• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.211-220
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• 2014

The outer race of a constant velocity (CV) joint having six inner ball grooves has traditionally been manufactured by multi-stage warm forging, which includes forward extrusion, upsetting, backward extrusions, necking, ironing and sizing, and machining. In the current study, a multi-stage cold forging process is examined and an assessment for replacing and modifying the conventional multi-stage warm forging is made. The proposed procedure is simplified to the backward extrusion of the conventional process, and the sizing and necking are combined into a single sizing-necking step. Thus, the forging surface of the six ball grooves can be obtained without additional machining. To verify the suitability of the proposed process, a 3-dimensional numerical simulation on each operation was performed. The forging loads were also predicted. In addition, a structural integrity evaluation for the tools was carried out. Based on the results, it is shown that the dimensional requirements of the outer race can be well met.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.16 no.2 s.95
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• pp.87-94
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• 1999

The automated die design program is developed for cold forging of axisymmetric parts which are mainly produced by forward extrusion, backward extrusion, composite extrusion and upsetting. For this study, firstly classification of forged parts and investigation of die construction type usually employed in forging industry are carried out and the most proper type from several kinds of die construction is proposed as a standardized one. Based on the die design rules summarized in the references such as handbooks, technical papers, monthly journals, etc. the automated die design program was made using AutoLISP language available in AutoCAD software of personal computer. This program interactively runs for only input data, for example, forging process, shape of forged parts, type of punch, split of die insert and design of shrinkage rings and then displays details of drawings necessary to make a forging die. When a variety of forging processes and forged parts are tested to examine the validity of this program, it was confirmed to give good results applicable to the forging die design in press shop.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1994.10a
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• pp.217-222
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• 1994

This paper describes the determination of optimal initial billet size for axisymmetric cold forging products using neural networks. The determination of optimal initial billet size is very important in forging design and forming sequence design, because the result of such designs and forming load can be different by variable initial billet sizes. The forming difficulty has been defined as the degree of difficulty in forming by 3 process ' forward extrusion, backward extrusion and upsetting. By neural networks a forming difficulty can be determined with the ratio of shape and forming process. From the graph of maximum, minimum, and average forming difficulties by variable billet sizes, the optimal billet size can be determined. The initial billets of a solid part and a hollow part whichwas determined by this study are compared with the sequence drawing generated by the one of forming sequence design system.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2001

Flow defect of a piston-pin for automobile parts is investigated in this study. In combined cold extrusion of piston-pin, lapping defect, which is a kind of flow defect, appears by the dead metal zone. This appearance evidently happens in products with a thin thickness to be pierced for the dimensional accuracy and the decrease of material loss. The flow defect that occurs in piston-pin has bad effects on the strength and the fatigue life of piston-pin. Therefore, it is important to predict and prevent defects in the early stage of process design. The best method that can prevent flow defect is removing or reducing dead metal zone through material flow control. The finite element simulations are applied to analyze the flow defect. This study proposes processes for preventing flow defect by removing dead metal zone. Then the results are compared with the experimental ones for verification. These FE simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.282-290
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• 1994

The outer race of BJ type C.V.Joint has a complicated shape and ball grooves. It is produced by cold or warm precision forging. Especially, the precision level of the ball grooves determines the quality of the part. The objective of the present study is to develop process conditions of the cold forging using the plasticine. Because the cold forging consists of forward extrusion, upsetting, backward extrusion and cold sizing, the study was focused on finding the best perform for each process. The data obtained from the study will be used in the design of the cold forging process for the outer race.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.405-413
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• 2002

