• 한국재료학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.326-333
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• 2008

Since the 1990s, the second generation of Zirconium alloys containing main alloy compositions of Nb, Sn and Fe have been used as a replacement of Zircaloy-4 (Zr-Sn-Fe-Cr), a first-generation Zirconium alloy, to meet severe and rigorous reactor operating conditions characterized by high-burn-up, high-power and high-pH operations. In this study, the mechanical properties and creep behaviors of Zr-Sn-Fe-Cr and Zr-Nb-Sn-Fe alloys were investigated in a temperature range of $450{\sim}500^{\circ}C$ and in a stress range of $80{\sim}150\;MPa$. The mechanical testing results indicate that the yield and tensile strengths of the Zr-Nb-Sn-Fe alloy are slightly higher compared to those of Zr-Sn-Fe-Cr. This can be explained by the second phase strengthening of the $\beta$-Nb precipitates. The creep test results indicate that the stress exponent for the steady-state creep rate decreases with the increase in the applied stress. However, the stress exponent of the Zr-Sn-Fe-Cr alloy is lower than that of the Zr-Nb-Sn-Fe alloy in a relatively high stress range, whereas the creep activation energy of the former is slightly higher than that of the latter. This can be explained by the dynamic deformation aging effect caused by the interaction of dislocations with Sn substitutional atoms. A higher Sn content leads to a lower stress exponent value and higher creep activation energy.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.93-102
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• 1995

2개의 직렬 흑은 병렬로 원공이 배치된 $[0^{\circ}/45^{\circ}/90^{\circ}/-45^{\circ}]_s$ 복합적층판에 대하여 기계적 접합부의 강도 및 파손양상을 알아보고, 기하학적 형상을 변화시키면서, 파손강도 및 파손모드에 대하여 FEM으로 예측한 값과 실험결과로 얻은 자료, 그리고 실험식으로 계산한 값을 각각 비교 검토했다. 두 직렬 원공이 있는 적층판의 기계적 접합에 있어, $W/d{\geq}4.0$과 $E/d{\geq}3.0$의 기하학적 범위에서 Full bearing 강도를 얻을 수 있다. 두개의 병렬 및 직렬원공인 경우, $G_h{\geq}3.0d$(원공간의 수평거리가 직경의 3배 이상)이고, $G_v{\geq}3.0d$(원공간의 수직거리가 직경의 3배 이상)이면 원공간의 상호간섭효과는 작게 되어, 각각의 원공들을 독립적으로 취급할 수 있다. 복합재료의 특성파악에 알맞은 비파괴 시험법인 AE을 이용했고 미시적 구조를 관찰하기 위해 주사형 전자현미경(SEM)으로 파단면을 촬영하여 탐색하였다.

• 폴리머
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.767-777
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• 2002

본 실험에서는 4관능성 에폭시 수지 (4EP)와 생분해성 modified aliphatic polyester (MAP) 블렌드의 경화 거동, 열안전성, 유변학적 특성, 그리고 기계적 특성을 살펴보았다. DSC 측정 결과, 경화 활성화 에너지 ( $E_{a}$ )는 4EP에 대한 MAP의 비율이 10 wt%로 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 이는 4EP와 MAP 사이의 분자상호작용이 증가하였기 때문으로 사료된다. 열안정성과 관련있는 분해 활성화 에너지 ( $E_{t}$ )는 Coats-Redfern 방법을 이용하여 구하였으며 MAP의 함량비가 10에서 30 wt% 내에서 증가하였다. 이는 블렌드 시스템에서의 가교 밀도의 증가 때문으로 사료된다. 유변학적 특성은 레오미터를 이용하여 등온 조건하에서 검토하였고, 겔화 시간과 경화 온도를 이용한 Arrhenius 방정식을 적용하여 가교 활성화 에너지 ( $E_{c}$ )를 검토한 결과, $E_{a}$ 와 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. 기계적 계면특성인 파괴인성 ( $K_{IC}$ )은 시편의 semi-IPN구조 거동으로 고찰하였다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.87-97
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• 1992

