• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.107-111
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• 2013

Preterm infants are vulnerable to the oxidative stress due to the production of large amounts of free radicals, antioxidant system insufficiency, and immature oligodendroglial cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in the development of periventricular leukomalacia. The three most common ROS are superoxide ($O2^{\cdot-}$), hydroxyl radical ($OH^{\cdot}$), and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$). Under normal physiological conditions, a balance is maintained between the production of ROS and the capacity of the antioxidant enzyme system. However, if this balance breaks down, ROS can exert toxic effects. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase are considered the classical antioxidant enzymes. A recently discovered antioxidant enzyme family, peroxiredoxin (Prdx), is also an important scavenger of free radicals. Prdx1 expression is induced at birth, whereas Prdx2 is constitutively expressed, and Prdx6 expression is consistent with the classical antioxidant enzymes. Several antioxidant substances have been studied as potential therapeutic agents; however, further preclinical and clinical studies are required before allowing clinical application.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.309-320
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• 2013

Objectives : There is a possibility LRE as remedy in Alzheimer disease (AD), but it's nerve protection effect and mechanism have to be elucidate. In this research, we applied LRE on $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ pre-treated SH-SY5Y cells, to find out the nerve protection effect and mechanism in AD cell model. Methods : We tried to confirm that effect by experimenting with 20, 50, and $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentration of LRE as a medicine. Next experiment, we assessed damage effect which induced $A{\beta}_{25-35}$, known to cause AD, on SH-SY5Y cell. In addition, cellular viability test is executed under $H_2O_2$ treatment condition in a SH-SY5Y cell. Results : 1. In $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ treated SH-SY5Y cell, LRE exhibited an anti-phosphorylation effect about tau protein, JNK, and IKB. 2. LRE prevent nerve cell apoptosis, which indued $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ and oxidative stress, modify JNK engaged synaptic structure and $NF{\kappa}B$ induced p75-neurotrophin receptor polymorphism. Conclusions : We found that LRE prevented oxidative stress-induced cellular destruction, for example, increased SOD activity of $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ treated SH-SY5Y cell and reduced toxicity of oxygen free radical. Consequently, the ingredients of LRE have a role as a catalyzer for $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ clearance and as scavenger for active oxygen free radical.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.976-982
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• 2010

We studied to know the anti-inflammation effect on water extracts of Lophatheri Herba which was growing in every places in our country. We objected free radical scanvenger effect and nitrite eliminate effect of the Lophatheri Herba water extracts, and the cell viabillity, the effects of Lophatheri Herba water extracts on NO production, iNOS synthesis induced by LPS. Free radical scavenger effects were $27.91{\pm}0.12%$, $38.96{\pm}0.10%$, $46.22{\pm}0.15%$ depend on 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/ml each dose of Lophatheri Herba water extracts. Nitrite eliminate effects were $9.86{\pm}0.3%$, $80.61{\pm}0.23%$, $97.62{\pm}0.56%$ in 0.1, 1.0, 2.0 mg/ml Lophatheri Herba water extracts on pH 1.2. NO production and iNOS synthesis induced by LPS were reduced in RAW 264.7 cell by Lophatheri Herba water extracts. As the above results, Lophatheri Herba water extracts have anti-inflammation effects via NO production decrease, iNOS synthesis decrease mechanism. So Lophatheri Herba water extracts will be used as the protection or treatment in chronic inflammation desease like a asthma, stomatitis etc.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.85-94
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was to evaluate the effect of ${\alpha}-lipoic$ acid, a potent free radical scavenger, on the expression of active form of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK1/2) proteins from hindlimb muscles of rats following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Material and methods: 64 health, $280{\sim}350\;g$ weighted Sprague-Dawley male rats were used. In order to make a muscle flap, the gastrocnemius (GC) and soleus (SOL) muscles were dissected and elevated. The popliteal artery was occluded for 4hours and reperfused for 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours and 4 hours, respectively. Results: The ischemia by occlusion of the popliteal artery itself caused a minimal change in expression of phosphorylated form of proteins observed in hindlimb muscle. In contrast, after 4 hours of ischemia, immunoreactivity for pERK1/2 in the GC muscle showed dual peaks at 10 minutes and 4 hours after reperfusion. In ${\alpha}-lipoic$ acid treated group, the expression of pERK1/2 was increased significantly compared to I/R-only group. Conclusion: These results suggest that ${\alpha}-lipoic$ acid may protect I/R injury of the skeletal muscle through free radical scavening and activation of intracellular pERK1/2 expression.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.138-143
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• 2005