A process planning system for cold forging of non-axisymmetric parts of comparatively simple shape was developed in this study. Programs for the system have been written with Visual LISP in AutoCAD. Shape of the product must be drawn with the solid line and the hidden line, and with the plane and front view, as well. At the plane, the system recognizes the external shape of non-axisymmetric portions - the number of the sides of the regular polygons and the radii of circles inscribing and circumscribing the polygon. At the front view, the system cognizes the diameter of axisymmetric portions and the height of the primitive geometries such as polygon, cylinder, cone, concave, convex, etc. The system perceives that the list developed from the solid line must be formed by the operation of forward extrusion or upsetting, and that the list developed from the hidden line must be formed by the operation of backward extrusion. The system designs the intermediate geometries again by considering clearance between workpiece and die, and then finally the billet diameter, in reverse order from the finished product, on the basis of volume constancy and using the operations, the forming sequence, the number of operations and the intermediate geometries which were already designed. The design rules and knowledges for the system were extracted from the plasticity theories, handbook, relevant reference and empirical knowledge of field experts. Suitability of the process planning was analyzed using SuperForge of FVM simulation package. The results of analysis showed good formability.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.221-230
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• 2014

This study deals with a series of experimental investigations on multi-stage cold forging of an outer race used for a constant velocity (CV) joint with six inner ball grooves. The multi-stage cold forging, which consists of forward extrusion, upsetting, backward extrusion, and combined sizing-necking including ironing, was used to produce a prototype of the outer race. The cold forging tools such as forging punches and dies required in this multi-stage cold forging were also designed and fabricated. For the combined sizing-necking, especially, the longitudinally six-segmentallized punches were developed to easily eject from the necked inner groove of the outer race with consideration of the operating mechanism. Spheroidized SCr420H billet was used in the experimental study. To verify the suitability of the proposed process, the obtained parts were obtained from each forging operation, and the geometries were compared with the target dimensions. It was confirmed that the outer race with six inner ball grooves was well forged by adopting the proposed multi-stage cold forging, and the dimensional accuracy of the forged outer race matched well with the requirements.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.445-449
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• 2009

With the recent increase in the demand for the net-shape forming, numerical simulations are being commonly adopted to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of design of bulk metal forming processes. Proper consideration of tribological problems at the contact interface between the tool and workpiece is crucial in such simulations. In other words, lubrication and friction play important roles in metal forming by influencing the metal flow, forming load and die wear. In order to quantitatively estimate such friction condition or lubricant characteristic, the constant shear friction model is widely used for bulk deformation analyses. For this, new friction testing method based on the forward or backward extrusion process is proposed to predict the shear friction factor in this work. In this method, the tube-shaped punch pressurizes the workpiece so that the heights at the center and outer of punch (or mandrel) become different according to the friction condition. That is, the height at the center of punch is higher than that at the outer of the punch when the friction condition at the contact interface is severe. From this founding, the proposed friction testing method can be applied to effectively evaluate the friction condition in bulk metal forming processes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.470-473
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• 2009

In this paper, back pressure forging processes of which back pressures are exerted by mechanical forces including spring reaction are simulated by three-dimensional finite element method. The basic three-dimensional approach extended from two-dimensional approach is accounted for. An axisymmetric backward and forward extrusion process having a back pressing die, which is exposed to oscillation of forming load due to variation of reduction ratios with stroke and its related frequent variation of major deforming region, is simulated by both two and three dimensional approaches to justify the presented approach by their comparison. A three-dimensional forging process having a back pressing die attached to the punch by a mechanical spring is simulated and the results are investigated to reveal accuracy of the presented approach.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.273-276
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• 2010

In this paper, back pressure forging processes of which back pressures are exerted by mechanical forces including spring reaction are simulated by three-dimensional finite element method. The basic three-dimensional approach extended from two-dimensional approach is accounted for. An axisymmetric backward and forward extrusion process having a back pressing die, which is exposed to oscillation of forming load due to variation of reduction ratios with stroke and its related frequent variation of major deforming region, is simulated by both two and three dimensional approaches to justify the presented approach by their comparison. A three-dimensional forging process having a back pressing die attached to the punch by a mechanical spring is simulated and the results are investigated to reveal accuracy of the presented approach.