• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제16권6호
• /
• pp.2317-2322
• /
• 2015

Background: Despite the increasing number of screening examinations performed for cervical cancer utilizing the Papanicolaou smear test (Pap test), few studies have examined whether this strategy is cost-effective in Korea. Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of cervical cancer screening strategies incorporating the Pap test based on age at the start and end of screening as well as screening interval. Materials and Methods: We designed four alternative screening strategies based on patient age when screening was started (20 or 30 years) and discontinued (lifetime, 79 years). Each strategy was assessed at screening intervals of 1, 2, 3, or 5 years. A Markov model was developed to determine the cost-effectiveness of the 16 possible cervical cancer screening strategies, and this was evaluated from a societal perspective. The main outcome measures were average lifetime cost, incremental quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Results: Compared with various strategies comprising younger starting age, discontinuation age, and longer screening intervals, strategies employing annual screening for cervical cancer starting at a target age of 30 years and above were the most cost-effective, with an ICER of 21,012.98 dollars per QALY gained (with a Korean threshold of 30,000,000 KRW or US$27,272). Conclusions: We found that annual screening for cervical cancer beginning at a target age of 30 years and above is most cost-effective screening strategy. Considering the potential economic advantages, more intense screening policies for cervical cancer might be favorable among countries with high rates of cervical cancer and relatively low screening costs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제15권16호
• /
• pp.6609-6612
• /
• 2014

Opisthorchis viverrini is an ongoing public health problem in Northeast Thailand. Despite continuous efforts for decades by healthcare organizations to overcome this problem, infection rates remain high. To enable related personnel to identify and address the various issues effectively, a cross-sectional study was performed to investigate prevalence and risk factors for opisthorchiasis. The target group was 3,916 Thai residents of Northeast Thailand who were 15 or over. Participants were recruited using the 30 clusters sampling technique. The data were gathered through questionnaires, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and stool examinations for parasite eggs (using the Modified Kato Katz method). The data were analyzed using descriptive and inference statistics; in order to ascertain the risk factors and test them using the odds ratio and multiple logistic regressions. The prevalence of opisthorchiasis was 22.7% (95%CI: 0.26 to 0.24). The province with the highest prevalence was Nakhorn Phanom (40.9%; female to male ratio =1:1.2). The age group with the highest prevalence was 40-49 year olds. All age groups had a prevalence >20%. Four of seven provinces had a prevalence >20%. The factors related to opisthorchiasis were (a) sex, (b) age (especially > 50), (c) proximity and duration living near a water body, and (d) eating raw and/or fermented fish. In order to reduce the prevalence of opisthorchiasis, the focus in populations living in upper Northeast Thailand should be changing their eating behaviors as appropriate to their tradition and context.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.15-21
• /
• 1996

Daily measutements of visibility on 09 LST have been made at a rural site in Chong-won, Chong-book since 1991 to find out a possible influence of emissions of anthropogenic pollutants and water vapout in urban and rural environments. Daily visibility data collected over four-year period were compared with the available visibility and air quality data obtainde from other stations. Detailed examinations of our data showed that the frequency of fog occurrence (visibility .leq. 1 km) at a rural site (KNUE) was at least three times higher (77 days per year) than the frequency of fog both in Chong-ju city (19 days) and at the Air Force Base(AFB) in the rural area. We interpret that the higher frequency of fog at KNUE was due to abundant water vapour in the Mieho River (upstream of the Keum River) area. In Chong-ju city, fog usually continued for a relatively long duration, while it dissipated simewhat faster in the rural environment due to higher solar radiation in the countryside area. The number of misty (.leg. 6 km) days (including foggy days) at KNUE were 235 days as compared with 135 days at the AFB and 67 days in Chong-ju city. In turn the number of days with low visibility (less than 6 km) at KNUE was about 64% per year. Since the moisture alone in a calm morning does not produce a visibility impairment, there must had abundant condensation nuclei including anthropogenic air pollutants. Air pollution was examined, for instance, average values of TSP for November and December 1993 were 115 and 116.mu.g/m$^{3}$, respectively. We conclude that the above mentioned environmental conditions with moisture are favourable for the formation of fog and mist in the rural sampling site at KNUE. Additionally, we found at least 10 days of acid fog at KNUE in September 1994 alone. Measured pH values in the acid for water were in the range of 4.36 .sim. 5.01 with the mean value of 4.51 Our observations suggested that strikingly acid fog do occur occasionally even in the rural environment.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국해양정보통신학회 1999년도 춘계종합학술대회
• /
• pp.93-98
• /
• 1999

