of animals and human being caused by various species of Aspergillus). The places, where the number of kinds and the frequency of appearances have been observed highest, are coffee shops, lunch counters and office rooms, while factory districts are of far lower level than expected. 3. 0.1% $HgCl_2$, Leasking oil, and Telephone disinfectant were better than any other in fungicidal effect.