• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.62-70
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• 2011

Nowadays image sensor is an essential component in many multimedia devices, and it is covered by a color filter array to filter out specific color components at each pixel. We need a certain algorithm to combine those color components reconstructed a full color image from incomplete color samples output from an image sensor, which is called a demosaicking process. Most existing demosaicking algorithms are developed for ideal image sensors, but they do not work well for the practical cases because of dissimilar characteristics of each sensor. In this paper, we propose a new demosaicking algorithm in which the color filter characteristics are fully utilized to generate a good image. To demonstrate significance of our algorithm, we used a commerically available sensor, CBN385B, which is a sort of Honeycomb-style CFA(Color Filter Array) CCD image sensor. As a performance metric of the algorithm, PSNR(Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) and RGB distribution of the output image are used. We first implemented our algorithm in C-language for simulation on various input images. As a result, we could obtain much enhanced images whose PSNR was improved by 4~8 dB compared to the commonly idealized approaches, and we also could remove the inclined red property which was an unique characteristics of the image sensor(CBN385B).Then we implemented it in hardware to overcome its problem of computational complexity which made it operate slow in software. The hardware was verified on Spartan-3E FPGA(Field Programable Gate Array) to give almost the same performance as software, but in much faster execution time. The total logic gate count is 45K, and it handles 25 image frmaes per second.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.10-21
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• 2008

The present paper propose a real-time moving object recognition and tracking method using the wavelet-based neural network and invariant moments. Candidate moving region detection phase which is the first step of the proposed method detects the candidate regions where a pixel value changes occur due to object movement based on the difference image analysis between continued two image frames. The object recognition phase which is second step of proposed method recognizes the vehicle regions from the detected candidate regions using wavelet neurual-network. From object tracking Phase which is third step the recognized vehicle regions tracks using matching methods of wavelet invariant moments bases to recognized object. To detect a moving object from image sequence the candidate regions detection phase uses an adaptive thresholding method between previous image and current image as result it was robust surroundings environmental change and moving object detections were possible. And by using wavelet features to recognize and tracking of vehicle, the proposed method decrease calculation time and not only it will be able to minimize the effect in compliance with noise of road image, vehicle recognition accuracy became improved. The result which it experiments from the image which it acquires from the general road image sequence and vehicle detection rate is 92.8%, the computing time per frame is 0.24 seconds. The proposed method can be efficiently apply to a real-time intelligence road traffic surveillance system.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.32 no.11_12
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• pp.692-704
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• 2005

With the improvement of computer hardware, GPUs(Graphics Processor Units) have tremendous memory bandwidth and computation power. This leads GPUs to use in general purpose computation. Especially, GPU implementation of compute-intensive physics based simulations is actively studied. In the solution of differential equations which are base of physics simulations, tridiagonal matrix systems occur repeatedly by finite-difference approximation. From the point of view of physics based simulations, fast solution of tridiagonal matrix system is important research field. We propose a fast GPU implementation for the solution of tridiagonal matrix systems. In this paper, we implement the cyclic reduction(also known as odd-even reduction) algorithm which is a popular choice for vector processors. We obtained a considerable performance improvement for solving tridiagonal matrix systems over Thomas method and conjugate gradient method. Thomas method is well known as a method for solving tridiagonal matrix systems on CPU and conjugate gradient method has shown good results on GPU. We experimented our proposed method by applying it to heat conduction, advection-diffusion, and shallow water simulations. The results of these simulations have shown a remarkable performance of over 35 frame-per-second on the 1024x1024 grid.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 1999

Calli were induced from the petiole explants of Pimpinella brachycarpa on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L BA after four weeks of culture. Compact clusters of small and dense cells among these calli were selected and suspension-cultured as the source of embryogenic calli. When transferred to MS medium with 0.1 mg/L NAA, the suspension-cultured cells grew to embryogenic callus. Somatic embryos derived from these embryogenic calli developed into plantlets. The cDNA library was constructed in the embryogenic callus and in order to screen the cDNA library, these cDNAs were plated at a density 1.5 $\times$ 10^5 plaques per 15 cm petridish. Among 19 clones showing preferential hybridization with petiole HD-Zip gene, five clones were obtained after second screening. Four clones among them, were highly homologous to P. brachycarpa shoot-tip Phz4 gene, but one clone, Phc5 was about 1.5 kb which has an extra 163 bp to 5' upstream of Phz4. The Phc5 was 1,531 bp containing poly A tails of 18 bases. ATG start codon for Phc5, was located at position 284 with an open reading frame of 906 by which encodes a polypeptide of 302 amino acids. The Phc5 protein revealed that the polypeptides between 135 and 195 contain a homeodomain as the `leucine zipper' motif.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.181-187
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• 2014

