• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.177-183
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the affecting factors and debt characteristics with household debt. The method of analysis was used SPSS 22.0. The main results were as follows. First, psychological debt burden group were found to be lower academic background, more household members, job in agriculture, forestry and fisheries and women among demographic characteristics. This suggests the need for the governments who are interested in the risk from household debt. Second, psychological debt burden group showed higher level of debt and average monthly debt repayments. This study implies that it is necessary to do financial education and consulting. Third, psychological debt burden group seemed that the households with more the average monthly interest payments and repayments on income, the more total liabilities compared to total assets. As the ages get higher, it was gradually increased. It suggests that the development of psychological counseling program for debtor with household debt. Other factors(property prices or the financial environments) will be dealt with in the subsequent studies.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.311-317
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• 2020

Mushroom has economic, food and medicinal value to a large proportion of human populace. This study assessed the consumption pattern of mushroom species in Southwestern Nigeria. Non-probability sampling method was used to select 20 Local Government Areas (LGAs) from 3 states and four communities were selected purposively from each LGAs. Snow-ball sampling approach was used in selecting 5 respondents from each community, making a total of 400 respondents. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, to compare the differences between the local (wild) and Exotic (cultivated) mushroom Species and to determine the rate at which mushroom substitute is consumed among the mushroom consumers. Logit regression was used to identify the factors influencing mushroom consumption in the study area. Thirty percent of the respondents were aged 41 to 50 years, with mean age of 49.76 years. About 82% had tertiary education, 17.3% earned above N200,000 monthly and 8.8% spent above N6000 monthly on mushroom. Logit regression showed that age (-3.21), household size (-2.17) and medicinal benefits (-2.17) had significant (p<0.01) negative effects on mushroom consumption. Conclusively, mushroom has wide acceptance among the general populace, good for food and medicine; hence, awareness should be created through agricultural policy on the need for mushroom cultivation and consumption in Nigeria.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.27
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• pp.3-17
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• 1984

Anaerobic digestion has recently attracted all over the world and Korea also shows no exception. The major benefits of anaerobic digestion are energy production, water pollution control, pathogen reduction and effective manure production. In Korea it was recognized in late sixties that there was a positive need to find alternative energy for farmers household. The main traditional energy sources in rural area were crop residues and forestry products. Therefore Office of Rural Development through its Rural Guidance Bureau disseminated about 29,000 household biogas units from 1969 to 1975 to provide cooking fuel for farmers household and to improve the mode of farmers living standards. The units were welcomed by farmers at that time. Now, however, most of them are not using due to a number of reasons associated with cold winter and some techno-economical problems (in those day, fossil fuel was quite expensive to compare with other prices and since then farmers income was quickly increased). The author studied on bag type household biogas plant to solve some technical problems of existing household biogas plants, but this also has little appeal for the farmers. From 1977 author studied on village scale biogas plant with two pilot plants. From the viewpoint of energy production, COD removal, kill rate of pathogen and fertilizer value, the results obtained from the experiments were quite promising, but the construction cost of the village scale biogas plant was too high for the farmers in Korea. To find most suitable biogas plant for farmers in Korea through the simplifying the biogas digester, the author developed batch-load biogas plant. By feeding coarse crop residues and manures, total solids concentrations of the batch-load biogas plant are about 28 percent which is much higher than continous digester of 5-8 percent. The batch-load biogas plant was welcomed by many farmers in Korea when it was reported on TV and newspapers. The plant was disseminated 154 units in 1982, 766 units in 1983 and 812 units in 1984 as a promissing project. Besides these biogas plant experiments, studies were also conducted 1) to determine gas production rate with agricultural wastes, 2) to evaluate the effect of loading rate, dilution, retention time on biogas production, 3) to project the amount of potencial energy from agricultural wastes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.1054-1060
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• 2017

