• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.18 no.1 s.38
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• pp.55-61
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• 1979

Since rice high yielding practices with blast resistant varieties induced severe and earlier infestation of sheath blight recently, it is strongly suggested to spray at least 10 days earlier than the present recommendation and more than 2 sprays from early July to early August seems to be essential for the efficient control of sheath blight in the future. Among organo-arsenic fungicides, MAFe (Neo Asozin) is known as the most effective and economic as well as with the advantages of free phytotoxicity and safe residure on rice, and applications of the mixed formulation with other fungicide and insecticide is suitable for the one-hit control of rice diseases and insect pests in connection with cooperative mass control system. Present level of arsenic $(As_2O_3)$ residue in .ice is summarized as 0.2ppm to 0.65 ppm in highest average, and there are more possibilities of extensive MAFe fungicide uses for the efficient and economic control of this disease. During the past few years, the acreage of sheath blight control has been extended several times while the increase of the fungicides used for sheath blight showing about 10 times in quantity and mort than 15 times in amount, and also the fungicide cost estimated for the control is differ from 1 to 12 billion 1on by the use of MAFe or antibiotic fungicide in a year.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.161-166
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• 1994

Since garlics (Allium sativum L.) are propagated through cloves, infection by virus or other pathogens may become severe problem if not using high quality seed bulbs every year resulting in the reduction of yield and bulb quality, In order to solve this problem, the establishment of virus-free bulb production and its supply system have been required because no chemicals were found to eliminate viruses from seed bulbs. This experiment was conducted to develop an effective production technique of high quality seed bulbs using shoot-tip culture. Over 90% of shoot-tips explanted on January L 1990 were survived at constant temperature of either 20, 24 or 28$^{\circ}C$, wheres 88% at alternate temperature (28/20$^{\circ}C$). The growth of shoot and root was most vigorous at constant 24$^{\circ}C$, and least at alternate temperature (28/20$^{\circ}C$) condition. When shoot-tips were explanted June 21 to August 1,1991, survival and growth of shoot-tips was most vigorous on MS medium supplymented with 0.1 mg/L NAA and 2 mg/L kinetin and least 1 mg/L Gh$_3$. The shoot-tips taken from the seed bulbs stored at 4$^{\circ}C$ for 15 to 60 days were placed on MS medium, shoot growth and in vitro bulblet formation increased slightly as affected by the increase of told treatment period at 4$^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.231-236
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was conducted to determine the appropriate sampling time of the salivary stress markers, chromogranin A (CgA) and cortisol as objective indices of job stress assessment in adult females. Methods : The subjects were 20${\sim}$39-year-old women (13 office workers, 11 sales-service workers, and 11 college students) who were eligible for the study and free of acute and chronic medical conditions. Salivary CgA and cortisol levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Saliva samples were collected (2 $m{\ell}$ each) at 7:00, 8:00, 10:30, 12:00, 17:30, and 22:30 on a typical day. Salivary CgA and cortisol levels, according to sampling time, were compared among the three groups using general linear model. The full version of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS), which includes socioeconomic characteristics, health behavior, workrelated characteristics, and BMI, was used to access the subjects' job stress. Multiple regression analysis of the job stressors identified by the KOSS was performed on salivary CgA and cortisol levels. Results : The salivary CgA level peaked at 7:00 (time of awakening), then decreased and were maintained at a low level throughout the day, and increased slightly at 17:30. The salivary cortisol level increased steeply within the 1st hour after awakening, followed by a gradual decrease by 12:00, and was then maintained at a low level throughout the day. The salivary cortisol levels of subjects who worked ${\leq}$5 days per week and graduated from the university were significantly lower at 8:00 (p=0.006). The salivary cortisol levels of non-smokers were significantly lower at 7:00 p=0.040) and 8:00 (p=0.003) compared to smokers. There were no significant differences in salivary CgA and cortisol levels at 10:30 and 12:00 in general characteristics. The regression coefficients on salivary CgA level were significant with interpersonal conflict at 17:30 and job insecurity at 22:30. Regression coefficients on salivary cortisol level were significant with organizational system and total job stressors at 17:30. Conclusions : We suggest that the appropriate sampling times for the salivary stress markers, CgA and cortisol, are at 7:00 (time of awakening), 8:00 (1 hour after awakening), 17:30 (early evening), and 22:30 (before sleep).

