• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 2015

This study was performed for the purpose of establishing proper dietary behaviors and improving sodium intake status by investigating nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviors, and food intake frequency related to sodium in 398 university students living in Gyeonggi-do and Incheon. Female students showed a higher rate of eating out more than five times a week as well as daily snack intake than male students. Female students showed a higher score for sodium-related nutrition knowledge than male students, whereas male students showed higher sodium intake than female students. Subjects who showed a higher frequency of eating out and snack intake also showed a higher salt intake ratio and sodium-related nutrition knowledge. Subjects with higher scores related to sodium-related nutrition knowledge showed a higher low salt intake ratio and incidence of low sodium food intake. From this research, depending on the level of nutrition knowledge related to sodium university students showed differences in dietary behavior related to sodium intake. This result would be helpful to develop lower sodium training materials specific to low sodium food selection tips, reading nutrition labels, and so on.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the food and nutrient intake status and eating-out practices of college students. A dietary survey of 361 subjects living in urban areas was conducted by using a 3-day diet record method. The average ages of the male and female subjects were 22.0 and 20.6 years old, respectively. Monthly personal expenses of the male and female students were 316,517 won and 296,888 won, respectively. 43.1% of the male and 50.8% of the female students used between one-quarter and one-half of their monthly personal expenses for eating out. Sixty-five percent of the total subjects ate out more than five times a week The average daily total food intake was 1630.7g in the males and 1453.9g in the females. The average percentage of total food intake from eating out (by weight) was 60.6% in the males and 56.2% in the females; foods eaten out were mainly potatoes, meats, processed foods, and beverages. It was found that 40-65% of daily total nutrient intake came from food eaten out. When they ate out, the male students ate slightly higher amounts of protein, fat and vitamin B1, while the female students ate relatively higher amounts of animal protein, fat, vitamin A and cholesterol. The more the subjects ate out, the more the quantity of total food intake increased. This increase resulted from high intakes of beverages and processed foods in the males, while the increase was from total plant foods, mushrooms, beverages, and milk and dairy products, in the females. The dietary variety score (DVS) was significantly increased in the female subjects when they ate out more than once a day; otherwise, the DVS was not significantly different between any of the male and female groups. The intakes of energy, and of many nutrients such as protein, fat, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium and cholesterol, were increased when the female subjects ate out more than twice a day. The mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was at its highest level of 0.65 in the males when they ate out less than once a day, and at its highest level of 0.67 in the females when they ate out more than twice a day.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.162-173
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• 2018

Objectives: This study examined the effects of nutrition education on the nutritional status, including eating habits and quality of life in gastric cancer patients undergoing a gastrectomy. Methods: Thirty one out-gastric resection patients at C University Hospital in Gwangju, Korea were enrolled in this study. The patients received an individualized nutritional counseling session, and the effects were assessed before and after a 3-month nutrition education intervention. Nutrition education for gastric cancer outpatients included the dietary guidelines (e.g., food intake), the level of nutrient intake, and nutrition support. Results: The patients had significantly improved serum albumin and hematocrit levels after nutrition education. Of the dietary habits, the meal time and amount of food compared to the first education were increased significantly. Of the changes in the food intake frequency, fish and meat, and vegetables and fruits intake were increased, but not at a statistically significant level. The score of eating habits related to the gastrectomy was improved significantly after nutrition education from 31.7 to 34.5. The composite scores for the quality of life were also improved significantly after the nutrition education program. Conclusions: The nutrition education for gastric cancer outpatients may be crucial and efficient for improving their lifestyle.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate 192 female college students in Seoul area in order to know their dietary behavior regarding weight control, awareness of body image and weight, methods of weight control, meal volume, eating rate, frequency of eating, health score and nutritional knowledge score. Obesity was determined using body mass indes(BMI=Wt/Ht$^2$). The finding revealed that the average BMI was 19.7$\pm$ 1.94 Subjects were divided into 3 groups according to body image : lean group, moderate group and obese group, respectively. The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1) 48.9% of subjects thought they were obese, however their BMI was 20.9 2) 56.1% of subjects anted to attend a weight control program and the sources of information concerning weight control were newspapers and magazines, TV and radio in that order. 3) There were no significant difference among groups in the meal volume, frequency of eating and health score. 4) There were significant differences among groups in the eating rate and nutritional knowledge score. These results suggest that an accurate self perception of their bodies, and nutritional education are important for female college students.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.83-97
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• 2006

