• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.253-258
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• 2001

Land use pattern in the Wangsuk river watershed was investigated on the bases of physiognomic vegetation maps made from the aerial photograph interpretation and field check. Landscape structure was analyzed using a GIS program supported by ArcView. Landscape structure depended on the geographical position of the river, such as the upper, middle and lower river. Watersheds of the upper and middle rivers were dominated by forests composed of secondary forest and plantation. But agricultural fields dominated that of the middle and lower river. Urban area and agricultural fields increased in from the upper toward the lower river watersheds. In addition to, a transformation of agricultural pattern into an institutional agriculture was characteristic in the middle and lower river basins. Water qualities of the Wangsuk river were usually better in the order of the upper, middle, and lower river, but they were fluctuated according to the site. Such fluctuation would due to self-purification of the river and land use pattern of the watershed as the non-point source. In this viewpoint, a strategy to manage the water quality in the level of watershed is urgently required.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.923-933
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• 2012

The purpose of this study targeting Choansan(Mt.) Neighborhood Park in Seoul of South Korea, whose level of visitation and use pressure has been recently increasingly high, was to understand distribution and damage status of forest trail and accordingly, set up direction of how to improve forest trail in urban area. With regards to current damage on forest trail in Choansan(Mt.) Neighborhood Park, the damaged trail with road width of over 2m and with erosion depth of over 30cm amounted to 20.3% and 36.3% respectively. And the trail section with bare land erosion, root exposure or rock exposure and the section whose impact rating class exceeded IV occupied 47.0% and 70.6%, indicating the forest trail was severely damaged. The severely injured trail route mainly included the main forest trail formed along the main ridge, the byroad connected to the main forest trail and the steep forest trail in low-lying area. Based on the study results, five types of restoration of forest trail in Choansan(Mt.) Neighborhood Park were offered, including prevention of forest trail extension, stabilization of forest trail base, maintenance of forest trail surface, vegetation restoration after closing forest trail and maintenance. Ecological restoration was additionally offered. The prevention of forest trail extension was planned to prevent expanded width of forest trail where bare land was exposed. The stabilization of forest trail base was planned to prevent erosion in the forest trail and exposure of roots. The maintenance of forest trail surface was planned in a way to protect the severely damaged forest trail surface by using wood deck and wood stairs and surfacing the road.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.118-128
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to present efficient methods of preserving and managing the fish shelter forest in Mulgun-ri on the southern coast of Korea on the basis of its humanistic, sociological and ecological characteristics. The study object is Korean natural monument No. 150, which is presumed to have been forested by descendants of Jeonju Lee Family who settled there, and village rituals are held every October to pray for the peace of the village. The forest is managed by Namhae-gun as a historical and cultural resource as well as its disaster-preventing, economic, and environmental and ecological functions. The linear form of the area is $23,962.6m^2$ and farmland(48.5%) and urbanization area(38.2%) are extensively located in its periphery area. Actual vegetation was sub-classified into three types of land according to use pressure and whether or not damage was done: land where its stratification was formed; land where it was restored, and the land where it was damaged. Plant communities were sub-classified into Aphananthe aspera community(I) and Zelkova serrata community(II) which had a low use pressure; Z. serrata-Chionanthus retusa-A. aspera community(III) and A. aspera-Z. serrata community(IV) which had a high use pressure; and Celtis sinensis-A. aspera community(V) whose underlayer was damaged by use. Fragmentation of the forest is under way and its inside vegetation growth is hampered due to the installation of traffic and resting facilities such as the through roads costal roads, wooden-deck walkways, parking lots, washstands, etc. As a restoration management plan for this, the following were required: an establishment of preferred restoration area; a selection of restoration vegetation species; and an appropriate restoration method. The damaged area($7,868.2m^2$) will have to be set up as the preferred restoration area; seedlings of restored vegetation species should be raised with dominant species within the forest(i.e., Z. serrata, A. aspera, C. sinensis, and C. retusa) as their 'mother trees' for the benefit of for the next-generation forest; and sub-tree and shrub layer should be complementarily planted with 5 and 115 trees(unit $100m^2$) respectively to facilitate the formation of a multi-layered vegetation structure. In addition, resting facilities scattered inside the forest should be demolished; and indiscriminate use of them should be controlled; management and monitoring should be carried out so that the area can be preserved and restored as a deciduous broad-leaved forest.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.56-70
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• 2003

