• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.88 no.4
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• pp.323-334
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• 2023

The submerged floating tunnel (SFT) infrastructure has been regarded as an emerging technology that efficiently and safely connects land and islands. The SFT route problem is an essential part of the SFT planning and design phase, with significant impacts on the surrounding environment. This study aims to develop an optimization model considering transportation and structure factors. The SFT routing problem was optimized based on two objective functions, i.e., minimizing total travel time and cumulative strains, using NSGA-II. The proposed model was applied to the section from Mokpo to Jeju Island using road network and wave observation data. As a result of the proposed model, a Pareto optimum curve was obtained, showing a negative correlation between the total travel time and cumulative strain. Based on the inflection points on the Pareto optimum curve, four optimal SFT routes were selected and compared to identify the pros and cons. The travel time savings of the four selected alternatives were estimated to range from 9.9% to 10.5% compared to the non-implemented scenario. In terms of demand, there was a substantial shift in the number of travel and freight trips from airways to railways and roadways. Cumulative strain, calculated based on SFT distance, support structure, and wave energy, was found to be low when the route passed through small islands. The proposed model helps decision-making in the planning and design phases of SFT projects, ultimately contributing to the progress of a safe, efficient, and sustainable SFT infrastructure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Systems Engineering
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• v.20 no.spc1
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• pp.65-75
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• 2024

As the demand for logistics services increases rapidly in modern society, the existing freight delivery system through road transportation is caused various problems such as traffic congestion and greenhouse gas emissions. To solve that, the development of an 'underground logistics tunnel-based cargo transportation system' is currently being considered in Korea. In order to build a new concept stable and safe logistics system, derive system design requirements and functional specifications, and reflect them at the development of target system. In this study, to make foundation for development of an "underground logistics tunnel-based cargo transportation system," define system components through analysis from a hierarchical perspective, and the functions of each component were analyzed and defined. We identified what interfaces the components have at each stage of the operating process. Lastly, we defined a detailed operation scenario based on the previously derived results, deriving target system functional requirements.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.255-268
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• 2023

This paper focuses on the tests for generalized fluctuation in the context of assessing structural changes based on linear regression models. For efficient estimation there has been a growing focus on the structural change monitoring, particularly in relation to fields such as artificial intelligence(hereafter AI) and machine learning(hereafter ML). Specifically, the investigation elucidates the implementation of structural changes and presents a coherent approach for the practical application to the BDI(Baltic Dry-bulk Index), which serves as a representative maritime trade index in global market. The framework encompasses a range of F-statistics type methodologies for fitting, visualization, and evaluation of empirical fluctuation processes, including CUSUM, MOSUM, and estimates-based processes. Additionally, it provides functionality for the computation and evaluation of sequences of pruned exact linear time(hereafter PELT).

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.401-409
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• 2024

The maritime industry, responsible for 80% of global freight transport, heavily pollutes the environment through traditional fossil fuels. The International Maritime Organization aims to reduce sulfur and greenhouse gas emissions, but faces technical and financial challenges. Hydrogen fuel cells present a promising alternative with high efficiency and low emissions. This study examines the legal and regulatory frameworks needed for hydrogen bunkering across land, port, and sea. Key legislation includes the High-pressure Gas Safety Control Act, Hydrogen Economy Promotion and Hydrogen Safety Management Act, Harbor Act, Harbor Authority Act, Marine Transportation Act, and Harbor Transport Business Act. The study identifies overlapping regulations and proposes integrated solutions. The findings underscore the necessity of strict safety standards and legislative amendments to recognize hydrogen as a ship fuel. Establishing a comprehensive legal framework is essential for safe and efficient hydrogen bunkering. Continuous updates through international cooperation and standardized regulations are crucial for adopting hydrogen fuel cells, ensuring a sustainable and environmentally friendly maritime industry.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 2008

According to the trend of a large-sized vessel and a industrial carrier, the role of the independent contractors such as transport terminal operators, stevedores and warehousemen is increasing the base of cargo distribution that include the function of storage, warehousing, loading, unloading, trimming, dunnaging and lashing. But the common law doctrine of privity of contract has been a perennial source of difficulty for litigants seeking to enforce rights and obligations arising under a bill of lading contract. When carriage contract is negotiated, the concerned parties will be aware that some portion of obligations arising from the contract will be performed by the independent contractors engaged to carry out a particular function. It is reasonable for the independent contractors to be allowed the benefit of the carrier under the contract of carriage. As a part of the alleviating measures for the liability of independent contractors has been allowed various schemes, specially including 'Himalaya Clause'. Therefore, this study performed the validity of 'Himalaya Clause' by means of a recent judicial precedent by the Supreme Court and analyzed the rights of third parties, specially transport terminal operators, under the contract of carriage.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.25-31
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• 2020