This study was to investigate dietary habit for residents in the rural area of Chonnam, Muan. The subjects were composed of $61.2\%$ male and $38.3\%$ female (510 adults). In regularity of meal time, $56.3\%$ of the subjects had meals regularly. The older people were significantly higher than the younger people at regular intervals of meal times (p < 0.0001) . The majority of the subjects had appropriate meal amounts. $73.5\%$ of the subjects had balanced diets. Unbalanced diet was higher in younger people than in older people. The highest frequency to dining out was once a month and the lower age was significantly higher than older age (p < 0.001) When dining-out, the most important criteria for selecting a meal was the taste of food. $62.4\%$ of the subjects ate meat and greasy animal food more than once a week. The younger in age and higher in educational levels have increased meat intake frequency. In the eating methods of animal fat, $37.5\%$ of the subjects were high by eating generally untouched. The older in age, lower in education level have more increased animal fat intake frequency. $60.7\%$ of the subjects took snacks. The kinds of snacks were fruits, coffee, alcoholic drinks, candies and confectioneries, drinkables and tea, milk and dairy products, in order. Consequently, nutrition education is for them with special emphasis on regularity of meal times, unbalanced diets, dining-out and snacks to the younger people, whereas it is the necessary eating methods of animal fat and snacks to the older people.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.77-86
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• 2009

Effective parenting attitudes have been known to be associated with children's health practices including dietary intake and physical activity. The objective of this study is to compare children's body weights and eating habits by maternal parenting attitudes. Data were collected at school (N = 396; 4th and 5th grade students) using self-administered questionnaires on maternal parenting attitudes, eating habits and physical activity. Parenting attitudes were categorized as 1 of 4 parenting attitudes (overprotective, authoritarian, democratic, and neglectful) using affection and control median cut points. Children's body weights, frequency of breakfast, eating out and fastfood, and physical activity were compared by maternal parenting attitudes. Children's body weights were related with mother's employment status (p < 0.05) and parenting attitudes (p < 0.01). Children of unemployed mothers were more likely to be overweight. Children of neglectful mothers (p < 0.01) were more likely to be underweight, compared with children of mothers with other parenting attitudes. Since, unfortunately, the number of children of neglectful mothers was very limited in this study, we could hardly assess eating habits of children of neglectful mothers. Children of authoritarian mothers ate breakfast more regularly (p < 0.05), but ate snacks less regularly (p < 0.01). Children of democratic mothers ate fastfood less frequently (p < 0.01) and ate snacks more regularly (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, children of overprotective mothers ate breakfast less regularly (p < 0.05) and ate out less frequently (p < 0.01). However, maternal parenting attitudes were not related to children's physical activities. In conclusion, the maternal democratic parenting attitude was associated with healthy eating habits including regular snack time and less fastfood. On the other hand, the maternal neglectful parenting attitude was associated with high risk of children's underweight. Understanding the mechanism through which parenting attitude is related with underweight risk and healthy eating habits may lead to the development of better interventions.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.101-111
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• 2001

