• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.54-59
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• 1996

김치에서 분리한 유산균 중에서 Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli(ATCC33694) 그리고 Bacillus substilis(ATCC 6633) 등 5종의 미생물에 대한 항균성이 우수한 3주(No. 49, No. 61, No. 75)를 최종 선발하여 동정한 결과 Lactobacillus plantarum으로 동정 되었다. 이들 3 균주를 starter로 사용하여 요구르트 등 여러 발효식품에 응용할 수 있는지 검토하기 위하여, 이들 균주로 요구르트를 제조한 후 요구르트의 ${\beta}-galactosidase$ 활성도를 균주 첨가 후 24시간 부터 72시간 동안 경시적으로 조사하였다. 그 결과 48시간 후에 효소활성은 최고에 도달하였으며 그 후 시간이 경과함에 따라 감소하였다. 또한 2시간 동안 경시적으로 요구르트 고유의 pH값보다 낮은 산성조건에서 ${\beta}-galactosidase$ 활성도와 생존율을 측정한 결과 pH 3.5에서 2시간 후에는 3균주 모두 50% 정도 활성이 감소하였으나 pH 2.5와 pH 1.5에서 ${\beta}-galactosidase$ 활성은 거의 없었다. 유산균의 생존율은 pH 3.5에서 2시간 후 거의 변화가 없었고, pH 2.5에서는 각각 $0.12%{\sim}0.75%$ 그리고 pH 1.5에서는 생존율이 거의 없었다. 한편, 제조 요구르트의 이화학적 성질을 조사한 결과 요구르트 고유의 pH 값은 4.08 부터 4.30사이이었으며, 적정산도는 $1.05{\sim}l.25%$ 점도는 $1,818{\sim}2,124\;cps$, 생균수는 $7.3{\times}10^8{\sim}3.0{\times}10^9\;cfu/m{\ell}$였다. 유산균이 살아있는 상태로 장내에 도달할 수 있는지의 여부를 간접적으로 나타내는 완충능을 측정하기 위하여 1.0N HCl로 요구르트 $100\;m{\ell}$를 고유의 pH값에서 2단위 낮은 pH값까지 적정한 결과 소모된 HCl량은 $11.98{\sim}13.02\;m{\ell}$이었고 1.0 N NaOH로 4단위 높은 pH값까지 적정하는데 소모된 NaOH량은 $10.82{\sim}12.86\;m{\ell}$로 시판 요구르트 보다 높은 완충능을 보여 주었다.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.62-71
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• 2013

연구목적 본 연구는 경기도 일지역의 음주실태, 위험음주와 알코올사용장애의 정도 및 지역사회 음주정책 요구도 조사를 위해 수행되었다. 방 법 연구대상자는 경기도 안산시 거주 19세 이상 65세 미만 성인 1,000명으로 2011년 6월부터 7월까지 두 달 간 조사하였다. 조사설문지는 연구목적에 의해 구성한 사회인구학적 특성 문항, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test(AUDIT)와 Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener(CAGE) 척도, 지역사회 음주문제 해결에 대한 서비스 및 정책 요구도에 대한 문항으로 구성하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS version 18.0 통계프로그램을 이용하였다. 결 과 대상군의 평생음주율은 97.4%이고, 이들 중 21.9%가 주 2~4회 음주 빈도를 보였으며, 유해음주 빈도는 남성의 24.4%로 남성 4명 중 1명은 한 번의 좌석에서 소주 한 병 또는 맥주 4병 이상을 마시는 빈도가 주 1회 이상이었다. 음주시작 연령은 평균 20.3세이나 19세 이전에 음주를 시작하는 경우가 51.6%이었다. AUDIT 척도를 적용한 유해음주 및 알코올사용장애의 비율은 각각 14.9%, 3.3%, CAGE 척도 기준을 적용하였을 때 알코올사용장애자는 9.6%였다. 조사응답자들의 지역사회 음주문제에 대한 서비스 및 정책요구도는 예방교육(57.2%), 치료시설 연계(50.1%), 알코올상담과 개입(41.7%), 그리고 재활프로그램(39.8%) 순이었다. 결 론 본 연구결과, 경기도 도시 지역의 유해음주와 알코올사용장애 등 문제음주의 정도는 높은 비율로 나타나며, 지역주민들의 음주문제 관련 요구도와 음주시작연령에 대한 고려를 통해 효과적인 음주예방프로그램과 정책개발이 요구된다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.1690-1698
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• 2012

음주는 손상의 가장 위험 요인으로 정확한 평가를 위하여 세계보건기구에서 개발한 Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (만성음주행태측정 이하 AUDIT)와 같은 도구를 이용하여 성인에서의 음주행태와 손상 발생률 및 손상 세부 특성과의 연관성을 평가하고자 실시 하였다. 본 연구는 2009년도 국민건강영양조사를 이용하였으며 성인 만 19세 이상 성인 중 7,893명이 참여하여 손상에 응답한 7,511명, 그 중 음주행태조사 참여는 6,6362명 설문에 무응답 104명을 제외 최종 6,258명 연구 대상으로 분석하였다. AUDIT범주에 따른 손상 발생률 및 세부특성 즉 신체부위, 유형, 기전별 손상 발생율의 비교위험도를 T-test, ANOVA, Logistic regression 이용하여 산출하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS 19.0 통계프로그램을 사용하였다. 분석결과 체전손상에서 남자가 손상의 발생이 유의하게 높았다. 음주 관련 손상의 경우에서 남자가 여자에 비해 손상의 발생 위험이 8.3배 높았다. 교육은 고등학교 졸업자가 AUDIT이 가장 높은 비율을 보여 유의하였으며, 결혼한 사람과 월소득이 201-300만원인 사람들이 AUDIT가 가장 높게 나타났으며 유의하였다. 문제음주자와 알코올의존자에서 의미있게 증가된 신체부위의 손상은 두 경부에서 0.0371로 유의하게 나타났고 AUDIT와 손상외인 기전에서는 운수사고, 미끄러짐, 기타, 부딪힘, 추락의 순으로 나타났으며, 손상의 유형 분류상 기타(열상, 좌상, 중독, 관통상 등)에서 유의하였다. 음주로 인한 손상 및 손상외인의 기전은 매우 중요하며, 상담자를 통한 동기유발 조정이 이루어 지게 되면 음주횟수를 줄여 음주로 인한 손상을 완화시킬 수 있는 장치가 필요하다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.3-21
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• 1997