Objective: This study was aimed at evaluating effects of cattle breed resources and alternative mixed-feeding practices on meat productivity and emission intensities from household farming systems (HFS) in Daklak Province, Vietnam. Methods: Records from Local $Yellow{\time}Red$ Sindhi (Bos indicus; Lai Sind) and 1/2 Limousin, 1/2 Drought Master, and 1/2 Red Angus cattle during the growth (0 to 21 months) and fattening (22 to 25 months) periods were used to better understand variations on meat productivity and enteric methane emissions. Parameters were determined by the ruminant model. Four scenarios were developed: (HFS1) grazing from birth to slaughter on native grasses for approximately 10 h plus 1.5 kg dry matter/d (0.8% live weight [LW]) of a mixture of guinea grass (19%), cassava (43%) powder, cotton (23%) seed, and rice (15%) straw; (HFS2) growth period fed with elephant grass (1% of LW) plus supplementation (1.5% of LW) of rice bran (36%), maize (33%), and cassava (31%) meals; and HFS3 and HFS4 computed elephant grass, but concentrate supplementation reaching 2% and 1% of LW, respectively. Results: Results show that compared to HFS1, emissions ($72.3{\pm}0.96kg\;CH_4/animal/life$; least squares $means{\pm}standard$ error of the mean) were 15%, 6%, and 23% lower (p<0.01) for the HFS2, HFS3, and HFS4, respectively. The predicted methane efficiencies ($CO_2eq$) per kg of LW at slaughter ($4.3{\pm}0.15$), carcass weight ($8.8{\pm}0.25kg$) and kg of edible protein ($44.1{\pm}1.29$) were also lower (p<0.05) in the HFS4. In particular, irrespective of the HSF, feed supply and ratio changes had a more positive impact on emission intensities when crossbred 1/2 Red Angus cattle were fed than in their crossbred counterparts. Conclusion: Modest improvements on feeding practices and integrated modelling frameworks may offer potential trade-offs to respond to climate change in Vietnam.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.196-213
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• 2019

This paper attempts to analyze the contribution of different socioeconomic factors such as income, age, gender, household composition, education and employment status etc. to the difference between the Capital and Non-Capital Regions in the net wealth inequality of household in Korea. To this end, a two-stage Oaxaca-Blinder type decomposition is employed regarding the regional gap in the inequality of net wealth based upon the Recentered Influence Function of the Gini index for 'the 2018 Household Finance and Living Conditions Survey.' Despite the shortcomings of the survey data on wealth, the findings reveal that regional differences in income, marriage status (divorce), job type (agriculture, forestry and fishery related, and technical and assembly), family type (multi-cultural) variables deepen the regional gap in the net-wealth inequality, but employment status (full-time), job type (administrative and specialized, and service sales), household size variables mitigate the gap, and that regional differences in life cycles play an offsetting role.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.5 s.162
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• pp.342-348
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• 2005

An exploratory survey was performed to assess the present status of distribution and production of coconut palm (Cocos nucifera Linn.) in the rural landscape of Meghna floodplain of Bangladesh. A multistage simple random sampling technique was adopted to identify the study area and respondents. A total of 50 households were selected randomly for the study. Traditional knowledge on cultivation, management, and production of coconut palm was emphasized. Marketing of coconut palm products and income derived from coconut palm cultivation was taken into consideration. Perceptions of farmers, traders and professionals were described in due context of opportunities and constraints of coconut palm cultivation. Coconut palm cultivation was found to play an important role in household economy in rural Bangladesh sharing considerable contribution to the total income. About 10% of their total annual income was reported to come from coconut husbandry. Highest number of the coconut palms, 24%, was found to grow in the homestead compounds and in the pond banks. About one-third lands of the households were found to be covered by the coconut palms. Maximum, 19%, coconut palms were found in the 16-20 years age-class. Production of coconut was found highest at the age-class 11-15 years. The study found some important opportunities and constraints of coconut farming in rural Meghna floodplain area of Bangladesh. The results of this study would be useful for the rural development practitioners in Bangladesh.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.45-57
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• 2016