The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationships between the BMI and food preference. eating behaviors. and nutrition knowledge score among the middle school male and female students. A total of 394 students from 4 different middle school in Seoul were participated in this study. The students were categorized into 3 groups by BMI : under-weight(〈20). ideal(20$\leq$BMI〈25). and overweight($\geq$25) groups. The data on food preference. eating behavior. and nutrition knowledge were collected by a questionnaire. All data were analyzed by means as frequency. percentage. mean and standard deviation. F-test. $\chi$$^2$-test. and correlation analysis. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. BMI average of the male students was 21.4 About 45% of the students were in ideal weight group. 40% were in under-weight group. and 15% were in overweight group according to BMI. 2. About 62% of the participants wanted to lose weight : 43% of the male students. and 82% of the female students. And 33% of the students wished to lose more than 7kg of body weight. 3. Preference score for animal protein foods was the highest in overweight group. On the other hand. preference score of vegetables was the highest in under-weight group. 4. All 3 BMI groups eat more foods on dinner compared to lunch or breakfast. Eating amount score of between-meal was highest(eat more) in under-weight group. and the lowest(eat less) in overweight group. But the percentage of students who eat snack at night was the highest in overweight group. 5. Among the eating behavior variables. eating frequency of snack at night and eating speed were significantly different among 3 groups. Overweight group eat snack at night less frequently and eating speed is faster than the other groups(p〈.05). 6. Nutrition knowledge score was the highest in overweight group. but the difference was insignificant. It is shown that about 40% of the participants belong to under-weight group. but 62% wished to lose weights. Parents and teachers should watch out the juvenile students'health. especially whether they try to lose weight or maintain unrealistically low weight.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.166-174
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to compare dietary self-efficacy for sodium intake reduction and dietary behaviors by eating areas. Subjects (797 males and 767 females) were classified according to perceived dietary habit levels related to sodium intake (lowest: ${\leq}10$ (n=434), low: $11{\sim}{\leq}13$ (n=471), high: $14{\sim}{\leq}15$ (n=360), highest: $16{\leq}$ (n=299)) using an online survey with a sample that was geographically representative of the population. The highest group was significantly younger and had a higher student proportion than the lowest group. Dining contexts regarding home led to a significantly higher sodium intake in the highest group, but it was eating out for the lowest group. The highest group had a significantly lower intention to reduce sodium intake compared to the lowest group. In the home cooked meals, the highest group displayed a significantly lower cooking frequency, less effort with respect to a low sodium diet and cooking habits related to sodium intake as compared to the lowest group. Also, regarding eating out and food service, the highest group exhibited significantly lower efforts and dietary behaviors to reduce sodium intake than the lowest group. The dietary score for sodium reduction behavior in the highest group was significantly lower compared to the lowest group, for home cooked meals, eating out, as well as food service. Thus, dietary guidelines and nutrition education for the reduction of sodium intake by eating areas need to be developed and provided.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.294-304
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between dietary behavior and the nutrient intake status in the youth of rural areas, based on their personal characters such as their sex, age, family type, number of family members, mother's age, occupation, and school career. This study was made by use of a self-administrated questionnaire with a 24-hour recall for 5days as an instrument with 439 randomly selected students. Statistical methods applied to analyze the data were frequency, percent, Willcoxon Rank-sum test, Kruskal-wallis test, x2-test by contingence table, and Spearman's correlation coefficient in non parametric statistical cases. Some of the interesting results are as follows : 1) The correlation between sex and breakfast is highly significant. That is, over 80% of male students had breakfast every day, whereas only about 60% of female students had breakfast every day. Bad table manners and some other problems are insignificant with respect to the personal characters in the relations between the personal characters and eating behaviors. However, the regularity of every meal, the frequency of having meals with other family members, and the frequency of meals eaten out and snacks show significant differences. 2) The mother's occupation does not have any influence on the nutrient intake of their students when the relationship between personal characters and nutrient intake was analysed. On the other hand sex, the mother's school career, the numbers of family members, the type of family, and the income of the family showed significant differences nutrient intakes. 3) The regularity and the frequency of having meals, meals eaten out with their family members, and the table manners during meals showed significant differences in the intake of nutrient elements such as calorie, protein, fat, fiber, calcium, iron, phosphorus, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin and vitamin C. However some consideration during meals and problems in eating habit are insignificant with regard to nutrient intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.152-164
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the association between depression and eating behavior factors in Korean adults. Methods: Study subjects were selected (n = 5,103) from the participants of the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2018 and divided into depression (men, 59; women, 162) and normal groups (men, 2,083; women, 2,799). Subjects with a Patient Health Questionnaire 9 score ≥ 10 (out of 27 points) were defined as having depression. Results: A higher prevalence of depression was observed in both men and women who were unemployed (p < 0.001, p = 0.008), had lower income (both p < 0.001), poorer subjective health (both p < 0.001), and poor food safety (both p < 0.001). The prevalence of depression was higher in women with lower education levels (p = 0.008), who were unmarried (p = 0.010), smokers (p < 0.001), and in a one-person household (p = 0.001). Obese men showed a higher prevalence of depression (p = 0.009). Men who were eating alone or skipping lunch had a high prevalence of depression (p = 0.009), while women who were eating breakfast (p = 0.012), lunch (p = 0.001), and dinner (p = 0.010) alone had a high prevalence of depression. The relationship analysis between men and women according to dietary habits using logistic regression showed that, in women, after variable adjustment, skipping lunch (odds ratio [OR], 2.677; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.090-6.574), meal frequency of 2 times per day (OR, 1.658; 95% CI, 1.084-2.536), and lunch frequency of 3-4 times per week (OR, 3.143; 95% CI, 1.725-5.728) were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of depression. Conclusion: Depression in women was not only affected by more sociodemographic variables but also associated with decreased frequency of lunch and dinner, especially with skipping lunch.