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.134-142
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• 2010

Malignant ovarian tumors in children are very rare, and consist of about 1 % of all childhood malignant tumors. The purpose of this study is to examine the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis for children with malignant ovarian tumors. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children under 15 years of age with malignant ovarian tumors who had been treated surgically at Asan Medical Center between 1989 and March 2009. There were 32 patients, ranged in age at surgery from 2 to 15 years (mean; 10.4 years). The median follow-up period was 64.7 months (from 1 month to 188 months). Pathologic diagnosis were; immature teratoma (n=10), mixed germ cell tumor (n=10), and dysgerminoma (n=6). Tumor stage was classified by the staging system of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). The number of patients in stage I, II, III, and IV were 24 (75 %), 2 (6.2 %), 4 (12.5 %), and 2 (6.1 %), respectively. The tumor recurred in 4 patients. Seven patients of group 1 did not receive postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, and in three of them, the tumor recurred. Twenty-five patients (group 2) underwent postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, and there was only one recurrence. One patient who did not receive postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and expired 10 months after operation because of tumor recurrence and distant metastasis. The overall 5-year event free survival (EFS) was 84.2 %: group 1 in 44.4 %, and group 2 in 95.7 %. Tumor recurrence was related to the postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy (p=0.004). In conclusion, proper surgical procedures with relevant postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy might improve clinical results in children with malignant ovarian tumors.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.89-106
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• 1983

After accepting the modernized western culture, we, the Koreans, had traditionally patriarchal valuation on the family life, which has been changed into modernize on in these days. Under these circumstances, we examined into family consciousness of workmen, office workers and student of universities in Pusan with questioning papers by inquiring their general views of family, marriage, family planning , and inheritance. The results obtained can be summarized as follows. 1. General views of family 1)Most of them prefer nuclear family to gross one in structure of family. In decision of family's affairs, the lower educated persons want an unilateral relationship, which means unconditional obdience to their parent's opinion. they are more concerned about the profit of the family than that of individual. on the other hand, they want 2-generations nuclear family system. 2) Concerning children's future affairs, they want compromising method. 2. Views of Marriage 1) Date with the other sex motivated their desire to improve social adaptation and social association. 17-19 year old students regard date as a preparatory stage of marriage. They consider it most desirable date to enjoy free conversation each other. They hope their date partners are high educated. 2) The conditions of mate selection are in order character, health, vitality in living, appearance and education. The less educated placed an emphasis on vitality in living. 3) They are not much interested in marital harmony. If parents are against their marriage an account of bad marital harmony, they will take into consideration about it. 4) They wish to keep purity before marriage, as possible. They want engagement period of 6 months. Any agreeable reasons shall compel them to break off their appointment. 5) they consider it ideal for mate's age to be 26-30 years old, and also think it affirmative to follow their parent's agreement in marriage. It is considerable that they put off their marriage only because they have lots of work to do before marriage. 6)Marriage declaration is to be made on the wedding day. It still exists that they don't want to marry when they are inth same surname and family tree. But it is clear that they don't regard it as the reason of breaking off the betrothal. 3. Family Planning 1) They are willing to agree to the campaign "just two is enough". They want a son and a daughter. Even though they have two daughters, they won's bear child to get son. 2) the lower educated persons are ignorant of the method of birth control. 4. Inheritance 1)Most of them say householder inheritance is to be kept up continuously. It is reasonable that anyone who can afford to perform religious service should bear it responsibility. 2)They don't want the difference in inheritance as the conscious to the conscious of the equality of the sexes spread widely into our society, but it is worthy of notice that some of them still don't mind unequal treatment. 3) When they have no child, the property inheritances are in order his wife and his parents. According to above mentions, we conclude like this: Their consciousness of marital harmony, marriage, family planning and inheritance shows definitely passive rationism in the transitional stage which is mixed with western individualism and traditional feudalism. On account of being lack of steady fast self-conscience, they can not make their positive reaction on anything. Finally, we should make every possible efforts to have our firm self-conscience through the re-education.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.97-109
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• 2017

Domestic vehicle penetration rate is growing at 3% per year, but consumers are increasingly buying used cars due to steady price hikes Nevertheless, the used car export market is expected to decline due to import regulations of major countries and the low grade environment of Used car export complex. Therefore, this study using Fuzzy-AHP was aimed to find operational factors of Used car logistics complex and establish a practical management plan of Used car logistic complex in incheon port. Fuzzy-AHP is the method that can be calculated weight of multi-level criteria and change linguistic ambiguity of human to Fuzzy Number. So it's able to propose the realistic decision making alternatives. As a result of the literacture reviews, present study focused on the analysis of the present situation of the logistics of the used car and the activation of the complex, suggested the activation plan and activation of the logistics complex. In the analysis of operational factors, logistic complex cost factors were found to be the most important factors by recording the weighted value of 0.306 in the above factors. The detailed factors were as follows: rent, accessibility, and logistics site size. It is necessary to compute competitive rent for the highly-advanced used car logistics complex, and to realize the rental support policy and to consider designating the free trade zone. In addition, it is necessary to expand the access infrastructure and secure the scale of the company for overseas buyers, and it is necessary to improve the overall government laws and introduce IT system for the future.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.110-126
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• 1995

