• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.384-391
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• 2016

In previous studies, we confirmed that the ethanol extract of Polygonatum sibiricum (ID1216) has anti-obesity effects on high-fat diet-fed mice. To identify the obesity-related genes affected by ID1216, we studied its effects both in vivo and in vitro. In mice, single administration of ID1216 increased the expression of obesity-related genes including sirtuin1 (SIRT1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ coactivator $1{\alpha}$ ($PGC1{\alpha}$) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\alpha}$ ($PPAR{\alpha}$) compared to that in mice administered the vehicle; their downstream genes (uncoupling proteins, acyl-CoA oxidase, adipocyte protein 2, and hormone-sensitive lipase) were also increased by ID1216. In fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, ID1216 showed the same effects on anti-obesity genes as those in the animal model. Based on these results, we propose that ID1216 has anti-obesity effects by regulating the $SIRT1-PGC1{\alpha}-PPAR{\alpha}$ pathway and their downstream genes, thereby controlling energy and lipid metabolisms.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.193-207
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• 2017

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate anti-obesity effects of DF in a ob/ob mouse model. Methods : Fifteen-week-old ob/ob mice were divided into four groups: a normal lean group given a standard diet, an ob/ob control group given a standard diet, and DF(1) and DF(2) groups given a standard diet with DF(1) (300 mg/kg), and DF(2) (600 mg/kg), respectively. After 10 weeks of treatment, body weight gain, feeding efficiency ratio, blood lipid markers, fat weight and histology were examined. Results : Body weight gain and fat mass were significantly decreased in DF(1) and DF(2) groups compared with control. The extent of decreases was eminent in DF(2) group. Feeding efficiency ratio were significantly decreased in DF(2) group compared with control. Consistent with their effects on body weight gain and fat mass, circulating concentrations of LDL, total cholesterol, free fatty acid, and insulin were decreased in DF(2) group compared with control. The size of adipocytes were significantly decreased by DF(2) compared with control. Consistent with their effects on body weight gain, hepatic lipid accumulation and liver weights were reduced in DF compared with control. Conclusions : In conclusion, these results suggest that DF not only decrease feeding efficiency ratio, and blood anti-obesity biomarkers, but also reduce fat mass, contributing to the improvement of obesity. DF also inhibits hepatic lipid accumulation.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.121-129
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• 1992

The effect of exercise on plasma insulin, free fatty acid, and glucose uptake and glycogen concentration in soleus, and intravenous glucose tolerance of streptozotocin treated, diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Diabetic-trained animals were Subjected to a regular program of treadmill running for 4 weeks. Seventy-two hours after the last training session, basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was studied in incubated strips(about 20mg) of soleus muscle in vitro. Glucose tolerance was measured with intravenous infusion of 0.5g glucose/kg body weight. In diabetic rats, training was associated with increased glucose uptake in basal and maximal insulin concentrations, decreased fasting glucose concentrations, and increased muscle glycogen levels, but there were no changes in glucose tolerance curve and plasma insulin concentrations. These results suggest that regular running program for 4 weeks improve responsiveness of insulin on soleus muscle, but fails to cause improvement of impaired intravenous glucose tolerance in mild degree streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.181-188
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• 2005

We investigated the effects of diet manipulation on pro- and macro-glycogen accumulation and mobilization during exercise in different kinds of muscle fiber and tissue. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into groups representing one of two dietary conditions: high fat (HF, n=16) or standard chow (CHOW, n=16). Each dietary group was fm1her divided into control (REST, n=8) and exercise (EXE, n=8). After an eight-week dietary intervention period, the animals in EXE swam for 3 hours while the animals in REST remained at rest Skeletal muscle (soleus, red gastrocnemius and white gastrocnemius) and liver samples were then dissected out and used for analyses. 1here was no statistical difference in body weight between the animals in the HF and mow groups (p>.05). Three hours of exercise significantly increased plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration in the animals in the CHOW group but not in the animals in the HF group. Both citrate. synthase (CS) and $\beta$-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase ($\beta$-HAD) activities in skeletal muscles were higher in the HF group than in the mow group. CS and $\beta$-HAD activities were also the highest in red gastrocnemius and the lowest in white gastrocnemius. At both time points (i.e., rest and immediately after exercise) intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) and liver TG concentrations were significantly higher in the HF compared to the CHOW. IMTG and liver TG changed selectively in the CHOW. Except in white gastrocnemius muscle, there was no significant difference in total glycogen content between HF and mow at rest. Although exercise significantly lowered total glycogen content in all groups and tissues (p<.05), the degree of reduction was markedly greater in the mow than in the HF. Whereas changes in proglycogen concentration showed a trend similar to those of total glycogen, alterations in macroglycogen concentrations clearly differed from those of total glycogen. Specifically, the degree of reduction of macroglycogen following three hours of exercise was substantially greater in the CHOW than in the HF. These results suggest that metabolic alterations induced by a long-term high fat diet may be caused by macro-glycogen rather than pro-glycogen.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.7-13
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• 2012