극지방의 천연자원의 수송에 필수적인 빙해항행선박은 금후 우리나라의 조선산업이 지향해야 할 기술집약형 선박중 하나로서 국제경쟁에 대비하여 독자적인 연구가 요구되는 분야이다. 본 연구는 빙해항행선박 기본설계의 중요한 인자인 선수부 형상과 평탄빙에서의 쇄빙능력 사이의 상관관계를 밝히는데 목적이 있다. 통상 평탄빙(level ice)에서 선박의 전진속도를 3-4 knots로 볼 때, 탄성으로 취급되는 얼음의 재료특성을 고려하여, 파괴시킬 수 있는 얼음의 최대두께와 파괴된 얼음의 특성길이를 수치적으로 추정하는데 주안점을 두고 있다. 본 연구에서는 빙해항행 선박이 평탄빙에서 연속쇄빙을 하고 있는 상황을 탄성지지기반 위에 놓인 유한 길이의 쐐기보에 작용한 충격하중의 문제로 가정하고 굽힘모멘트에 의해 어떤 위치에서 발생한 최대인장응력이 얼음의 굽힘파괴강도에 도달한다면 그 부분에서 파단이 일어날 가능성이 가장 높다고 판단한다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권12호
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• pp.2949-2957
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• 2020

Fatigue crack growth model has been developed for dissimilar metal weld joints of a piping component under cyclic loading, where in the crack is located at the center of the weld in the circumferential direction. The fracture parameter, Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) has been computed by using principle of superposition as K_H + K_M. K_H is evaluated by assuming that, the complete specimen is made of the material containing the notch location. In second stage, the stress field ahead of the crack tip, accounting for the strength mismatch, the applied load and geometry has been characterized to evaluate SIF (K_M). For each incremental crack depth, stress field ahead of the crack tip has been quantified by using J-integral (elastic), mismatch ratio, plastic interaction factor and stress parallel to the crack surface. The associated constants for evaluation of K_M have been computed by using the quantified stress field with respect to the distance from the crack tip. Net SIF (K_H + K_M) computed, has been used for the crack growth analysis and remaining life prediction by Paris crack growth model. To validate the model, SIF and remaining life has been predicted for a pipe made up of (i) SA312 Type 304LN austenitic stainless steel and SA508 Gr. 3 Cl. 1. Low alloy carbon steel (ii) welded SA312 Type 304LN austenitic stainless-steel pipe. From the studies, it is observed that the model could predict the remaining life of DMWJ piping components with a maximum difference of 15% compared to experimental observations.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제68권6호
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• pp.747-760
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• 2018

In the present study, a methodology for developing fragilities of arch concrete dams to assess their performance against seismic hazards is introduced. Firstly, the probability risk and fragility curves are presented, followed by implementation and representation of the way this method is used. Amirkabir arch concrete dam was subjected to non-linear dynamic analyses. A modified three dimensional rotating smeared crack model was used to take the nonlinear behavior of mass concrete into account. The proposed model considers major characteristics of mass concrete. These characteristics are pre-softening behavior, softening initiation criteria, fracture energy conservation, suitable damping mechanism and strain rate effect. In the present analysis, complete fluid-structure interaction is included to account for appropriate fluid compressibility and absorptive reservoir boundary conditions. In this study, the Amirkabir arch concrete dam is subjected to a set of 8 three-component earthquakes each scaled to 10 increasing intensity levels. Using proposed nonlinear smeared crack model, nonlinear analysis is performed where the structure is subjected to a large set of scaled and un-scaled ground motions and the maximum responses are extracted for each one and plotted. Based on the results, fragility curves were plotted according to various and possible damages indexes. Discrete damage probabilities were calculated using statistical methods for each considered performance level and incremental nonlinear analysis. Then, fragility curves were constructed based on the lognormal distribution assumption. Two damage indexes were introduced and compared to one another. The results indicate that the dam has a proper stability under earthquake conditions at MCE level. Moreover, displacement damages index is more conservative and impractical in the fragility analysis than tensional damage index.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.135-144
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• 2019

Electromagnetic impulse welding (EMIW) is a type of solid state welding using the Lorentz force generated by interaction between the magnetic field of the coil and the current induced in the workpiece. Although many experimental studies have been investigated on the expansion and compression welding of tube using the EMIW process, studies on the EMIW process of lap joint between flat sheets are uncommon. Since the magnetic field enveloped inside the tube can be controlled with ease, the electromagnetic technique has been widely used for tube welding. Conversely, it is difficult to control the magnetic field in the flat sheet welding so as to obtain the required welding velocity. The current study analyzed the effects of coil shape on the impulse velocity for suitable flat one-turn coil for the EMIW of the flat sheets. The finite element (FE) multi-physics simulation involving magnetic and structural field of EMIW were conducted with the commercial software LS-DYNA to evaluate the several shape variables, viz., influence of various widths, thicknesses, gaps and standoff distances of the flat one-turn coil on the impulse velocity. To obtain maximum impulse velocity, the flat one-turn coil was designed based on the FE simulation results. The experiments were performed using an aluminum alloy 1050 sheets of 1.0mm thickness using the designed flat one-turn coil. Through the microscopic interfacial analysis of the welded specimens, the interfacial connectivity was observed to have no defects. In addition, the single lap joint tests were performed to evaluate the welding strength, and a fracture occurred in the base material. As a result, a flat one-turn coil was successfully designed to guarantee welding with bond strength equal to or greater than the base material strength.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.443-456
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• 2019