Korean economy has been developed successfully in the course of implementing the five year economic development plans since 1962. The gap of incomes and quality of life between rural and urban area has been widened and it made rural farm laborers drain to urban areas. Therefore the prevailing situation of labor shortage and wage hike in rural area has made farm management deteriorate in recent years. Under the internal and international unfavorable economic conditions, marginal farm land of 66.5 thousand ha has been idled as of end of 1993. The total area outside agricultural development zone with bad farming conditions including irrigation and drainage, and land consolidation for mechanization were estimated at 360.4thousand ha equivalent to 17.5% of the total farm land area in Korea. Considering the topographical conditions of marginal lands, the effective use of marginal lands should be studied from the view point of public interest rather than from the view point of individual economic conditions. Considering the present agricultural economic settings, such as price decrease, unfavourable benefits of farm products, labour shrotage, free trade of farm products and poor physical condition of marginal lands, the institutional and realistical measures for the effective utilization of idle and marginal land should be studied as soon as possible. Detail land use pattern should be surveyed in the areas outside agricultural development zone and have to be classified as orchard farms, grass land, fish culture farms, lawn and ornamental tree farm, sight seeing and leisure farms for urban peoples, special crops production farms and common farms to be developed for farm mechanization. According to the surveyed results, the expected utilization patterns of the idle and marginal lands could be considerd as village common use, farm land base development, leisure farm development, mutual complementary utilization between urban and rural areas, G't purchase and management, credit supply and new extension services, improvement of cropping patterns and sight seeing and leisure farm patterns. For the successful and reasonable management of the marginal lands, the actions such as institutional improvement, prohibition of idle marginal land, enforcement of activities of farm management committee members and land banking system of RDC including development and utilization systems should be included.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.121-156
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• 2010

Back-door-listing can be viewed both as M&A and an alternative to IPO. If IPO is an access to the capital market through regulations, back-door-listing would be the way of entering the market through trading. Back-door-listing can be a better choice considering the common wisdom that regulations hinder the functioning of free market system. One would, however, prefer IPO, for the informational asymmetry isless severe in case of IPO. This paper examines if IPO is superior to back-door-listing as to the informational efficiency. The excess buy-and-hold returns of the Kosdaq back-door-listing firms are estimated over the three-year-period since the event. They are compared against the excess buy-and-hold returns of the Kosdaq IPO firms over the same period of time. The results confirm this paper's prediction that IPO should be more information-efficient. Both IPO and back-door-listing firms start with high short-term excess returns and end up with long-term under-performance. However, back-door-listing firms show more significantly damaging long-term results. Furthermore, back-door-listing firms record poorer accounting results over the research period. These results imply that there exists fad at the time of both events and, in case of back-door-listing, this fad is reinforced by the possibility of window dressing.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.54-62
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• 2018

Nutrients generated from various land uses lead to eutrophication during the influx of water, and it is necessary to apply the LID techniques to reduce nutrients from nonpoint sources in order to mitigate the occurrence of the algal bloom. This study was carried out to derive the design factors of hybrid artificial wetland (HCW) to increase the removal efficiency of nutrients. HCW system was constructed in the year 2010 for the treatment of rainfall runoffs from parking lots and roads composed of 100% impervious floors in the Cheonan campus of Kongju University. The average nutrients removal efficiency of TN and TP was 74% and 72%, respectively. Both TN and TP removal efficiencies were higher than those of free surface wetlands and subsurface flow wetlands due to activated physical and ecological mechanisms. The critical design parameters for the efficient nutrients removal in the artificial wetlands were the ratio of the surface area to the catchment area (SA/CA), land use, the rainfall runoff, and the rainfall intensity. The optimal carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio was estimated at 5: 1 to 10.3: 1. The results of this study can be applied to the efficient design of hybrid artificial wetlands to treat nutrients in urban runoff with high efficiency.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1786-1796
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• 2021

Objective: To evaluate the prognostic implications of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with a focus on those with targetoid appearance based on the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS), as well as known microvascular invasion (MVI) features. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 242 patients (190 male; mean age, 57.1 years) who underwent surgical resection of a single HCC (≤ 5 cm) as well as preoperative gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI between January 2012 and March 2015. LI-RADS category was assigned, and the LR-M category was further classified into two groups according to rim arterial-phase hyperenhancement (APHE). The imaging features associated with MVI were also assessed. The overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and their associated factors were evaluated. Results: Among the 242 HCCs, 190 (78.5%), 25 (10.3%), and 27 (11.2%) were classified as LR-4/5, LR-M with rim APHE, and LR-M without rim APHE, respectively. LR-M with rim APHE (vs. LR-4/5; hazard ratio [HR] for OS, 5.48 [p = 0.002]; HR for RFS, 2.09 [p = 0.042]) and tumor size (per cm increase; HR for OS, 6.04 [p = 0.009]; HR for RFS, 1.77 [p = 0.014]) but not MVI imaging features (p > 0.05) were independent factors associated with OS and RFS. Compared to the 5-year OS and RFS rates in the LR-4/5 group (93.9% and 66.8%, respectively), the LR-M with rim APHE group had significantly lower rates (68.0% and 45.8%, respectively, both p < 0.05), while the LR-M without rim APHE group did not significantly differ in the survival rates (91.3% and 80.2%, respectively, both p > 0.05). Conclusion: Further classification of LR-M according to the presence of rim APHE may help predict the postoperative prognosis of patients with a single HCC.