• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.138-141
• /
• 2004

Purpose : We have previously reported that human glioblastoma cells are sensitized to radiation-induced death after their exposure to trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDAC-1), prior to the irradiation. We aimed to measure the magnitude of the radiosensitizing effect of TSA in human head and neck cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods : Human head and neck cancer cell lines, HN-3 and HN-9, were exposed to 0, 50, 100, and 200 nM TSA for 18 hr prior to irradiation. Then, the TSA-treated cells were irradiated with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 Gy, and cell survival was measured by clonogenic assay. Results : Pre-irradiation exposure to TSA was found to radiosensitize HN-3 and HN-9 cell lines. In HN-9 cells, the fraction surviving after 2 Gy (SF2) was significantly reduced by treatment of TSA at concentration as low as 50 nM. However, a treatment with 200 nM TSA was required to significantly decrease SF2 in the HN-3 cell line. SER of pre-irradiation treatment with 200 nM TSA was 1.84 in HN-3 and 7.24 in HN-9, respectively. Conclusions : Our results clearly showed that human head and neck cancer cell lines can be sensitized to ionizing radiation by pre-irradiation inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) using TSA, and that this potentiation might well be a general phenomenon.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.141-147
• /
• 2018

This study aimed to analyze the contents of rutin, procyanidin B3, quercetin, and kaempferol, known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects, among the polyphenol types contained in grape pruning stem extracts (GPSE). It utilized grape stems discarded after harvest to measure the effects of GPSE on skin moisture, inhibition of skin cell proliferation, and anti-inflammatory activity on the damaged skin of HR-1 mice induced with ultraviolet B (UVB), and to verify the applicability of GPSE as a material for functional food and functional cosmetics. The polyphenol was extracted from grape pruning stems with 80% EtOH, and then the extract was used while storing at $-20^{\circ}C$, after filtering, concentrating, and freeze-drying it. The content of an active ingredient of GPSE was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). From 53 kg of the grape pruning stem specimen, 2.34 kg of the EtOH fraction extracts were extracted to achieve a 4.42% yield ratio. Analysis of the active ingredients showed 0.28 mg/g of procyanidin B3, 12.81 mg/g of rutin, 0.51 mg/g of quercetin, and 8.24 mg/g of kaempferol. After UVB irradiation on the dermis, to confirm the degree of inhibition of collagen synthesis, we examined the protein expression of MMP-9 using immunohistochemical staining. The results of this study confirm the existence of active polyphenol types, such as rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, and procyanidin B3, in GPSE. Moreover, the study found that GPSE has anti-collagenase effects and it decreases the effects of UV damage on skin barrier function. GPSE is a functional ingredient with a potential for skin protection effects, and it has high utilization potential as an ingredient for functional cosmetics.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.495-505
• /
• 2006

In order to classify aerosol type, Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) and Fine mode Fraction (FF), which is the optical thickness ratio of small particles$(<1{\mu}m)$ to total particles, data from MODIS (MODerate Imaging Spectraradiometer) aerosol products were analyzed over North-East Asia during one year period of 2005. A study area was in the ocean region of $20^{\circ}N\sim50^{\circ}N$ and $110^{\circ}E\simt50^{\circ}E$. Three main atmospheric aerosols such as dust, sea-salt, and pollution can be classified by using the relationship between AOT and FF. Dust aerosol has frequently observed over the study area with relatively high aerosol loading (AOT>0.3) of large particles (FF<0.65) and its contribution to total AOT in spring was up to 24.0%. Pollution aerosol, which is originated from anthropogenic sources as well as a natural process like biomass burning, has observed in the regime of high FF (>0.65) with wide AOT variation. Average pollution AOT was $0.31{\pm}0.05$ and its contribution to total AOT was 79.8% in summer. Characteristic of sea-salt aerosol was identified with low AOT (<0.3), almost below 0.1, and slightly higher FF than dust and lower FF than pollution. Seasonal analysis results show that maximum AOT $(0.33{\pm}0.11)$ with FF $(0.66{\pm}0.21)$ in spring and minimum AOT $(0.19{\pm}0.05)$, FF $(0.60{\pm}0.14)$ in fall were observed in the study area. Spatial characteristic was that AOT increasing trend is observed as closing to the eastern part of China due to transport of aerosols from China by the prevailing westerlies.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.151-160
• /
• 1972