Objective : This study was conducted to observe the anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as the metabolic benefits, of pear extract and herbal drug mixture (Lycii Fructus, Coicis Semen, Alimatis Rhizoma, and Astragali Radix) on rats fed with a high fat diet. Methods : The animals used were male rats and the control group was fed a high fat diet only. The experimental groups were divided into four. Exp I group was fed a high fat diet with a mixture of pear extract and 3% Lycii Fructus; Exp II group was fed a high fat diet with a mixture of pear extract and 3% Coicis Semen; Exp III group was fed a high fat diet with a mixture of pear extract and 3% Alimatis Rhizoma; and Exp IV group was fed a high fat diet with a mixture of pear extract and 3% Astragali Radix for 4 weeks. Results : The body weight gain increased in all groups, but attenuated gradually in the experimental groups compared to the control group. The food intakes were significantly lower in Exp I and Exp III groups than the control group. The concentrations of serum total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) were significantly higher in Exp II than in the control group, and lower in Exp III group than in the control group. Also the concentration of serum free fatty acid was significantly lower in the Exp III group than in the control group. In inflammatory activities, the Exp II group was significantly lower than the control group. Conclusion : The results indicated that Exp III group (administered a mixture of pear extract and Alimatis Rhizoma) most efficiently reduced fat accumulation and body weight, while the Exp II group (administered the mixture of pear extract and Coicis Semen) had the highest elevated lipid metabolism and immune activity.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.69-75
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• 2012

Objectives : We investigated the effects of mountain cultivated ginseng water boiled extract(MCG) on blood glucose and insulin levels, and examined whether lipid metabolism are improved by it in male db/db mice(a murine model of type 2 diabetes mellitus). Methods : 9 weeks old, male db/db mice were divided into 5 groups : C57BL/6J normal, control, MCG-250mg/kg (MCG-1), MCG-500mg/kg(MCG-2) and MCG-1000mg/kg(MCG-3). After mice were treated with MCG for 8 weeks, we measured body weight, food intake, fat weight, visceral organ weight and blood glucose, insulin and lipid levels. Results : 1. We found no difference in body weight, food intake, fat weight and visceral organ weight among the animal groups. 2. Compared with controls, MCG-treated mice had lower blood glucose level and higher blood insulin levels, the magnitude of which was prominent in MCG-2. 3. Compared with controls, MCG-treated mice had lower LDL-cholesterol and higher HDL-cholesterol levels. 4. Compared with controls, MCG-treated mice had blood triglyceride and free fatty acid levels, the magnitude of which was prominent in MCG-2. 5. Blood AST and ALT concentrations were not changed by MCG, indicating MCG do not show any toxic effects. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that MCG effectively increases blood insulin level and decreases blood glucose level, blood lipid levels, and prevents and improves diabetic dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.45-56
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• 2006

Objectives : We evaluated anti-hyperlipidemia effect of Gyeongshinganjeehwan (GGEx) in high fat induced obese male micro-pigs. Methods : 7 month-old micro-pigs are fed with normal (n = 3) or high fat diet (n = 18) for 12 weeks. The pig revealed obesity in high fat diet were divided into 2 groups (n = 5 each) and vehicle (OMP) and Gyeongshingangjeehwan (GGEx, 616.7 mg/kg/day) were administrated for 1 month. We monitored the changes in body weight and measured plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid, GOT and, GPT after 1 month. The visceral fat were measured with computerized tomography and weights of various organs were measured after sacrifice. Results : 1. GGEx group had significantly reduced body weight gain than obese control group in statistics. 2. GGEx group didn't significantly differ from obese control group in blood total cholesterol, blood LDL-cholesterol, blood triglyceride. but it's data were similar to normal control group. 3. GGEx group had prominantly reduced visceral fat than obese control group in computerized tomography. 4. Blood GOT and GPT didn't differ from between groups. The organ weight were not significant different. And it is normal in size and colour of visceral organs. Conclusions : It is concluded that GGEx has anti-hyperlipidemia effect by improving visceral fat and access to security.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1 s.65
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• pp.36-46
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• 2006