본 논문에는 DICOM Converter를 구현하여 새로운 장비를 구입하지 않고, 기존의 장비를 이용해 DICOM 표준안 영상으로 변환할 수 있게 하였다. 그리고 클라이언트/서버 모듈 부분에서 한 시스템 내에서 SCU 와 SCP를 동시에 수행할 수 있어 중소 병원에 적합한 단계적인 PACS 시스템을 구축할 수 있다. 또한 Web 상에서의 환자정보, 영상정보, 검사정보, 그리고 장비정보와 같은 DB 연동을 할 수 있어 점진적으로 확장 및 통합이 가능한 소형의 부분적인 시스템을 구현하였다 결과적으로, 본 시스템은 안정된 개방형 시스템을 기반으로 하였기에 가격을 낮추었을 뿐 아니라 투자에 대한 실패를 크게 감소시키었다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
• /
• 제4권5호
• /
• pp.1095-1104
• /
• 2000

최근에 의료절차가 복잡해진 반면 간략화된 병원체계와 환자간호에 대한 효율성 증가를 위한 재정상 어려움이 가중되어 가고 있다. 그 결과 현재의 의료 영상 처리를 위한 필름기반 시스템은 여러 가지 결점이 명백하게 나타나고 있다. 지속적인 필름 저장공간은 노동력 증가와 귀중한 공간이 소비되어진다. 본문에서는 이러한 문제 해결책으로 영상의 질 향상, 전송, 검색을 위한 미니-PACS를 소개한다. 제안한 미니-PACS는 웹 모듈, 클라이언/서버 모듈, 내부관리 모듈, 영상획득 모듈의 형식적인 4분야로 구성되어져 있다. 미니-PACS 시스템은 DICOM 컨버터가 non-DICOM 파일 형식을 표준화된 파일형식으로 변환시켜준다. 클라이언트 서버 모듈 경우에 있어서 제안된 시스템은 클라이언트 모듈부분과 서버모듈부분으로 결합되어지므로 이 시스템은 윈도우 운영체제에 기초되어진 고해상 영상 처리 기술을 제공한다. 일반적인 PACS 시스템은 중소 병원에서 장비와 운영측면에서 너무 고가이므로 우리는 WWW를 통한 데이터베이스연결을 위한 웹모듈을 설계했다

• 한국동물위생학회지
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.215-225
• /
• 1992

To estimate pollution status of livestock wastewater on four piggeries and one abattoir in Taegu area, physicochemical water analysis such as pH, suspended solid(SS), biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) and chemical oxygen demand(COD), and bacteriological examinations such as number of total viable cells and number of coliform with or without antibiotic resistance were carried out. The results obtained were as follows : The pH values of raw sewage ranged from 9.0 to 7.2 that of the effluent treated was lowed to 5.6~7.7. The SS values of raw sewage ranged from 5,275ppm to 120ppm and those of the efflunet decreased to 162~30ppm. The BOD values of raw sewage ranged 6,200ppm to 120ppm and those of the effluent treated decreased to 111 ~80ppm. The COD values of raw sewage ranged from 5,725ppm to 298ppm and those of the effluent decreased to 137~76ppm. The total viable cells of raw sewage ranged from $8.5{\times}11^{11}$/ml to $9.9{\times}10^7$/ml, those of the effluent decreased to $5.6{\times}10^6{\sim}4.2{\times}10^8/ml.$ The total coliforms of raw sewage ranged from $5.5{\times}10^9$/ml to $1.3{\times}10^5$/ml, those of the effluent decreased to $3.6{\times}10^4ml{\sim}9.0{\times}10^6$/ml. The incidence of streptomycin resistant coliforms was the highest(1.8~66.7%), and followed by tetracycline(1.7~64%), kanamycin(9.3~50.l%), ampicillin(0.06~45.5%) and chloramphenicol(14.3~33.5%) to total coliforms of raw sewage. The incidence of antibiotic resistant coliforms of raw sewage in farms ranged from 3.4~66.7% and that of abattoir's was 0.06% to 14.3%. Antibiotic resistant coliform counts of raw sewage ranged from 1.3$\times$10$^{8}$ /ml to 3.9$\times$10$^3$/ml, those of the effluent decreased to $3.0{\times}10^1{\sim}2.3{\times}10^5/ml$.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제50권4호
• /
• pp.341-347
• /
• 2011