Recent achievements of scientific research on the pharmacologic activities and the chemical problems of dammalene glycosides, which are considered to be effective principles of Korean ginseng, are reviewed and analyzed in view of structure-activity relationship. 1) S. Shibata and his co-workers detected 12 glycoside spots of dammalene series on the two dimensional T.L.C. of total glycoside fraction from Japanese ginseng, and designated them Ginsenoside Rx(x=a, b, c, g, h, etc.) in the order of increasing Rf-value. The aglycones of those glycosides were characterized to be protopanaxadiol for the Ginsenoside $Rx(x=a,\;b_{1},\;b_{2},\;c,\;d,\;e,\;f)$ and protopanaxatriol for the Ginsenoside $Rx(x=g_{1},\;g_{2},\;g_{3},\;h_{1}\;'h_{2})$. Using Korean ginseng as the material for our study, the author and his coworkers isolated a new dammalene glycoside(Panax Saponin C), which comes under the category of protopanaxadiol glycosides based on the classification of S. Shibata et al., and characterized this saponin to be the glycoside of protopanaxatriol series. Furthermore, Panax Saponin C dissociated into $two\;components(C_{1}\;and\;C_{2}-acetate)$ by acetylation, both of which returned to original Panax Saponin C by deacetylation. Based on this result, more than 13 glycoside components of dammalene series will be expected in the Korean ginseng. 2) The structures of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol, the genuine aglycones of dammalene glycosides, are fully established to be structural analogues by S. Shibata and his co-workers, therefore antagonistic and/or analogical activities will be expected for the pharmacologic activities of these glycoside series of structural analogues. K. Takaki and his co-workers found central nervous system (CNS) stimmulant activity from the glycosides of protopanaxatriol series and CNS-depressant activity from the glycosides of protopanaxadiol series. On the other hand, the author and his co-workers found stimmulating activity on the protein synthesis from both the series of dammalene glycosides with delayed and long-lasting characteristics. This delayed and long-lasting characteristics were also observed in the anti-inflammatory activity of glycosides of protopanaxatriol series on their time course tendency. For the convenience's sake of argument, pluralistic pharmacologic activities of dammalene glycosides, which were observed by many workers at various pharmacologic site, may be classified into two main categories; one is pan-cellular activity and the other is organ specific activity to the certain tissue which is a mass of cells differentiated to a certain direction for their special functions in the body. Based on the data of K. Takaki and those of the authors, following assumption will be probable; Pharmacologic activities of both series of glycosides of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol aglycones may be antagonistic on their tissue-specific activities and analogic on their pan-cellular activities. Therefore, the mixture of these two series of glycosides in an appropriate ratio, as the case of total extract of Korean ginseng, will be probably beneficial to the host by increasing the synthesis of some functional proteins, due to the additive action of pan-cellular activity, and with the disappearance of any significant behavioral symptoms due to the antagonism of tissue specific activity. This fact will probably be the main reason why classical trials of pharmacologists failed in re-discovering the efficacy of Korean ginseng with their behavioral test. 3) The author and his co-workers achieved the synthesis of $C^{14}-labelled\;Panax\;Saponin\;A\;on\;C_{25}-C_{27}\;position\;of\;aglycone$ in the interest of tracer studies in vivo. The method will be applicable to other dammalene glycosides regardless of their chemical structure. 4) The author and his co-workers converted chemically betulafolienetriol, a triterpene component of Betula platyphylla, to the protopanaxadiol, one of genuine aglycone of dammalene glycosides.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.137-144
• /
• 2002

To obtain the basic information about pedo-genetic properties and origin of the parent materials of "Yongil" series in Korea, this study was conducted. The soil characteristics such as chemical and sand particles of typifying pedon, and distributional patterns in the area were analysed. The typifying pedon of "Yongil" series was distributed on the top of rolling area in the eastern coastal area of Korea, Yonggan-ri, Heunghae-eup, Pohang-si, Gyongbuk province. The results are as follows; The "Yongil" series in Korea was distributed on the rolling hill under altituede of 50m, and was used for cultivated upland, and the total acreage about 376ha. The content of sand was more than 50%, however the clay content in the depth of 40~100cm of the soil profile rapidly increased. The medium sand (0.5~0.1mm in size) are dominant among sand fraction, but coarse one are rare. So the rate of medium to total sand was higher in IIB horizon as 0.62~0.76 than A and C horizons. The content of heavy minerals in medium sand was low as 1.0~6.6% and the ratio of quartz to feldspars was higher in Ap2 and B1 horizon as 1.7 than IIB horizon which had less than 1.39. The cumulative curves of sand particles in Yeongil series showed the well sorted and differ from residuum soils derived from sand stone, but similar to dune soils(Haeri series). So it could be deducted from this study that "Yeongil" series are aeolian deposits derived from aeolian materials and have bisequum profile; the upper part depth of 40cm was recent cover sand, the horizon of 40~100cm depth was developed in Pleistocene epoch from the same materials.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.27-35
• /
• 2001

