• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2015

Feed is single most expensive input in commercial pork production representing more than 50% of the total cost of production. The greatest proportion of this cost is associated with the energy component, thus making energy the most important dietary in terms of cost. For efficient pork production, it is imperative that diets are formulated to accurately match dietary energy supply to requirements for maintenance and productive functions. To achieve this goal, it is critical that the energy value of feeds is precisely determined and that the energy system that best meets the energy needs of a pig is used. Therefore, the present review focuses on dietary supply and needs for pigs and the available energy systems for formulating swine diets with particular emphasis on the net energy system. In addition to providing a more accurate estimate of the energy available to the animal in an ingredient and the subsequent diet, diets formulated using the this system are typically lower in crude protein, which leads to additional benefits in terms of reduced nitrogen excretion and consequent environmental pollution. Furthermore, using the net energy system may reduce diet cost as it allows for increased use of feedstuffs containing fibre in place of feedstuffs containing starch. A brief review of the use of distiller dried grains with solubles in swine diets as an energy source is included.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.293-301
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• 1999

This study was conducted to evaluate the possible utilization of 5 different animal protein sources in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Meat and bone meal (MBM), feather meal (FM), squid liver powder (SLP), poultry by-product(PBP) and blood meal (BM) were chosen to be the candidate for the possible ingredients for the dietary fish meal replacer in rainbow trout feed. Six different diets were formulated of isonitrogenous and isocaloric basis of $48\textperthousand$ crude protein and 16.7 kJ/g diet: diet 1, $100\textperthousand$ white fish meal (WFM); diet w, $80\textperthousand$ WFM +20% MBM; diet 3, 80% WFM +20% FM; diet 4, 80% WFM+20% SLP; diet 5, 80% SFM+20% PBP; diet 6, 80% WFM +20% BM. As the dietary protein sources, each diet containing 34.7% of animal protein were supplied by WFM with and without MBM, FM, SLP, PBP or BM and approximately 64.2% of plant protein. After one week of conditioning period, fish averaging 2g were divided into six groups and fed one of the experimental diets for 8 weeks. After eight weeks of feeding trials, there were no significant differences in weight gain and feed conversion ratio among groups of fish fed diet 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6(P>0.05). However, weight gain of fish fed diet 2 were significantly lower than those of fish fed diet 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6(P<0.05). These results indicated that FM, SLP, PBP and BM can be used as a dietary fish meal replacer up to 20% in juvenile rainbow trout.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 2001

Gamigwaruhaebaekwhanggum-Tang (GGHWT) have been evaluated for antihyperlipidemic effects on experimental hyperlipidemic rats and mice induced by Triton WR-1339, com oil and high cholersterol-diet. Especially, GGHWT is formulated with Trichosanthis Fructus, Pinelliae Tuber, Aurantii Immaturus Fructus, Magnoliae Cortex, Allii Macrostemi Bulbuls, Cinnamomi Ramulus and Scutellariae Radix. Oral administration of GGHWT at 500 mg/kg/day for 3 days significantly inhibited the increase of serum triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol, liver triglyceride in hyperlipidemic rats induced by Triton WR-1339. And, GGHWT significantly inhibited the increase of serum triglyceride in hyperlipidemic rats induced by corn oil. Also, administration of GGHWT (500 mg/kg, once daily for 1 week, p.o.) prevented the increase of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, liver total cholesterol and triglyceride in 1% cholesterol-diet fed mice. These results suggest that GGHWT is effective for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.259-265
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• 2000

Four experimental diets were formulated to contain white fish meal (WFM) andvor BAIFA-M as the main animal protein source to determine the optimum BAIFA-M level to replace WFM protein. The diets contained 100% WFM + 0% BAIFA-M in the diet M$_0$ (control) . 70%, WFM+30%, BAIFA-M in the diet M$_{30}$, 55 % WFM+45 % BAIFA-M in the diet M$_{45}$, ; 40 % WFM+60 % BAIFA-M in the diet M$_{60}$. The four groups of rockfish (232 g), receiving the four different diets, were fed for 8 weeks. Groups receiving M$_0$, M$_{30}$ and M$_{45}$/ diets did not show significant (P>0.05) difference in growth and feed efficiency; however, the group fed on M$_{60}$/ showed significantly slower growth and lower feed efficiency than the others. Body composition showed no significant difference among the four dietary groups. WFM protein can be replaced by BAIFA-M up to 45 % in the diet of the rockfish.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.30.1-30.6
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• 2018