Reviewing the trend of land use in urban cultivated land, the large part of land has been changed into the high-profit cultivated land of green houses or the developing areas. So, its percent of cultivated land in land use comparing to the other types of cultivated land would get far higher. Therefore, this study aims to identify the characteristics of landscape ecological pattern in the cultivated land of green houses and to find its alternatives for management, which would be a basis of regional planning and management in terms of space and time. The cultivated land of green houses, whose its area reaches 19.3ha, in Seoul are mainly dispersed on the south eastern part of Seoul and its area is larger than the other types of cultivated lands. According to the result of shape index analysis, its perimeters were very simple. Also, Analyzing the first three major neighboring land use to the cultivated land of green houses, the most frequent biotope types of neighboring land use to the cultivated land of green houses were that transportation facility represented 60%, forest, 43%, the other types of cultivated land, 36%, and residential area, 33%. The cause why the percent of transportation facility was higher in the neigh-boring land use types was assumed for the production and distribution of crops. On the basis of the result of landscape ecological pattern analysis, the cultivated land would be managed and contributed to enhance biodiversity and urban environment preservation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.77-86
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• 2012

This study was aim to predict future land-cover changes and to analyze regional land-cover changes in irrigation areas and agricultural reservoir watersheds under climate change scenario. To simulate the future land-cover under climate change scenario - A1B of the SRES (Special Report on Emissions Scenarios), Dyna-CLUE (Conversion of Land Use Change and its Effects) was applied for modeling of competition among land-use types in relation to socioeconomic and biophysical driving factors. For the study areas, 8 agricultural reservoirs were selected from 8 different provinces covering all around nation. The simulation results from 2010 to 2100 suggested future land-cover changes under the scenario conditions. For Madun reservoir in Gyeonggi-do, total decrease amount of paddy area was a similar amount of 'Base demand scenario' of Water Vision 2020 published by MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs), while the decrease amounts of paddy areas in other sites were less than the amount of 'High demand scenario' of Water Vision 2020. Under A1B scenario, all the land-cover results showed only slight changes in irrigation areas of agricultural reservoirs and most of agricultural reservoir watersheds will be increased continuously for forest areas. This approach could be useful for evaluating and simulating agricultural water demand in relation to land-use changes.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.193-204
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• 2009

The study was conducted investigation on land of D-dong in N city which is an urban area and D myeon of N city which is a suburban area, based on high resolution satellite image, to find out actual land usage. As for D-dong in N city, different rate between actual usage and official land information was 0.5~4.8% in terms of 5 major land types (paddy field, farm, ground, forest, and others). D myeon in N city posted 1.4~8.4%, which is higher than that of its counterpart. As for unit load, "land" which is large in terms of load presented a big difference between official information and actual usage. On the other hand, the levels of paddy, field, forest and others posted only small changes in load. In case of T-P, in particular, unit of each land type is lower than BOD and T-N, showing almost no changes in pollution loads.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.161-172
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• 2010

As the interest on biodiversity has increased around the world, researches about evaluating potential for habitat are also increasing to find and comprehend the valuable habitats. This study focus on comprehending the significance of stream in evaluating habitat's potential. The purpose of this study is to evaluate habitat potential with applying stream as a main variable, and to comprehend the relationship between the variables and habitat potential. Basin is a unit that has hydrological properties and dynamic interaction with ecosystem. Especially, biodiversity and suitability of habitat in basin area has direct correlation with stream. Existing studies also are proposing for habitat potential evaluation in basin unit, they applied forest, slope and road as main variables. Despite stream is considered the most important factor in basin area, researchers haven't applied stream as a main variable. Therefore, in this study, three variables that can demonstrate hydrological properties are selected, which are, riparian distance, stream order and land use disturbance, and evaluate habitat potential. Habitat potential is analyzed by using Maxent (Maximum entropy model), and vertebrate's presence data is used as dependent variables and stream order map and land cover map is used as base data of independent variables. As a result of analysis, habitat potential is higher at riparian and upstream area, and lower at frequently disturbed area. Result indicates that adjacent to stream, upstream, and less disturbed area is the habitat that vertebrate prefer. In particular, mammals prefer adjacent area of stream and forest and reptiles prefer upriver area. Birds prefer adjacent area of stream and midstream and amphibians prefer adjacent area of stream and upriver. The result of this research could help to establish habitat conservation strategy around basin unit in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 2009