Although numerous researchers demonstrated the significant difference in performance between the various beam-to-column connection types, most of the previous studies in the area of infilled steel frames focused on the behaviour of frames with welded connections. Therefore, there is a need for conducting studies on infilled steel frames with other common connection types (extended endplate with and without rib stiffeners, flush endplate and shear connections). In this paper, firstly, a two-dimensional finite-element model simulating the cyclic response of infilled steel frames was presented. The infill-frame interaction, as well as the interactions between connections' components, were properly modelled. Using the previously-validated model, a parametric study on infilled steel frames with five different beam-to-column connection types, under cyclic loading, was carried out. Several parameters, including infill material, fracture energy of masonry and infill thickness, were investigated. The results showed that the infilled frames with welded connections had the highest initial stiffness and load-carrying capacity. However, the infilled frames with extended endplate connections (without rib stiffeners) showed the greatest energy dissipation capacity and about 96% of the load-carrying capacity of frames with welded connections which indicates that this type of connection could have the best performance among the studied connection types. Finally, a simplified analytical model for estimating the stiffness and strength of infilled steel frames (with different beam-to-column connection types) subjected to lateral cyclic loading, was suggested.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제84권5호
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• pp.633-649
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• 2022

In this study, the effect of circle tunnel on the force distribution around underground rectangular gallery was investigated using theoretical approach, experimental test and Particle flow code simulation (PFC). Gypsum model with dimension of 1500×1500 mm was built. Tensile strength of material was 1 MPa. Dimension of central gallery was 100 mm×200 mm and diameter of adjacent tunnel in its right side was 20 mm, 40 mm and 60 mm. Horizontal distance between tunnel wall and gallery edge were 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 mm. using beam theory, the effect of tunnel diameter and distance between tunnel and gallery on the induced force around gallery was analyzed. In the laboratory test, the rate of loading displacement was set to 0.05 millimeter per minute. Also sensitivity analysis has been done. Using PFC2D, interaction between tunnel and gallery was simulated and its results were compared with experimental and theoretical analysis. The results show that the tensile force concentration has maximum value in center of the rectangular space. The tensile force concentration at the right side of the axisymmetric line of gallery has more than its value in the left side of the galleries axisymmetric line. The tensile force concentration was decreased by increasing the distance between tunnel and rectangular space. In whole of the configurations, the angles of micro cracks fluctuated between 75 and 105 degrees, which mean that the variations of tunnel situation have not any influence on the fracture angle.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.317-330
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• 2022

This paper investigated computationally and experimentally the interaction here between a notch as well as a micropore under uniaxial compression. Brazilian tensile strength, uniaxial tensile strength, as well as biaxial tensile strength are used to calibrate PFC2d at first. Then, uniaxial compression test was conducted which they included internal notch and micro pore. Experimental and numerical building of 9 models including notch and micro pore were conducted. Model dimensions of models are 10 cm × 10 cm × 5 cm. Joint length was 2 cm. Joints angles were 30°, 45° and 60°. The position of micro pore for all joint angles was 2cm upper than top of the joint, 2 cm upper than middle of joint and 2 cm upper than the joint lower tip, discreetly. The numerical model's dimensions were 5.4 cm × 10.8 cm. The fractures were 2 cm in length and had angularities of 30, 45, and 60 degrees. The pore had a diameter of 1 cm and was located at the top of the notch, 2 cm above the top, 2 cm above the middle, and 2 cm above the bottom tip of the joint. The uniaxial compression strength of the model material was 10 MPa. The local damping ratio was 0.7. At 0.016 mm per second, it loaded. The results show that failure pattern affects uniaxial compressive strength whereas notch orientation and pore condition impact failure pattern. From the notch tips, a two-wing fracture spreads almost parallel to the usual load until it unites with the sample edge. Additionally, two wing fractures start at the hole. Both of these cracks join the sample edge and one of them joins the notch. The number of wing cracks increased as the joint angle rose. There aren't many AE effects in the early phases of loading, but they quickly build up until the applied stress reaches its maximum. Each stress decrease was also followed by several AE effects. By raising the joint angularities from 30° to 60°, uniaxial strength was reduced. The failure strengths in both the numerical simulation and the actual test are quite similar.