저자들은 서울 시내에 위치한 2개 초등학교 1, 3, 5학년 학생 273명과 그들의 부모를 대상으로 하여 어린이의 꿈, 공상, 장래 희망 및 평소 상태를 경험적으로 조사하여, 발달학적 관점에서 이들의 특성 변화를 알아보고, 이들간의 상호 연관성을 살펴보았다. 그리고 이를 선행 연구와 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 어린이의 인지 발달 및 사회화와 더불어 꿈은 발달한다. 즉, 꿈에 동물, 가족 성원, 아는 사람의 출현은 줄고 나 자신, 동성 친구, 모르는 사람의 출현이 증가하며, 보다 현실적이고 정교한 내용으로 발달하였는데 이는 선행 연구에서와 비슷한 결과로 보여진다. 2) 공상, 장래 희망, 그리고 평소 상태 역시 어린이의 학년에 따라 변화를 보였다. 즉 공상의 빈도는 학년에 따라 가하였으며, 공상 내용 및 장래 희망도 보다 자기 중심적이고 현실적인 내용으로 변화하였다. 평소 상태 역시 학년에 따라 변화하였는데, 시험이나 공부에 대한 중압감이 심한 우리 나라의 현 실정을 반영하는 소견을 보였다. 3) 꿈, 공상, 장래 희망, 그리고 평소 상태는 상호 연관성을 보였다. 즉, 기분 상태에서는 꿈과 공상, 공상과 평소 상태 사이에 유의한 연관성이 있었다. 또한 행복한 기분 및 무서운 기분은 각각의 기분과 합치되는 꿈, 공상, 장래 희망의 내용과 정적 연관성을 보였다. 내용에 있어서는 같은 내용의 꿈과 공상은 상당 부분정적 연관성을 보였다. 본 연구는 정상 어린이들의 꿈, 공상, 장래 희망의 특성 변화를 발달학적 측면에서 살펴보고자 한 국내 최초의 시도로서 의의를 가지고 있다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 저자들은 꿈과 공상은 현실-모방-놀이-공상-꿈의 연속선상에 있으며 서로 밀접한 연관성을 가지고 나타남을 입증할 수 있었다. 마지막으로 앞에서 언급한바와 같이 근래의 꿈 연구자들은 꿈의 심리적 의의에 대하여 서로 상반된 견해를 보이고 있으나, 본 연구 결과에서 꿈이 학년에 따라 특성이 변화한 점, 의미있는 감정 체험에 대한 반응성을 보인 점, 그리고 공상이나 장래 희망과 같은 각성 시의 사고 및 평소 상태와 밀접한 연관성을 보인 점 등은 꿈의 심리적 의의를 지지하는 소견으로 볼 수 있겠다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.677-685
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• 2019

어천 용천수에서 금강모치(Rhynchocypris kumgangensis)의 생태적 특징 연구를 위하여 2017년 10월부터 2018년 9월까지 조사를 실시하였다. 수온은 10.2 ~ 14.3℃로 변화폭이 매우 적고 연중 15℃ 이하를 유지하였다. 공서종으로는 금강모치가 70.14%로 가장 풍부하였으며, 그 다음으로 둑중개(16.62%), 연준모치(Phoxinus phoxinus, 10.74%), 버들치(Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, 1.55%), 무지개송어(Oncorhynchus mykiss, 0.56%), 참갈겨니(Zacco koreanus, 0.28%), 참종개(Iksookimia koreensis, 0.14%) 등 7종 이었다. 암수의 성비(female : male)는 1 : 0.91로 큰 차이는 보이지 않았다. 5~6월에 채집된 개체에 있어 전장이 40 mm 미만인 집단은 만1년생, 40~69 mm 집단은 만 2년생, 70~85 mm 집단은 만 3년생, 85 mm 이상은 만 4년생으로 추정되었고, 만 2년생 이상부터 성적 성숙이 이루어지기 시작했다. 산란시기는 5월부터 시작되어 8월 말에 끝났으며 산란 성기는 6월에서 7월로 추정되었다. 산란시기의 수온은 12.3~14.3℃ 이었고 산란 성기의 수온은 13.8~14.3℃ 이었다. 포란수는 평균 1,006개(664~1,666) 이었고 성숙란은 노란색 구형으로 직경이 1.34±0.17 mm 이었다. 전장-체중과의 상관관계식은 BW = 0.00003TL^2.77로 상수 a는 0.00003를, 매개변수 b는 2.77이었고, 비만도 지수는 평균 K=1.04(0.65~1.48) 이었으며 기울기(Slope)에서 -0.0012로 음의 값을 나타내었다. 용천수에 서식하는 금강모치는 다른 서식지에 서식하는 금강모치에 비해 산란기간이 길었고, 포란수가 적었으며, 비만도는 낮았다.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.193-199
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• 2016

본 연구는 제9차(2013)청소년건강행태 온라인조사를 바탕으로 우리나라 청소년 총 66,951명을 대상으로 청소년의 건강위험요인과 구강건강과의 관련성을 확인하고, 구강건강에 미치는 위험도를 알아보고자 하였다. 수집된 자료는 통계 분석 프로그램인 PASW Statistics ver. 18.0을 사용하여 분석하였고 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 남학생은 33,777명(50.5%), 여학생은 33,174명(49.5%)으로 남학생 비율이 높았고, 학년 분포는 중학생과 고등학생 모두 1학년이 가장 높았다. 학업성적은 '하위권'이 24,468명(36.6%)으로 가장 높았고, 경제 상태는 중위권이 32,374명(48.4%)으로 가장 높았다. 어머니 학력은 고졸이 가장 높았다. 성별에 따른 6가지 구강증상경험 분포의 차이를 알아본 결과 '치아가 깨지거나 부러짐'은 성별의 차이가 유의하지 않았고(p=0.135), '먹을 때 치아가 아픔', '치아가 욱신거리고 쑤심', '잇몸이 아프고 피가 남', '혀와 입 안쪽 뺨이 아픔'은 여학생이 남학생보다 더 많이 경험한 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001). 그러나 '입 냄새가 남'은 남학생(52.5%)이 여학생(47.5%)보다 더 많이 경험한 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001). 건강위험요인과 구강증상경험과의 관련성 분석결과 음주, 흡연, 학교폭력 경험, 주중 인터넷 사용이 관련성이 있었으며 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과 음주경험이 있는 대상자의 구강증상경험 위험도가 OR 1.33배, 흡연 경험이 있는 대상자의 구강증상경험 위험도가 OR 1.2배로 높아졌으며 인터넷 사용시간은 '1시간 이내 사용'보다 '7시간 이상' 사용자가 구강증상경험 위험도가 OR 1.25배 높아졌으며 학교폭력 경험도 경험이 없는 대상자에 비해 '3~4번' 경험이 있는 대상자의 구강증상경험 위험도가 OR 1.54배 높아짐을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구 결과를 토대로 청소년의 올바른 건강습관을 도모하고, 건강위험요인을 적절히 중재하여 청소년의 구강건강을 증진시킬 수 있는 포괄적 건강증진 프로그램개발에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.47-63
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• 2011

Purpose : This research is to examine the work and job satisfaction of paramedics in the emergency room of university hospitals. This research is done to provide basic data needed for establishing work realms of paramedics in hospitals and to enhance their degree of satisfaction. Methods : Research questionnaire survey was conducted on 141 paramedics working in the emergency room of 32 university hospitals from August 24, 2010 to September 30, 2010 through direct visits and telephone interviews or email to explain the purpose of this research and assurance of confidentiality of responses on the questionnaires. As the tool for the degree of job satisfaction, 'The Index of Work Satisfaction' developed by Slavitt, et al(1978) and revised and supplemented by Soon-shim Kim and Hye-ran Kwon(2002) was used. The collected data were analyzed by evaluating frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA, Cronbach's $\alpha$ by using SPSS WIN 18.0 program. Results : 1. Investigating the work and role of paramedics in the emergency room of university hospitals, electrocardiogram(EKG) was found to be highest with $\alpha$ was widely used with the rate of patient evaluation and test area. In the medical treatment for patients area, cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) with 95%(134 persons) and ventilation assistance through ambu bagging(BVM) with 95%(134 persons) were found to be high. $\alpha$ were performed. In the role within the hospital and other areas, a member of CPR team in the hospital accounted for 78%(110 persons). 2. In the measurements of the job satisfaction of paramedics working at university hospitals, the total mean score was 2.91. The mean score in each question area indicated: section on job 3.48, autonomy 3.05, interaction 3.01, organizational demand 2.85, working conditions 2.67, salaries 2.40. This result obviously demonstrates the work of paramedics itself was most satisfied but the salaries were most dissatisfied. 3. In the measurements of the job satisfaction of paramedics working at university hospitals, job satisfaction based on the general characteristics showed significant difference in age (F=6.547, p=.002), gender (F=4.436, p=.000) marital status (F=-3.270, p= .001), religion (F=2.041, p= .043), motive for application (F=3.603, p= .015), and salary (F=6.658, p= .000). 대학병원 응급실 내 1급 응급구조사의 업무와 직무만족도 The Journal of the Korean Society of Emergency Medical Technology Vol. 15 (1) 63 4. In the measurements of the job satisfaction of paramedics working at university hospitals, job satisfaction based on the working environmental characteristics showed significant difference in total number of paramedics (F=3.779, p= .012), form of employment (F=5.601, p= .001), existence or non-existence of intention to change jobs (F=-4.037, p= .000). Conclusion : The work of paramedics in the emergency room of university hospitals consists of lots of treatment processes after specialized diagnosis and performance of professionally subdivided works. However, current legislation does not reflect such circumstances to which paramedics are exposed; thus, it should be considered for further revision and modification. The degree of job satisfaction of paramedics in the emergency room of university hospitals was high but low in salaries and working conditions were the weak points. The measures to enhance their degree of job satisfaction should be taken though improvement of labor conditions such as consideration of the rate of increase in salaries, compensation for overtime work, providing rest areas, improvement of current employment system, and conversion of temporary employees into regular employees.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.636-652
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• 1992

This study identified the impact of childhood cancer on the Korean family. The purpose was to contribute knowledge for family nursing and pediatric hospice care practice with sick children and their families. This descriptive study was conducted during a 6 month period with children who were being treated for cancer at six university hospitals in Seoul. The data were gathered from members of 68 families ; 24(Group A), with a child newly diagnosed with cancer : 27(Group B), with a child under treatment and without complications, and 17 (Group C), with a child in relapse. Medical records, structured questionnaires and interviews were used for data collection. The questionnaires and interview schedules had been used previously in Martinson's research in the USA and China. The findings, conclusions, and suggestions are as follows. 