Objective : The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of atlantoaxial stabilization using a new entry point for C2 pedicle screw fixation. Methods : Data were collected from 44 patients undergoing posterior C1 lateral mass screw and C2 screw fixation. The 20 cases were approached by the Harms entry point, 21 by the inferolateral point, and three by pars screw. The new inferolateral entry point of the C2 pedicle was located about 3-5 mm medial to the lateral border of the C2 lateral mass and 5-7 mm superior to the inferior border of the C2-3 facet joint. The screw was inserted at an angle $30^{\circ}$ to $45^{\circ}$ toward the midline in the transverse plane and $40^{\circ}$ to $50^{\circ}$ cephalad in the sagittal plane. Patients received followed-up with clinical examinations, radiographs and/or CT scans. Results : There were 28 males and 16 females. No neurological deterioration or vertebral artery injuries were observed. Five cases showed malpositioned screws (2.84%), with four of the screws showing cortical breaches of the transverse foramen. There were no clinical consequences for these five patients. One screw in the C1 lateral mass had a medial cortical breach. None of the screws were malpositioned in patients treated using the new entry point. There was a significant relationship between two group (p=0.036). Conclusion : Posterior C1-2 screw fixation can be performed safely using the new inferolateral entry point for C2 pedicle screw fixation for the treatment of high cervical lesions.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제36권5호
• /
• pp.821-828
• /
• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine anger-expression patterns and their association with state and trait anger and physical and psychological health status in health care workers. Method: Four hundred and forty eight nurses, physicians and technicians from a large medical center completed standardized questionnaires of anger, anger-expression patterns and mood. They also had blood pressure, cholesterol, blood glucose and body mass index measured during their annual physical examinations. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, chi-square and ANOVA. Results: Subjects showed two major clusters of anger-expression patterns: anger-control and anger-in/out. Subjects with the anger-in/out pattern reported higher state and trait anger and more anxiety, depression and fatigue than subjects with the anger-control pattern. Physical health indicators, however, were not significantly different between the two clusters of anger-expression patterns. Conclusion: Anger-expression patterns are associated with psychological health status but not with physical health status. Anger-expression patterns, however, need to be examined over time to assess their long-term effects on the physical and psychological health status in future studies.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.238-244
• /
• 2000

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of osseointegration according to implant placement timing in the distracted alveolar bone using intraoral distraction device. Six adult mongrel dogs of either sex, weighing about 15kg, were used. The animals were divided into 4-week and 8-week groups according to the timing of implant installation. The left upper and lower premolars and first molars were extracted and an alveoloplasty was performed to simulate an atrophic ridge. After 12 weeks of healing, a segmental osteotomy was made and an intraoral distraction device which was designed for augmentation of vertical height of the edentulous ridge was applied. Latency period was allowed for 5 days and then distraction was made at a rate of 1.2mm/day for 8 days. Four or eight weeks after distraction, implants were installed. Twelve weeks after implant installation, the animals were sacrificed. Macroscopic, radiographic, and histologic examinations of distracted alveolar ridge were performed. No significant abnormalities such as infection and dehiscence of overlying soft tissue were observed. Radiographically, there was slight bone resorption around the medial and distal edges of the alveolar bone segment, and a new bone deposition was observed in the neighboring alveolar crest area in the both groups. The satisfactory osseointegration was achieved in the distracted gap of the both groups, but fibrous tissue appeared on the buccal side of implant in the distracted gap in 4-week group. These results suggest that proper timing of implant installation is 8 weeks rather than 4 weeks after distraction when dental implant is to be placed onto the distracted bone.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• 제29권5호
• /
• pp.282-292
• /
• 2003

Several agents are in use to promote new bone formation during bone graft procedures in maxillofacial region. Among them, we have used crude BMP, PRP, and P-15 for experimentally created defects with accompanying graft materials in the rabbit model. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of above mentioned agents on bone formation using histologic and histomorphometrical methods, thus to provide experimental support for clinical application of these agents. Six rabbits were used as experimental animals. Four surgical defects were created on the distal femoral heads of each animal using trephine drill. The defects were filled with each agents with accompaning graft materials as experimental groups and particulate corti-co-cancellous autogenous graft as control. For histomorphometric analysis, fluorescent dye was injected at 2week and 1week before sacrifice. Then, the animals were sacrificed at 2, 4 and 8weeks after surgery and histologic and histomorphometric examinations were achieved. At two weeks after bone graft, bone formation and active remodeling process were examined in all experimental groups and the control. But the intensity of such activities of the experiments were somewhat weaker than that of the control. In BMP group, the amount of newly formed osteoid was increased constantly and the amount was preserved constantly in PRP group. But in P-15 group, the amount of newly formed osteoid was decreased with time to 8week after surgery. Histologic findings showed superior bony quantity and quality in PRP group than that of P-15 group. MAR(Mineralization Apposition Rate) of all experimental groups were slower than that of control group. In P-15 group, constant foreign body reaction was observed at all periods and the graft material showed inwardly destroyed characteristics rather to mature. The data from this study provide the basis for future studies for evaluating the long-term remodeling process and foreign body reactions observed in P-15 group and clinical study for predictable use of these agents.