The charnockite of Jirisan area occurs within the Precambrian high grade metamorphic terrane associated with anorthosite body as many foreign examples. Sm-Nd ages were determined from whole rock-garnet pairs, which turned out $1827\pm$32($2\sigma$) Ma for the massive charnockite and $1820\pm$22(2$\sigma$) Ma for the foliated charnockite with $$\varepsilon$_{Nd}(T)$ of $-5.5\pm$0.2 and $-6.0\pm$0.5 respectively. $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ initial ratios calculated with the these ages are 0.71319 and 0.71532 respectively. The fact that massive and foliated charnockites show identical age, identical Nd isotopic initial ratio, and similar Sr isotopic initial ratios suggest that they were generated at the same time from the same material even through their present textures are different. Initial ratios of Nd and Sr of the charnockites are quite distinct from the mantle values indicating the influence of continental crust. Sm-Nd age determined from the titanium bearing anorthositic rocks intruding the anorthosite body, using mineral separates of garnet, plagioclase, and mafic fraction, is $1792\pm$90(2$\sigma$) Ma with $$\varepsilon$_{Nd}(T)=-3.9$\pm$0.2$. The ^${87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ initial ratios calculated with this age are 0.70616~0.70619. The charnockites and the anorthositic rocks occurring in contact each other also reveal the same age within the error, which suggest a genetic relationship between them. However, chemical compositions of the charnockites and Hadong-Sancheong anorthosites cannot be explained by igneous differentiation. Their differences in Nd and Sr initial isotopic ratios indicate different source materials. Therefore, temporal association between them suggests the possibility of the anorthosite acting as a thermal source for the generation of the charnockite as other studies.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.9
• /
• pp.111-118
• /
• 1968

A pot experiment with $P^{32}$ was carried out to investigate the soil phosphorus availability to four leguminous forage crops and three graminaceous, of black volcanic ash soil and red one. Soil phosphorus was extracted with 6 different extractants and also fractionated in Fe, Al and Ca phosphorus. The results were: 1) Soil phosphorus availability was in decreasing order of Italian rye grass${\gg}$ soybean> cassia> corn> weeping love grass${\gg}$ Korean lespedeza> Red clover and they might be grouped into three levels by A-value, over 1000, 200-500 and below 40 $p_{2}O_{5}\;kg/ha$. 2) The amount of various available phosphorus and phosoborus fraction in the black soil was higher than that in the red soil. No difference in phosphorus availabiliy to forage crops was shown between two soils. Therefore an extractant able to draw out similar amount of phosphorus from two soil will be suitable for determining the phosphorus availability index. 3) Two extractants, one extracting 20 ppm as maximum and the other extracting 100 ppm as minimum will be recommendable for determining the availability of phosphorus; the former for red clover and Lespedeza and the latter for others. Truog method may be good for the former but no appropriate method for the latter was found in the methods used. 4) T/R ratios of legumes were negatively correlated at 5% level with % phosphorus from fertilizer (% pdF). Legumes showed below 50 of % pdF over 5 of T/R ratio and over 80 of % pdF below 5 of T/R.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.13-20
• /
• 2008

The flow rate measurements in a multi-phase flow pipeline were evaluated quantitatively by means of a clamp-on sealed radioisotope based on a cross correlation signal processing technique. The flow rates were calculated by a determination of the transit time between two sealed gamma sources by using a cross correlation function following FFT filtering, then corrected with vapor fraction in the pipeline which was measured by the ${\gamma}$-ray attenuation method. The pipeline model was manufactured by acrylic resin(ID. 8 cm, L=3.5 m, t=10 mm), and the multi-phase flow patterns were realized by an injection of compressed $N_2$ gas. Two sealed gamma sources of $^{137}Cs$ (E=0.662 MeV, ${\Gamma}$ $factor=0.326\;R{\cdot}h^{-1}{\cdot}m^2{\cdot}Ci^{-1}$) of 20 mCi and 17 mCi, and radiation detectors of $2"{\times}2"$ NaI(Tl) scintillation counter (Eberline, SP-3) were used for this study. Under the given conditions(the distance between two sources: 4D(D; inner diameter), N/S ratio: $0.12{\sim}0.15$, sampling time ${\Delta}t$: 4msec), the measured flow rates showed the maximum. relative error of 1.7 % when compared to the real ones through the vapor content corrections($6.1\;%{\sim}9.2\;%$). From a subsequent experiment, it was proven that the closer the distance between the two sealed sources is, the more precise the measured flow rates are. Provided additional studies related to the selection of radioisotopes their activity, and an optimization of the experimental geometry are carried out, it is anticipated that a radioisotope application for flow rate measurements can be used as an important tool for monitoring multi-phase facilities belonging to petrochemical and refinery industries and contributes economically in the light of maintenance and control of them.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.41-53
• /
• 1997