Objectives : Ginseng Research Group in Korea Food Research Institute developed Saeng Mac San (KFRI-2)and Je Ho Tang (KFRI-3) with their sensory factors more acceptable. And we examined their effects on the short-term recovery capacity for cycling exercise (EX) maintained to all-out. Methods : Seven healthy young subjects (aged $24.0{\pm}2.1yr$) were volunteered at this double blind test. Each of KFRI-2, 3, a commercial sport beverage and control (CON) was offered randomly on a series of EX protocol including 65% VO2max-90min EX (D-ride). 1h-recovery and 85% VO2max EX to all-out (P-ride) under the control of their heart rate (HR) and rating perception of exertion (RPE). Blood samples were collected before D-ride, 30, 60 and 90min in D-ride, 30 and 60min in the recovery period and each 10min in P-ride. Plasma analysis items were glucose, insulin, cortisol (CORT), testosterone (TEST), free fatty acid (FFA), $Na^+$, Cl-and $K^+$. The collected data (Means${\pm}$SE) were analysed by two-way ANOVA and statistically significant differences between treatments (p<0.05) by LSD.; the significant level in FFA, $Na^+$, Cl-and $Na^+$ was p<0.01 Results : At 30min during recovery. plasma glucose level in KFRI-3 was significantly higher than CON, and also insulin in KFRI-3 was than CON and KFRI-2. FFA in KFRI-3 was significantly lower than CON during recovery. $Na^+$ in KFRI-3 significantly higher than CON at 90min in D-ride, and also KFRI-2 was at 60min during recovery. However CORT, TEST, Cl-and $Na^+$ in treated beverages were not significant. KFRI-2, 3 elevated the time for P-ride more than CON did. Conclusions : KFRI-2, 3 elevated the time for P-ride about 12% more than CON did. It is based on rapid recovery of plasma glucose level and inhibition of lipolysis during recovery.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2004

The effects of carcass grade and addition of mugwort powder on the quality of the boiled pork were investigated. Four kinds of boiled pork were denoted as B$\_$+/ or E$\_$+/ boiled porks which were made with 0.3% mugwort powder to carcass grade B or E, respectively, and B$\_$0/ or E$\_$0/ boiled porks which were made without mugwort powder. The effect of carcass grade and the added mugwort powder on the pH, volatile basic nitrogen(VBN), bacterial count, calorie, essential amino acids, free amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, color difference and palatability of boiled porks were not significant. Water holding capacity(WHC), springiness and Hunter's L$\^$＊/ value of B$\_$0/ boiled pork were higher than those of E$\_$0/ boiled pork. Hunter's a$\^$＊/ value of B$\_$0/ boiled pork were lower than those of E$\_$0/ boiled pork. Sensory taste and tenderness value of B$\_$0/ boiled pork were higher than those of E$\_$0/ boiled pork(p>0.05). WHC, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) value and residual nitrite of boiled pork with mugwort powder were lower than those of boiled pork without mugwort powder.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1993.09a
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• pp.102-109
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• 1993

Backgrounds Diabetes mellitus is associated with accelerated atherosc lerosis and predispose to specific microvascular problems. This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of red ginseng as adjunctive therapeutic agent of NIDDM especially in preventing chronic diabetic complications. Materials and Methods We treated 50 patients with NIDDM for 5 month with 2 regimens: 1)oralhypoglycemic drug therapy only(the control group), 2)oral hypoglycemic group). The patients were recruited at Korea university hospital from June, 1992 to October, 1992 and the following inclusion criteria were used: l)age above 35 years 2)initial body weight within or above ideal body weight 3)fasting blood glucose level greater than 140mg/dl 4)no previous history of diabetes mellitus or no history of blood glucose control for recent 3 months of more. The patients were seen every 2 weeks for remaining 3 months. At every visit FBS and PP2hr blood glucose were measured with blood pressure and body weight. Lipid profiles were checked every 4 weeks and platelet function test was perfomed with aggregometer after administration of ADP, epineprine and collagen every 4 weeks. Free fatty acid were also analyzed every 8 weeks and glycosylated hemoglobin was measured every 12 weeks. Results The results were as follows: 1. The mean values for fasting and PP2hr blood glucose decreased significantly in the control group than in the ginseng group. 2. The weight gain was less in the ginseng group than in the control group. The levels of systolic blood pressure decreased' significantly in the ginseng group than in the control group. 3. There was no significant differences of lipid profiles in both groups. 4. The platelet hyperaggregation was improved more significantly in the ginseng group than in the control group. Conclusions In patients with NIDDM who were recieving oral hypoglycemic drug therapy, the addition of red ginseng improved platelet function and blood pressure, but induced less weight gain. The data suggests that red ginseng may be useful as a therapeutic adjunct especially in preventing chronic complications of NIDDM.