Laboratory batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the Fenton degradation rates of phenanthrene. Fenton reactions for the degradation of phenanthrene were carried out with aqueous and slurry phase, to investigate the effects of sorption of phenanthrene onto solid phase. Various types of surfactants and electrolyte solutions were used to evaluate the effects on the phenanthrene degradation rates by Fenton's reaction. A maximum 90% removal of phenanthrene was achieved in aqueous phase with 0.9% of $H_2O_2$ and 300 mg/L of $Fe^{2+}$ at pH 3. In aqueous phase reaction, inhibitory effects of synthetic surfactants on the removal of phenanthrene were observed, implying that surfactant molecules acted as strong scavenger of hydroxyl radicals. However, use of $carboxymethyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin$ (CMCD), natural surfactant, showed a slight enhancement in the degradation of phenanthrene. It was considered that reactive radicals formed at ternary complex were located in close proximity to phenanthrene partitioned into CMCD cavities. It was also show that Fenton degradation of phenanthrene were greatly enhanced by addition of NaCl, indicating that potent radical ion ($OCI^-$) played an important role in the phenanthrene degradation, although chloride ion might be acted as scavenger of radicals at low concentrations. Phenanthrene in slurry phase was resistant to Fenton degradation. It might be due to the fact that free radicals were mostly reacting with dissolved species rather than with sorbed phenanthrene. Even though synthetic surfactants were added to increase the phenanthrene concentration in dissolved phase, low degradation efficiency was obtained because of the scavenging of radicals by surfactants molecules. However, use of CMCD in slurry phase, showed a slight enhancement in the phenanthrene degradation. As an alternative, use of Fenton reaction with CMCD could be considered to increase the degradation rates of phenanthrene desorbed from solid phase.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.979-984
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• 2006

과잉 철은 폐경기 여성 및 핀란드 남성에서의 심혈관계질환 증가와 예방통계학적으로 밀접한 관련이 있다고 보고되고 있다. 허혈성 심장질환, 뇌 심혈관계 질환, 암 및 노화의 원인으로 산화적 스트레스가 자유기 반응을 자극하고 지질 과산화 반응 등을 연쇄적으로 촉진시키는데 철이 위험 인자로 인식되고 있다. 그러나 뇌심혈관계 질환 유발의 중요인자인 혈소판 활성화와 관련하여 철로 인한 산화적 스트레스와 항산화작용의 연구는 부족하다고 한다. 산화적 스트레스에서 철 및 과산화수소의 자유기 형성과 관련하여 토끼 혈액에서 분리한 세정 혈소판을 사용하여 연구하였다. 산화적 스트레스를 통해 혈소판 응집을 유도하고 이에 미치는 영향을 연구한 결과에서 $H_2O_2$ 단독 투여시 혈소판 응집작용은 나타나지 않았다. $FeSO_4$ 단독 투여시 농도 의존적으로 혈소판 응집작용이 증가하여 나타내지만, $H_2O_2$ 존재 하에 $FeSO_4$ 투여시 농도 의존적으로 혈소판 응집작용이 증가되어 나타났다. 혈소판 응집을 유도하는 collagen 최적의 농도$(2\;{\mu}g/mL)$보다 낮은 1/10 농도$(2\;{\mu}g/mL)$)에서 $H_2O_2$ 및 $FeSO_4$의 영향은 농도 의존적으로 혈소판 응집작용이 증가되었다. 철 단독 투여시보다 과산화수소와 함께 투여시 농도 의존적으로 혈소판 활성화가 증대되었고 이러한 혈소판 활성화는 NAD/NADP, catalase, glutathione, mannitol, tiron 등에 의해 농도 의존적으로 억제되었고, NADH/NADPH, SOD, aspirin 등에 의해서는 영향이 없었다. 그러므로, 이러한 NAD(H)/NADP(H) cofactor는 혈소판 응집작용을 일으키는 radical을 직접 억제하기보다 radical 생성에 관련하는 것으로 사료된다. 이상의 결과에서 과잉철은 혈소판 활성화에 직접적으로 관여하고 $H_2O_2$ 존재하에 2가 철을 촉매로 하여 Fenton 반응으로 생성된 OH. 자유기가 혈소판 활성화에 중요한 역할을 한다. 그러나 혈소판에서 자유기가 arachidonic acid 대사의 활성화와 인산화 단백질로 인한 세포내 정보전달에 관한 연구가 더 이루어져야 한다고 사료된다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.121-128
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• 1998