1. The impact of childhood cancer on the family. Members of the family experienced fear, helplessness, guilty feelings, and anger at the time of the initial diagnosis and at relapse. Mothers complained of headache, anorexia and poor appetite, weight loss, sleep disturbance, and bad dreams. Many of the fathers either lost or changed jobs, and all working mothers stopped working. Half the parents reported changes in their marital relationships such as frequent quarrels but also stronger unity. Family members perceived cancer as the most frightening disease. Change in their world view was expressed as living on faith understanding suffering, determining to live a better life, wanting to live an upright life and valuing health as the most important. Religious activities are found most helpful through this difficult experience. Financial debt due to the treatment and care of the sick child, burdened 22 families. The above mentioned impact was most evidant in Group B(those presently undergoing treatment) and Group C(those in relapse). Findings indicate that nursing care should embrace the family of a child who is being treated for cancer. 2. Characteristics of the child with cancer The majority of the children in this sample had a diagnosis of leukemia. Their mean age was 6.8 and the ratio of boys to girls was 1.12 ; 1. The mean hospitalization frequency was 13.5 times and the mean duration of illness was 16.8 months. Most of 1.he children perceived cancer as the most frightening disease ; 32.7% of the children described their sickness as serious. Children in Group C were hospitalized more frequently, stayed in hospital for longer periods, and expressed their sickness as quite serious more often than the other two groups. These findings indicate how much comprehensive pediatric hospice nursing care services are needed along with relevant research and nursing education. 3. Characteristics of the families. The mean age of the father was 39.5 and the mother, 36,6 ; they are in their most productive life period. Mothers especially expressed feelings of financial uneasiness and powerlessness about giving up their jobs, and guilty feelings for not providing enough care and concern to other children due to taking care of the sick one. The burden of caring for the sick child can bring negative changes in family dynamics which they think provoke potential health problems in members of the family These findings suggest a need for nursing support and counselling resources. Findings also suggest the need for ethical inquiry about such questions as who should give information to the child in regard to diagnosis and prognosis, when, and how. Other suggestions included : 1) Quality health care for childhood cancer such as home care and pediatric hospice programs should be established. 2) Special and practical consideration for long-term patients should be made in the present insurance coverage. The reimbursement period for long-term patients should be lengthened. 3) Further in-depth qualitative studies are needed. 4) Education programs including guided practice experience for pediatric hospice care practitioners are needed.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.569-584
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• 1993

This study was done to verify validity of nursing diagnoses related to difficulty in respiratory function. First, content validity was examined by an expert group considering the etiology and the signs / symptoms of three nursing diagnoses - ineffective airway clearance, ineffective breathing pattern, impaired gas exchange. Second, clinical validity was examined by comparing the frequencies of the etiologies and signs / symptoms of the three nursing diagnoses in clinical case studies with the results of the content validity. This study was a descriptive study. The sample consisted of 23 experts (professors, head nurses and clinical instructors) who had had a variety of experiences using nursing diagnoses in clinical practice, and 102 case reports done by senior student nurses of the college of nursing of Y-university. These reports were part of their clinical practice in the ICU. The instrument used for this study was a checklist for