In this study, a real-time evaluation system for quantitative dynamic fitting during pedaling was developed. The system is consisted of LED markers, a digital camera connected to a computer and a marker detecting program. LED markers are attached to hip, knee, ankle joint and fifth metatarsal in the sagittal plane. Playstation3 eye which is selected as a main digital camera in this paper has many merits for using motion capture, such as high FPS (Frame per second) about 180FPS, $320{\times}240$ resolution, and low-cost with easy to use. The maker detecting program was made by using Labview2010 with Vision builder. The program was made up of three parts, image acquisition & processing, marker detection & joint angle calculation, and output section. The digital camera's image was acquired in 95FPS, and the program was set-up to measure the lower-joint angle in real-time, providing the user as a graph, and allowing to save it as a test file. The system was verified by pedalling at three saddle heights (knee angle: 25, 35, $45^{\circ}$) and three cadences (30, 60, 90 rpm) at each saddle heights by using Holmes method, a method of measuring lower limbs angle, to determine the saddle height. The result has shown low average error and strong correlation of the system, respectively, $1.18{\pm}0.44^{\circ}$, $0.99{\pm}0.01^{\circ}$. There was little error due to the changes in the saddle height but absolute error occurred by cadence. Considering the average error is approximately $1^{\circ}$, it is a suitable system for quantitative dynamic fitting evaluation. It is necessary to decrease error by using two digital camera with frontal and sagittal plane in future study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.277-284
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• 2013

This study aims to find out geometric parameters which practitioner adjustable to reduce dose in coronary angiography. We take fluoroscopy and cine exposure by use of phantom, and got dose use the dose-area product(DAP) meter of angiography device, than convert DAP to effective dose. As results, Cine exposure shows higher dose measurement about 6-7 times than fluoroscopy. Dose in frame per second(FPS) mode could be decrease down to 70%, as lower FPS. In view of X-ray tube angle, LAO $45^{\circ}$+Caudal $30^{\circ}$ shows highest dose measurement. More use of Collimator, lower dose measurement. Source-image intensifier distance(SID) get longer to 10cm, dose of each fluoroscopy and cine exposure increase up to 25-30%. Image magnification of field of view(FOV) could increase dose up to 1.21-2 times. Also table-image intensifier distance get longer to 10cm, dose increased 1.11-1.25 times. Practitioner can adjust several geometric parameters, as FPS mode, tube angle, Collimation, SID, table-image intensifier distance, FOV. And each factors can reduce radiation dose in coronary angiography.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.295-298
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• 2014

In this paper, an efficient design of HEVC Adaptive Loop Filter(ALF) for filter coefficients estimation is proposed. The ALF performs Cholesky decomposition of $10{\times}10$ matrix iteratively to estimate filter coefficients. The Cholesky decomposition of the ALF consists of root and division operation which is difficult to implement in a hardware design because it needs to many computation rate and processing time due to floating-point unit operation of large values of the Maximum 30bit in a LCU($64{\times}64$). The proposed hardware architecture is implemented by designing a root operation based on Cholesky decomposition by using multiplexer, subtracter and comparator. In addition, The proposed hardware architecture of efficient and low computation rate is implemented by designing a pipeline architecture using characteristic operation steps of Cholesky decomposition. An implemented hardware is designed using Xilinx ISE 14.3 Vertex-6 XC6VCX240T FPGA device and can support a frame rate of 40 4K Ultra HD($4096{\times}2160$) frames per second at maximum operation frequency 150MHz.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2004

Purpose : To evaluate the reflection of tumor motion according to the planning CT scan time. Material and Methods : A model of N-shape, which moved aiong the longitudinal axis during the ventilation caused by a mechanical ventilator, was produced. The model was scanned by planning CT, while setting the relative CT scan time (T: CT scan time/ventilatory period) to 0.33, 0.50, 0.67, 0.75, 1.00, 1.337, and 1.537. In addition, three patients with non-small cell lung cancer who received stereotactic radiosurgery In the Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center from 03/19/2002 to 05/21/2002 were scanned. Slow (10 Premier, Picker, scan time 2.0 seconds per slice) and fast CT scans (Lightspeed, GE Medical Systems, with a scan time of 0.8 second per slice) were peformed for each patient. The magnitude of reflected movement of the N-shaped model was evaluated by measuring the transverse length, which reflected the movement of the declined bar of the model at each slice. For patients' scans, all CT data sets were registered using a stereotactic body frame scale with the gross tumor volumes delineated in one CT image set. The volume and three-dimensional diameter of the gross tumor volume were measured and analyzed between the slow and fast CT scans. Results : The reflection degree of longitudinal movement of the model increased in proportion to the relative CT scan times below 1.00 7, but remained constant above 1.00 T Assuming the mean value of scanned transverse lengths with CT scan time 1.00 T to be $100\%$, CT scans with scan times of 0.33, 0.50, 0.57, and 0.75 T missed the tumor motion by 30, 27, 20, and $7.0\%$ respectively, Slow (scan time 2.0 sec) and Fast (scan time 0.8 sec) CT scans of three patients with longitudinal movement of 3, 5, and 10 mm measured by fluoroscopy revealed the increases in the diameter along the longitudinal axis Increased by 6.3, 17, and $23\%$ in the slow CT scans. Conculsion : As the relative CT scan time increased, the reflection of the respiratory tumor movement on planning CT also Increased, but remained constant with relative CT scan times above 1.00 T When setting the planning CT scan time above one respiration period (>1.00 T), only the set-up margin is needed to delineate the planning target volume. Therefore, therapeutic ratio can be increased by reducing the radiation dose delivered to normal lung tissue.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.159-176
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• 1998