곰팡이 독소인 ochratoxin A(OA)는 신장독성, 최기형성, 발암성 및 면역독성을 나타내며, 식품, 곡류 및 정육등에 잔류한다고 알려져 있다. 최근 우리나라의 된장, 간장등 발효식품에서도 OA가 검출되었다는 보고가 있어 OA에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 OA의 전반적인 위해성 평가의 일환으로 OA의 독성 표적장기인 신장에 초점을 맞추어 신장독성 감소방법을 제시하고자 한다. 신장독성을 감소시키기 위한 대상 물질로는 1) 기존에 독성감소 물질로 알려진 phenylalanine(Phe), 2) phenylalanime과 asparitc acid로 구성된 감미료인 아스파탐(Asp), 3) 녹차의 성분이며 free radical scavenger 및 ntioxidant 작용이 있는 polyphenol(PP), 4) 최근 수명연장 효과가 있고 특히 신장 질환에 대한 예방 효과가 있다고 알려진 aloe 추출물(AE)을 선택하였다. 신장독성을 유발시키기 위하여 OA를 2.0 mg/kg의 용량으로 2주간 연속 경구 투여하였다. Phe(40 mg/kg, i.p.)과 Asp(25 mg/kg, p.o.)은 OA(2.0 mg/kg, p.o.)와 병용 투여하였으며, PP(200 mg/kg, p.o)는 OA 투여 2주전부터, AE(50 mg/kg, i.v.) 은 3일전부터 전처리하여 OA(2.0 mg/kg, p.o.)와 2주간 병용 투여하였다. 신장독성의 확인은 혈청중 BUN, creatinine 치 및 뇨중 ${\gamma}-glutamyltranspeptidase와\;N-acetyl-{\beta}-D-glucosaminidase$의 활성을 측정하였고, 신장에 대한 조직 병리 검사를 실시하였다. 실험결과, OA를 2주간 2.0 mg/kg용량으로 투여한 결과 신장독성이 유발되었으며, 독성 감소 물질로 사용한 4개의 화합물 모두 혈액 및 뇨중 신장독성 지표를 유의성 있게 감소시켰다. 조직 병리 검사결과 OA에 의하여 신장의 근위 세뇨관에 변성이 유발되었으며, 4개의 혼합물 처리군에서는 변성이 관찰되지 않았다. 이러한 결과로부터 Phe, Asp, PP 및 AE는 모두 OA에 의한 신장독성을 감소시킬 수 있으며, OA에 의한 신장독성 유발에는 Phe에 대한 경쟁작용 및 free radical 생성이 관여되어 있음을 알 수 있다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.111-117
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• 2007