A study of three feeding trials was conducted to investigate the dietary protein requirements of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) at three different growth stages. Six experimental diets were formulated to include increasing protein levels of 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50% (designated as P25, P30, P35, P40, P45, and P50, respectively) for three feeding trials. The three feeding trials were conducted in different-sized shrimp at 0.65 g (trial 1), 4.80 g (trial 2), and 10.5 g (trial 3). Triplicate groups of shrimp were fed one of the experimental diets for 36, 42, and 48 days in trials 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In trial 1, the growth performance was not affected by the dietary protein levels. However, protein efficiency ratio was significantly higher in P30 diet compared to P40, P45, and P50 diets. In trial 2, growth rate was significantly higher in P35 diet than in P25 diet. In trial 3, the lowest growth performance was obtained in P25 diet which significantly differed from that of other experimental diets. Broken line analysis of growth data indicates that the optimal dietary level of crude protein is 34.5, 35.6, and 32.2% for small-, medium-, and large-sized (juvenile, sub-adult, and adult stages) Pacific white shrimp, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.706-716
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• 2014

A new strategy of co-inoculating Bacillus subtilis MA139 with Streptococcus thermophilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to produce fermented soybean meal (FSBM). Three experiments were conducted to determine the concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) (Exp. 1), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) (Exp. 2), and feeding value (Exp. 3) of FSBM produced by this new strategy (NFSB) compared with soybean meal (SBM) and conventionally available FSBM (Suprotein). In Exp. 1, twenty-four barrows (initial body weight [BW] of $32.2{\pm}1.7kg$) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 diets with 6 replicates per diet. A corn basal diet and 3 diets based on a mixture of corn and 1 of 3 soybean products listed above were formulated and the DE and ME contents were determined by the difference method. The results showed that there were no differences in DE and ME between SBM and either FSBM product (p>0.05). In Exp. 2, eight barrows (initial BW of $26.8{\pm}1.5kg$) were fitted with ileal T-cannulaes and used in a replicated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three corn-starch-based diets were formulated using each of the 3 soybean products as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. The results showed that the SID of all AA except arginine and histidine was similar for NFSB and SBM (p>0.05), but Suprotein had greater (p<0.05) SID of most AA except lysine, aspartate, glycine and proline than NFSB. In Exp. 3, a total of 144 piglets (initial BW of $8.8{\pm}1.2$ kg) were blocked by weight and fed 1 of 4 diets including a control diet with 24% SBM as well as diets containing 6% and 12% NFSB or 12% Suprotein added at the expense of SBM. During d 15 to 28, replacing SBM with 6% NFSB significantly improved average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.05) for nursery piglets. During the overall experiment, ADG of piglets fed diets containing 6% NFSB was significantly greater (p<0.05) than that of piglets fed SBM. In conclusion, fermentation with the new strategy did not affect the energy content or the AID and the SID of AA in SBM. However, inclusion of 6% NFSB in diets fed to nursery piglets improved performance after weaning likely as a result of better nutritional status and reduced immunological challenge.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2015