Geochemical data of soil and water samples were presented in order to assess the environmental impart for drinking water sites. Microscopic observation of rock samples and physical and chemical analysis of soil and water samples were undertaken. The geology of study areas are classified into three groups such as granitic rocks, meta-sedimentary rocks and sedimentary rocks. Enrichment of heavy metals derived from those rocks is not found in this study areas. Soils were analyzed for Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr using AAS extracted by HNO$_3$+HClO$_4$ and 0.1 N HCl. Heavy metal concentrations in soils are within the range of those in uncontaminated soils. In comparison of metal contents extracted by 0.1 N HCl and HNO$_3$+HC1O$_4$, less than 10% of the heavy metals are present in the exchangeable fraction. In particular, an pollution index has been proposed to assess the degree of soil contamination. Pollution index in soils are between 0.03 and 0.47 therefore, soils are not polluted with heavy metals. Deep groundwaters within granitic rocks have been evolved into Na$\^$＋/-HCO$_3$$\^$-/ type, whereas other deep groundwaters evolved into Ca$\^$2＋/-HCO$_3$$\^$-/ type. The predominance of Na$\^$＋/ over Ca$\^$2＋/ in deep groundwaters within granitic rocks is a result of dissolution of plagioclase, but for sedimentary and meta-sedimentary rocks, dissolution of calcite is a dominant factor for their hydrogeochemistry. The pH, conductivity and contents of the most dissolved ions in the water increase with depth. Shallow groundwaters, however, are highly susceptible to pollution owing to agricultural activities, considering the fact that high contents of nitrate, chloride and potassium, and high K/Na ratio are observed in some shallow groundwaters. In a thermodynamic approach, most natural water samples are plotted within the stability fields of kaolinite and smectite. Therefore, microcline and other feldspars will alter to form clay minerals, such as kaolinite and smectite. From the modelling for water-rock interactions based on mass balance equation, models accord well with behavior of the ions and results of thermodynamic studies are derived.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2018

$^{68}Ga$ was eluted from a $^{68}Ge/^{68}Ga$ radionuclide generator. $^{68}Ga$ decays into $^{68}Zn$, with a half life=67.8min. The decay is 88.9 % by ${\beta}$+ and 11.1 % by EC. The main ${\beta}$+ decay (87.7 %) is to the ground level of $^{68}Zn$ and it is a pure positron emission branch. A small fraction decays ${\beta}$+ (1.2 %) into an excited level of $^{68}Zn$, which promptly decays into the ground level with a ${\gamma}$ (1.077 Mev). This can constitute prompt gamma contamination in the PET data, if the 1.077 Mev ${\gamma}$ has a scatter interaction in the patient, and generates a lower energy ${\gamma}$ in coincidence with the positron annihilation pair. The purpose of this study was to evaluate standardized uptake value(SUV) before and after applying prompt gamma rays correction on $^{68}Ga$-DOTATOC PET/CT image. Fifty patient underwent PET/CT 1 hour after injection of the $^{68}Ga$-DOTATOC. The SUVmax and SUVmean of lesions and normal tissues (Pituitary, Lung, Liver, Spleen, Kidney, Intestine) were evaluated before and after applying prompt gamma correction on $^{68}Ga$-DOTATOC PET/CT image. Additionally, the SUVmax of each lesions and SUVmean of the soft tissues were measured on images. and target to background ratios (TBR) were calculated as quantitative indices. Among 15 patients, 25 of lesions (Pancreas, Liver, Thoracic Spine, Brain) with increased uptake on $^{68}Ga$-DOTATOC PET/CT image. SUVmax and SUVmean were increased in lesion site and normal tissue after prompt gamma rays correction. TBR was $51.51{\pm}49.28$ and $55.50{\pm}53.12$ before and after prompt gamma rays correction, respectively. (p<0.0001)