Purpose: The AEO (Authorized Economic Operator) program, created in 2001 in the United States due to 9.11 terrorist's attack, fundamentally changed the trade environment. Korea, which introduced AEO program in 2009, has become one of the world's top countries in the program by ranking 6th in the number of AEO certified companies and the world's No. 1 in MRA (Mutual Recognition Agreement) conclusions. In this paper, we examined what trade-economic and non-economic effects the AEO program and its MRA have in Korea. Research design, data and methodology: In this study we developed a model to verify the impact between utilization of AEO and trade-economic effects of the AEO and its MRA. After analyzing the validity and reliability of the model through Structural Equation Model we conducted a survey to request AEO companies to respond their experience on the effects of AEO program and MRA. As a result, 196 responses were received from 176 AEO companies and utilized in the analysis. Results: With regard to economic effects, the AEO program and the MRA have not been directly linked to financial performance, such as increased sales, increased export and import volumes, reduced management costs, and increased operating profit margins. However, it was analyzed that the positive effects of supply chain management were evident, such as strengthening self-security, monitoring and evaluating risks regularly, strengthening cooperation with trading companies, enhancing cargo tracking capabilities, and reducing the time required for export and import. Conclusions: When it comes to the trade-economic effects of AEO program and its MRA, AEO companies did not satisfy with direct effects, such as increased sales and volume of imports and exports, reduced logistics costs. However, non-economic effects, such as reduced time in customs clearance, freight tracking capability, enhanced security in supply chain are still appears to be big for them. In a rapidly changing trade environment the AEO and MRA are still useful. Therefore the government needs to encourage non-AEO companies to join the AEO program, expand MRA conclusion with AEO adopted countries especially developing ones and help AEO companies make good use of AEO and MRA.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.641-647
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• 2019

Yearly world vehicle production has continued to increase, and the global seaborne trade volumes also are recovering. Based on these positive trends, as demand for cargo ships increases in the freight transportation market, Pure car and truck carriers (PCTCs) with large gaps between decks continue to be ordered. The structural analysis of the cargo hold was performed in order to confirm its structural safety in accordance with the guidance for the direct strength assessment of the Korean Register (KR) of Shipping. And, according to the type of cargo, the maximum deflection and structurally weak area that occurred in deck 5 was confirmed. Also, it was found that the weight of the cargo had a significant effect on the deck, the primary members of the deck's structure, and pillars. The results of the structural analysis conducted in this study were added to the existing cargo load planning software. This was done so that the prediction of the maximum stress and the deflection of the deck based on the information about the cargo could be confirmed quickly. In addition, the data will be used as the basic data for rapid information management response to changes in cargo items.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.815-825
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• 2016

The inter-industrial inducement effects of the Korean railway services on the output, value-added, and imports of 383 industrial sectors of the Korean economy have been computed by the input-output analysis technique utilizing the '2013 Input-Output Statistics', which was published most recently in December 2015 by the Bank of Korea. The research results are, then, compared and contrasted with the former research results with the '2003 Input-0utput Statistics', which were published in the Journal of the Korean Society for Railway, August, 2008. The economic inducement effects computed in this study are as follows. The Korean railway service industry produced \5,841 billion worth of passenger and freight railroad services in the year 2013, and it induced \8,511 billion worth of output, \84 billion worth of value-added, and \1,050 billion worth of imports for Korean industry as a whole.; the production inducement multiplier, value-added multiplier, and imports inducement multiplier of 2013 results are shown to be quite different from 2003 multipliers.; it has been shown that it is necessary to utilize the most recent Input-Output Statistics for the computation of the most recent inter-industrial analysis.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.329-347
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• 2008

This thesis aims to contribute to upgrading its position to the biggest 8 ports in Korea by suggesting activating schemes of Kunsan Port in rapidly changing shipping environments. The research methodologies such as literature survey, O/D analysis are adopted in the study. The following several conclusions can be suggested. Firstly, in port logistics system the dredging in navigational channels and in Kumgang Dam and the incentive schemes for the shipping companies and the international freight forwarders are required. Secondly cargo inducement schemes should be introduced to induce container cargoes originated in Junbook Do Province and adjacent area etc. Thirdly the development of new shipping routes and strengthening the coastal routes among domestic sea ports. Fouthly establishing supply chain management system with adjacent Chinese Provinces such as Shandong.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.35-45
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• 2008

Trucking is the most frequently used mode for freight movement due to relatively lower shipping costs and its operational flexibility. However, truck traffic can contribute to serious safety problems where they occupy high percentage of the total traffic. Heavy truck crashes arc more likely to result in serious injuries and fatalities than are crashes involving light vehicles. Therefore, safety issues for truck traffic are very significant both for public agencies and for general travelers. The objective of our study is to find truck-involved accident patterns according to traffic conditions and main factors as well as to find the most critical factor through conventional statistical techniques. A vailable data were obtained from TASAS (Traffic Accident Surveillance and Analysis System). Once critical factors are identified, effective and efficient truck management strategies can be discussed.