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the synergistic effects of vitamin C and E on methylmercury (MeHg) toxicity in juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. In a $3{\times}3$ factorial design, 9 experimental diets containing three different vitamin C (0, 200 or 400 mg/kg diet in the form of l-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate) and vitamin E (0, 100 or 200 mg/kg diet in the form of dl-${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate) levels with the Hg toxicity level (20 mg/kg diet in the form of MeHg) were formulated. Triplicate groups of fish averaging $2.3{\pm}0.05g(mean{\pm}SD)$ were fed one of the 9 diets in a flow through system for 8 weeks. Fish fed 400 mg vitamin C/kg diet with 100 or 200 mg vitamin E/kg diet showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG) than did fish fed the other diets. Fish fed 400 mg vitamin C/kg diet at all vitamin E levels and those which fed vitamin C and E equally at a rate of 200 mg/kg diet showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher feed efficiency (FE), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than did fish fed the other diets. Fish fed 200 and 400 mg vitamin C/kg diet exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) lower Hg concentration in their muscle as well as kidney than did fish fed the other diets. Therefore, these results clearly indicated that the synergistic effects of these two vitamins on MeHg toxicity by supplementing dietary vitamin C (200 and 400 mg/kg diet) with vitamin E (100 and 200 mg/kg diet) in juvenile olive flounder.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.849-855
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• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to compare growth performance, nutrient digestibility and meat quality of broilers fed a genetically modified organism (GMO) diet or a non-GMO diet. Methods: A total of 840 broilers with an initial body weight of 43.03 g per chick were randomly allocated into 1 of the following 2 dietary treatments lasted for 32 days (15 broilers per pen with 28 replicates per treatment): i) Trt 1, GMO maize-soybean meal based diet; ii) Trt 2, non-GMO maize soybean meal based diet. Both diets were maize-soybean meal diets. The GMO qualitative analysis, proximate analysis and amino acid analysis of the feed ingredient samples were carried out. Diets were formulated based on a nutrient matrix derived from analysis results. Growth performance was measured on day 0, 7, 17, and 32. And all other response criteria were measured on day 32. Results: The analysis results showed that the total Lys, Met, Thr of non-GMO grains were lower than that of GMO grains, the protein content of GMO soybean meal was higher than that of non-GMO soybean meal. Feed intake and feed conversion rate (FCR) were greater (p<0.05) in broilers provided with non-GMO diet than that of the GMO group from d 17 to 32. A decrease in FCR was observed in birds fed the GMO diet through the entire experiment (p<0.05). No significant impacts on blood profile, meat quality and nutrient digestibility were found in response to dietary treatments throughout the experimental period (p>0.05). Conclusion: These results indicated that non-GMO diet showed a negative effect on growth performance but nutrient digestibility, blood profile, carcass weight and meat quality were not affected by non-GMO diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.389-396
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• 1996

In the first of two experiments, liveweight gain responses and carcass characteristics were investigated using two breeds of growing male goats, local (Dhofari) and exotic (Cashmere), fed on a whole pelleted-high fiber date by-products' based diet at 32.5% level (As-fed) supplemented with 12% fish (sardine), (HF-Fish) and a commercial concentrate diet (conc.). The (HF-Fish) diet was formulated to be iso-nitrogenous to the (conc.) diet, supplying 14% CP (DM-basis). Both diets together with Rhodes grass hay (Chloris Guyana) were fed ad libitum. The experimental design was a complete random arranged in a $2{\times}2$ factorial with breeds and diets as the main factors, using six animals per treatment. The experiment lasted for 84 days and goats were penned individually. At the end of the feeding trial, three animals from each treatment group were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. In experiment 2, diets' digestibility and N-balance were determined using 3 sheep per diet. The (HF-Fish) diet significantly(p < 0.05) improved liveweight gain. There was also a significant difference(p < 0.01) between breeds, with Cashmere gaining more than local goats. Feed conversion efficiency, dressing percent and longissimus dorsi area were not significantly affected by diet or breed(p > 0.05). Digestibility of the proximate components and N-balance for both diets were similar and not significantly different(p > 0.05). Fish supplementation greatly improved the digestibility of CF, ADF, NDF, cellulose and hemicellulose. Meat production ost was decreased by 31% due to feeding of the (HF-Fish) diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1205-1212
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• 2010

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of replacing 70% of the protein from fish meal by protein from ensiled or dry cassava leaves and sweet potato vines on the performance and carcass characters of growing F1 (Large White${\times}$Mong Cai) pigs in Central Vietnam. Twenty-five crossbred pigs (Large White${\times}$Mong Cai) with an initial weight of 19.7 kg (SD = 0.84) were allocated randomly to five treatment groups with 5 animals per group (3 males and 2 females). Pigs were kept individually in pens ($2.0{\times}0.8\;m$) and fed one of five diets over 90 days. The control diet was formulated with fish meal (FM) as the protein source while the other four diets were formulated by replacing 70% of fish meal protein by protein from ensiled cassava leaves (ECL), dry cassava leaves (DCL), dry sweet potato vines (DSPV) or ensiled sweet potato vines (ESPV). Animals were fed their diets at 4% of BW. Results showed that final BW, ADG, DMI and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the experimental treatments were not significantly different (p>0.05). ECL or DCL and ESPV reduced feed cost per unit gain by 8-17.5% compared to the fish meal diet. There were no significant differences in carcass characters among the diets (p>0.05). Lean meat percentages and protein deposition ranged 41.5-45.8% and 40.2-52.9 g/d, respectively. Using ensiled or dry cassava leaves and sweet potato vine can replace at least 70% of the protein from fish meal (or 35% of total diet CP) without significant effects on performance and carcass traits of growing (20-65 kg) pigs. Including cassava leaves and sweet potato vines could improve feed cost and therefore has economic benefits.