The average income of forestry household was only 54.3% of urban workers's and 67.6% of farms household's income based on the data from statistics Korea in 2012. This indicates that forestry, which is a labor-intensive primary industry, has the limitation for creating added value. On the other hand, the demands for forest healing and forest experiential program have been continuously increased with new lifestyle focusing on the quality of life and increased leisure time. Therefore, it is necessary to establish comprehensive policies to increase added value except forestry to respond forest demands. The project utilizing forest healing can be on of solutions to meet forest demands. Thus, this research intends to investigate an economic revitalization plan for mountain villages with forest healing. The characteristics of forest healing facilities and contents of forest healing programs were examined through internet searching, fields surveys, and expert interviews. Total 186 concepts, 8 categories, and 24 subcategories were derived from raw data of surveys. The application process of forest healing was also provided to encourage local economy of mountain areas. This research offers application procedure of the forest healing for regional economic vitalization in Mountain Villages interviews using grounded theory by Strauss and Corbin(1988) as well as NVio11. This research contributes to prepare the base of future quantitative studies by providing strategies and suggestions for the application plans of forest healing programs. In addition, this research offers basic data for the policies to establish and manage forest healing villages.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.2
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• pp.272-280
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• 2013

This study aims to develop a standard diagnostic table for management and administration that oak mushroom cultivators of forestry households can utilize. By diagnosing their current level of management with the table, the cultivators themselves will be able to grasp and address their operational challenges better. The table is composed of; questions on the status of forestry households; columns for a series of management performance indices, and; questionnaire with 4 categories and 20 subcategories to check the current level of management and administration by the households. In order to prepare the standard diagnostic table for oak mushroom management, 196 forestry households throughout 10 areas - Cheong-yang, Gong-ju, Bu-yeo and Seocheon in Chungcheongnam-do, Mun-kyung and Ye-cheon in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Jin-an in Jeollabuk-do, Jangheung and Jang-seong in Jeollanam-do, and Jeju Islands - were interviewed with and a total of 190 questionnaires were acquired and made use of in the result analysis. Then, the score on management level of each forestry household was determined in the way of aggregating scores from each subcategory. The overall average score of every household was calculated at 62.2 point with more than half of the respondents, 54.7%, belonging to the range of 60 to 80. When considered by regional groups, the average score of Jin-an was the lowest with 57.6 point while that of Jang-seong was the highest with 69.6 point. In case of the 'cultivation management' category, there were a lot of cultivators who expressed a negative awareness of the term 'pest control' because they had a tendency to think the term in connection with 'herbicides or pesticides'. So it is inevitable to adapt and modify existing groups and grades to make sure that the cultivators can make a right choice without confusing the concept 'pest control' with 'herbicides or pesticides'. Meanwhile, the average scores of 'management and administration' categories were mostly low. It was remarkable in these categories that forestry households in Jeolla province, which had remained in lower ranks in the other three categories, recorded higher scores than those in Chungcheong province, boasting a relatively high level of management and administration.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.5
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• pp.525-529
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper is to examine willingness to pay (WTP) for endangered species, the Korean goral, of Woraksan National Park in South Korea. The median of the WTP is adopted to estimate the value because it will not be affected by the extreme values. The estimated household median WTP using a logit model for Korean goral conservation in Woraksan National Park was 15,221 won. The estimated value of the WTP in relation to the Korean goral has some policy implications. especially in terms of implementing policy to protect the Korean goral. The result shows that the public conservation program does have a positive WTP for the conservation of the Korean goral. This implies that the Korean goral is an important species that needs to be maintained, the government has been expended a large sum of money in an attempt to protect it.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.393-404
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• 2014

With consideration of proximate and intricate relationships among rural livelihood, farm land and forestry; this paper examined impact of land tenure reform on local peoples' forest dependency by taking Ethiopia as case study. The post 1975 major land tenure reform and associated activities such as land distribution and forest demarcation were found to be short of minimizing pressure on the forest as has been evidenced by percentage of new households established inside the forest and current level of dependency on the forest. With most of recently established households all making up the poor and very poor categories, together with overall of household composition which is dominated by dependent members coupled by current land tenure system that tie farmers with their land, future dependency on the already diminished forest seems to increase unabated. Reconsidering the existing land tenure system backed by policy for livelihood diversification, improvement in rural education and awareness on demographic issues can minimize future dependency on the forest.