시판 목초액 A (원액 35%)을 사용하여 음용수에 0%, 1.0%, 25.0%, 50.0%, 75.0%가 되도록 조제한 다음, CD계 수컷 흰쥐 (150 ${\pm}$ 10 g)에 2개월 동안 조제사료와 함께 자유 음용케 하여 간조직 중의 활성산소로서 수퍼옥시드 라디칼(O$_{2}\;^-$), 히디록시 라디칼, 과산화수소 및 제거효소로서 수퍼옥시드 디스무타아제 (SOD), 글루타치온 퍼옥시다아제 (GPx) 및 카탈라아제 (CAT)에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 목초액 PL-25 및 PL-50 투여군의 간조직의 미토콘드리아 획분에서는 O$_{2}\;^-$의 생성량은 대조군 대비 12${\sim}$14%의 O$_{2}\;^-$의 생성량 억제효과가 나타났고, 간조직의 마이크로솜획분에서는 대조군 대비 각각 11.0${\sim}$15.0의 O$_{2}\;^-$의 생성량 억제효과가 나타났다. 간조직 미토콘드리아획분에서 ${\cdot}$OH 생성량이 목초액 PL-25 및 PL-50 투여군에서 대조군 대비 12${\sim}$20%의 ${\cdot}$OH 생성 억제효과가 나타났고, 간조직의 마이크로솜획분에서는 대조군 대비 17${\sim}$20%의 ${\cdot}$OH 생성 억제효과가 나타났다. 목초액 PL-25 및 PL-50 투여군의 간조직의 미토콘드리아획분에서는 대조군 대비 12${\sim}$15%의 유의적인 H$_{2}$O$_{2}$의 생성 억제효과가 나타났고, 간조직의 마이크로솜획분에서는 대조군 대비 20${\sim}$22%의 상당히 유의적인 H$_{2}$O$_{2}$의 생성 억제효과가 나타났다. 목초액 PL-25 및 PL-50 투여군의 간조직의 Mn-SOD 활성은 대조군 대비 15${\sim}$25%나 유의적인 활성 증가효과가 인정되었고, 간조직의 Cu/Zn-SOD 활성은 대조군 대비 11${\sim}$16%의 유의적인 SOD활성 증가효과가 인정되었다. 목초액 PL-25 및 PL-50 투여군의 간조직의 미토콘드리아획분의 GPx 활성은 대조군 대비 10${\sim}$17%의 GPx 활성 증가효과가 인정되었고, 간조직의 마이크로솜획분의 GPx 활성 증가효과가 인정되었다. 목초액 PL-25 및 PL-50 투여군의 간조직의 미트콘드리아획분의 CAT 활성은 대조군 대비 12${\sim}$14%의 유의적인 CAT 활성 증가효과가 나타났고, 간조직의 시토졸 1획분에서는 대조군 대비 15${\sim}$27%의 CAT 활성 증가효과가 인정되었다. 이상의 결과에서 목초액의 장기간 투여는 간조직 중의 활성산소의 억제효과뿐만 아니라 방어시스템으로서 활성산소 제거효소의 역할도 충실히 수행하여 노화를 효과적으로 예방하고 억제할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.395-402
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• 2009

Insulin appears to play a role in brain physiology, and disturbances of cerebral insulin signalling and glucose homeostasis are implicated in brain pathology. The objective of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of insulin under conditions of oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) in C6 glial cells. Insulin at concentration of $10^{-7}$ M could prevent 12 h $H_2O_2$-induced cell death. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were significantly scavenged by insulin pre-treatment in C6 glial cells after $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress. Insulin significantly stimulated the phosphorylation of Akt in the cells and the activation of Akt was maintained in response to insulin under $H_2O_2$ incubation for 12 h. In conclusion, these results provide evidence that insulin acts as a free radical scavenger and stimulating Akt activity. These data suggest that insulin may be effective in degenerative diseases with oxidative stress.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.78-84
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• 2002

Taurine (2-ethaneaminosulfonic acid, $^+{NH}_3{CH_2}{CH_2}{SO_3^{-}}$) is endogenous amino acid with functions as modulator of osmoregulation, antioxidation, detoxification, transmembrane calcium transport, and a free radical scavenger in mammalian tissues. Taurine transporter(TAUT) contains 12 transmembrane helices, which are typical of the $Na^+$- and $Cl^-$-dependent transporter gene family, and has been cloned recently from several species and tissues. To analyze the expression of TAUT mRNA, one step RT-PCR was performed from human and mouse cultured cell lines and from various mouse tissues. The primers were designed to encode highly conserved amino acid sequences at the second transmembrane domain and at the fourth and fifth intracellular domains. RT-PCR analysis showed both of the human intestine HT-29 and mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cell lines expressed mRNA of TAUT. To define the expression patterns of the TAUT mRNA in the murine organs, RT-PCR was performed to detect cDNA representing TAUT mRNA from seven different mouse tissues. The TAUT was detected in all of the mouse tissues analyzed such as heart, lung, thymus, kidney, liver, spleen and brain. A large amount of transcript was fecund from heart, liver, spleen, kidney, and brain, while lung contained a very small amount of transcript.