Annex I parties continued its consideration of how to address, the definitions, modalities, rules and guidelines for the treatment of Land Use, Land-use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) in the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol by the year of 2009. In the AWG-KP conference held in Accra, Ghana in 2008, four alternatives (gross-net carbon accounting, net-net with base year or base period accounting, net-net with forward looking baseline accounting, and land-based accounting method) for negotiations were decided in order to revise gross-net accounting method applied during the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. In this study, alternative scenarios are set in consideration with reporting system (voluntary or compulsory), discount factors and cap about these three alternatives except for the method of net-net with forward looking baseline accounting, and then estimates the Removal Unit (RMU) among the countries. In the case that article 3.4 activities under the Kyoto Protocol revises from voluntary reporting to mandatory reporting, it is estimated that the loss of RMU would be huge in Russia, Australia, New Zealand, as well as Canada potentially. Net-net with base year or base period carbon accounting and land-based carbon accounting method have big difference of RMU in accordance with the base year or the base period. So the more unfavorable the country with a lot of old-age forests was, the closer the base year or period comes to the commitment period in the context of RMU. If it is getting lowered for the current rate of 85% in discount factors, RMU is getting higher to the whole countries. Therefore in Korea with little potential for afforestation and reforestation, there was the most sensitive response to the change of discount factors. Post-2012 LULUCF hereafter, it is strongly expected for the succession of current carbon accounting system which is voluntary reporting of gross-net carbon accounting and the activity for article 3.4. Other carbon accounting method is hard to accept in aspect that there is big differentiated interests among the countries and it is required enormous cost and time to develop reliable method. Provide for Post-2012 mandatory greenhouse gas reduction, Korea needs to have a competitive negotiation strategies differentiated from Annex I countries. The most reliable alternative would be to lower the discounting factors about the activities for forest management.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.55-61
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• 2011

The land use has been changed artificially and caused the result of temperature increase of city compared with the outside of city or region of park and forest. The purpose of this research is to analyze the change of the urban surface temperature with land use zoning in Jinju using Landsat TM/$ETM^+$ imagery and to provide the correlation between NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and urban surface temperature change. The results presented that the spatial distribution of urban surface temperature was depending on the change of NDVI values on land use zoning. Considering to the average temperature by land use zoning, industrial area was the highest temperature but green area was the lowest temperature. Also as a result of comparing the correlation between surface temperature and NDVI, the green and residential area had higher correlation values than the commercial and industrial area. These results will be played a part as one of the major factors for implementing the sustainable urban planning considering the urban heat island effect problem.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.779-785
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• 2010

To solve a problem of water supply on urban areas, groundwater recharge has to be assessed not only for evaluating the possibility of groundwater development but also for identifying a sustainable aquifer system for water resource development. The assessment of groundwater recharge has been challenged since the land use has been changed constantly. In this study, the groundwater recharge and its ratio were assessed from 1961 to 2007 in Su-yeong-gu, Busan, South Korea by analyzing precipitation, land use, and soil characteristics. For land use analysis, the urbanization change was considered. The land use areas for the residential, agricultural, forest, pasture, bare soil, and water in 1975 occupy 18.6 %, 30.0%, 48.8%, 0.1%, 2.0%, and 0.5% of total area, respectively. The land use ratios were sharply changed from 1980 to 1985; the agricultural area was decreased to 18.3%, and the residential area was increased to 15.0%. From 1995 to 2000, the agricultural area was decreased to 5.5%, and the residential area was increased to 5.4%. The annual averages of precipitation, groundwater recharge, and its ratio were 1509.3 mm, 216.0 mm, and 14.3% respectively. The largest amount of the groundwater recharge showed in 1970 as 408.9 mm, comparing to 2138.1 mm of annual rainfall. Also, the greatest ratio of the groundwater recharge was 19.8% in 1984 with 1492.6 mm of annual rainfall. The lowest amount and ratio of the groundwater recharge were 71.9 mm and 8.0% in 1988, relative to 901.5 mm of annual precipitation. As a result, it is concluded that rainfall has increased, whereas groundwater recharge has decreased between 1961 and 2007.