etiologies and signs and symptoms based on the literature, Doenges and Moorhouse (1988), Kim, McFarland, McLane (1991), Lee Won Hee et al. (1987), Kim Cho Ja et at. (1988). The data was collected over four month period from May 1992 to Aug. 1992. Data were analyzed using frequencies done with the SPSS / PC＋ package. The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. General Characteristics of the Expert Group A bachelor degree was held by 43.5% and a master or doctoral degree by 56.5% of the expert group. The average age of the expert group was 35.3 years. Their average clinical experience was 9.3 years and their average experience in clinical practice was 5.9 years. The general characteristics of the patients showed that there were more women than men, that the age range was from 1 to over 80. Most of their medical diagnoses were diagnoses related to the respiratory. system, circulation or neurologic system, and 50% or more of them had a ventilator with intubation or a tracheostomy. The number of cases for each nursing diagnoses was : · Ineffective airway clearance, 92 cases. · Ineffective breathing pattern, 18 cases. · Impaired gas exchange, 22 cases. 2. The opinion of the expert group as to the classification of the etiology, and signs and symptoms of the three nursing diagnoses was as follows : · In 31.8% of the cases the classification of etiology was clear. · In 22.7%, the classification of signs and symptoms was clear. · In 17.4%, the classification of nursing interventions was clear. 3. In the expert group 80% or mere agreed to ‘dysp-nea’as a common sign and symptom of the three nursing diagnoses. The distinguishing signs and symptoms of (Ineffective airway clearance) were ‘sputum’, ‘cough’, ‘abnormal respiratory sounds : rales’. The distinguishing sings and symptoms of (Ineffective breathing pattern) were ‘tachypnea’, ‘use of accessory muscle of respiration’, ‘orthopnea’ and for (Impaired gas exchange) it was ‘abnormal arterial blood gas’, 4. The distribution of etiology, and signs and symptoms of the three nursing diagnoses was as follows : · There was a high frequency of ‘increased secretion from the bronchus and trachea’ in both the expert group and the case reports as the etiology of ineffective airway clearance. · For the etiologies for ineffective breathing pat-tern, ‘rain’, ‘anxiety’, ‘fear’, ‘obstructions of the tract, ca and bronchus’ had a high ratio in the ex-pert group and ‘decreased expansion of lung’ in the case reports. · For the etiologies for impaired gas exchanges, ‘altered oxygen -carrying capacity of the blood’ and ‘excess accumulation of interstitial fluid in lung’ had a high ratio in the expert group and ‘altered oxygen supply’ in the case reports. · For signs and symptoms for ineffective airway clearance, ‘dyspnea’, ‘altered amount and character of sputum’ were included by 100% of the expert group. ‘Abnormal respiratory. sound(rate, rhonchi)’ were included by a high ratio of the expert group. · For the signs and symptoms for ineffective breathing pattern. ‘dyspnea’, ‘shortness of breath’ were included by 100% of the expert group. In the case reports, ‘dyspnea’ and ‘tachypnea’ were reported as signs and symptoms. · For the sign and symptoms for impaired gas exchange, ‘hypoxia’ and ‘cyanosis’ had a high ratio in the expert group. In the case report, ‘hypercapnia’, ‘hypoxia’ and ‘inability to remove secretions’ were reported as signs and symptoms. In summary, the similarity of the etiologies and signs and symptoms of the three nursing diagnoses related to difficulty in respiratory function makes it difficult to distinguish among them But the clinical validity of three nursing diagnoses was established through this study, and at last one sign and symp-tom was defined for each diagnosis.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.159-176
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• 1998