In effort to conduct comparative study on the caregiving environment of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit(NICU) in both U. S and Korea, this study was been conducted first in the U.S. Purpose : The purpose of this study is to identify the physical environment and direct caregiving practices to lowbirth weight infants in NICU in the US. It also aims to examine the NICU outcome status and behavioral reponses of lowbirth weight infants. Methods : A study design using descriptive and inferential statistics was been conducted through an observational, field method. A sample of 15 preform infants admitted to NICU were recruited for the study. The subjects were those with birth weight between 1,000 gm to 1,500 gm, born at the gestation period of 27 to 33 weeks, and without any chromosomal or other genetic anomalies, major congenital infections, or maternal illness. Thirty minutes observation(three times of ten minutes of continuous observation)of the infant's behavior and physiological status, and an four-hour observation of the physical environment and direct care giving procedures were been conducted on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. The data to be collected were in four areas : the demograghic characteristics of the infants, the physical environment and care giving procedures, the frequency of the infant's designated behavior and physiological response, and NICU outcome variables. A descriptive analysis and Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson r were been applied according to variable characteristics. Results : 1. Mother's mean age was 29.47. The sample consisted of 6 males and 9 females. Mean gestational ages were 29.17 weeks. Mean birth weight was 1236.33g. Mean Apgar scores at one minute were 6.6, and 7.8 at five minutes. 2. The location for the incubator was in the distance from the light, X-ray screens and nursing station, in proximity to side-lamp, telephone and faucet on the third day after birth. The location for the incubator was in the distance from the light and radio on the tenth day and in proximity to nursing station on the day of dischage from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 3. Nesting was the most applying aids to the infants. And foot roll, shielding and plastic frame were frequently using by nurses for facilitating well modulated restful posture. 4. There were statistically significant changes in the patterns of physical environment included locating the infant's incubator and bedding, specific aids to self regulation on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 5. Statistically significant changes were not appeared in the patterns of direct caregiving procedure to the infants included stress inducing or reducing manipulations on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 6. The stress response of the infants in NICU were significantly reduced as the infants grow older. 7. There were not statistically significant correlation between the physical envronment and the stress responses of the infants in NICU. 8. There were statistically significant correlation between the direct caregiving procedure to the infants and the stress response of the infants in NICU in the second and third observation on the day three. 9. Average weight gain per day from birth to discharge was 38.73g, number of days in the hospital was 42.60, number of days before bottle feeding was 3.6. Postconception age starting bottle feed ing was 31/sup +5/ weeks. Number of days on mechanical ventilator was average 7.64, 11.42 was an average number of days of oxygen need. Conclusion : It, thus, appears that to minimize the sensorymotor stimulation for the low birthweight preterm infant in NICU, manipulation of care giving practices to the babies whatever the stress inducing or reducing procedures, have to be limited in the immediate early stage after birth. And it needed to be reexamine to identify the appropriate and specific physical environment and the patterns of direct caregiving to the low birthweight preform infant as the infants grow older in NICU.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.403-417
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• 2023

In this research, a methodology was developed for constructing an appropriate rainfall image database for estimating rainfall intensity based on CCTV video. The database was constructed in the Large-Scale Climate Environment Chamber of the Korea Conformity Laboratories, which can control variables with high irregularity and variability in real environments. 1,728 scenarios were designed under five different experimental conditions. 36 scenarios and a total of 97,200 frames were selected. Rain streaks were extracted using the k-nearest neighbor algorithm by calculating the difference between each image and the background. To prevent overfitting, data with pixel values greater than set threshold, compared to the average pixel value for each image, were selected. The area with maximum pixel variability was determined by shifting with every 10 pixels and set as a representative area (180×180) for the original image. After re-transforming to 120×120 size as an input data for convolutional neural networks model, image augmentation was progressed under unified shooting conditions. 92% of the data showed within the 10% absolute range of PBIAS. It is clear that the final results in this study have the potential to enhance the accuracy and efficacy of existing real-world CCTV systems with transfer learning.