In effort to conduct comparative study on the caregiving environment of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit(NICU) in both U. S and Korea, this study was been conducted first in the U.S. Purpose : The purpose of this study is to identify the physical environment and direct caregiving practices to lowbirth weight infants in NICU in the US. It also aims to examine the NICU outcome status and behavioral reponses of lowbirth weight infants. Methods : A study design using descriptive and inferential statistics was been conducted through an observational, field method. A sample of 15 preform infants admitted to NICU were recruited for the study. The subjects were those with birth weight between 1,000 gm to 1,500 gm, born at the gestation period of 27 to 33 weeks, and without any chromosomal or other genetic anomalies, major congenital infections, or maternal illness. Thirty minutes observation(three times of ten minutes of continuous observation)of the infant's behavior and physiological status, and an four-hour observation of the physical environment and direct care giving procedures were been conducted on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. The data to be collected were in four areas : the demograghic characteristics of the infants, the physical environment and care giving procedures, the frequency of the infant's designated behavior and physiological response, and NICU outcome variables. A descriptive analysis and Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson r were been applied according to variable characteristics. Results : 1. Mother's mean age was 29.47. The sample consisted of 6 males and 9 females. Mean gestational ages were 29.17 weeks. Mean birth weight was 1236.33g. Mean Apgar scores at one minute were 6.6, and 7.8 at five minutes. 2. The location for the incubator was in the distance from the light, X-ray screens and nursing station, in proximity to side-lamp, telephone and faucet on the third day after birth. The location for the incubator was in the distance from the light and radio on the tenth day and in proximity to nursing station on the day of dischage from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 3. Nesting was the most applying aids to the infants. And foot roll, shielding and plastic frame were frequently using by nurses for facilitating well modulated restful posture. 4. There were statistically significant changes in the patterns of physical environment included locating the infant's incubator and bedding, specific aids to self regulation on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 5. Statistically significant changes were not appeared in the patterns of direct caregiving procedure to the infants included stress inducing or reducing manipulations on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 6. The stress response of the infants in NICU were significantly reduced as the infants grow older. 7. There were not statistically significant correlation between the physical envronment and the stress responses of the infants in NICU. 8. There were statistically significant correlation between the direct caregiving procedure to the infants and the stress response of the infants in NICU in the second and third observation on the day three. 9. Average weight gain per day from birth to discharge was 38.73g, number of days in the hospital was 42.60, number of days before bottle feeding was 3.6. Postconception age starting bottle feed ing was 31/sup +5/ weeks. Number of days on mechanical ventilator was average 7.64, 11.42 was an average number of days of oxygen need. Conclusion : It, thus, appears that to minimize the sensorymotor stimulation for the low birthweight preterm infant in NICU, manipulation of care giving practices to the babies whatever the stress inducing or reducing procedures, have to be limited in the immediate early stage after birth. And it needed to be reexamine to identify the appropriate and specific physical environment and the patterns of direct caregiving to the low birthweight preform infant as the infants grow older in NICU.