• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.11-25
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• 2001

A wetland is an ecosystem which is the most useful and highly-energetic transition area. This study has been carried out to classify and identify the various types of wetlands in Korea. The main objective of this study are 1) defining and classifying of wetlands, and 2) identifying the wetlands characteristics, and 3) studying cases on the natural wetlands such as Han river, DMZ(Demillitarized Zone), Upo wetland and Yong(Dragon) wetland. The results as follows： 1) Development of the indices for identifying and classifying wetlands in encompassing in such as Ramsar Conference, US NWI(National Wetlands Inventory), Hydrogeomorphic system. 2) Development on the classifying method on the wetlands in the level of supersystem, system, subsystem, class and subclass. The systems include Palustrine and Riverine, and the subsystems are Seasonal, Permanent(Palustrine) and Impersistent, Lower perennial, Impersistent (Riverine). 3) Finally, we find out Young wetland is Palustrine/Permanent/Slope/Persistent, and Upo wetland consists of various types of wetlands, those are, Palustrine/Permanent/Depression/Forest Deciduous, Palustrine/Permanent/Depression/Shrub Deciduous, Palustrine/Permanent/Depression/Persistent, Palustrine /Permanent/Depression/Hydrophytes, and Lacustrine/Permanent/Openwater/Hydrophytes. The taxonomy of this study stems from identifying and classifying wetlands with indices mainly based on hydrologic features and substrates. So, it is needed that consequent studies are to be performed with various viewpoints. And the studying cases were limited because of the restricted entrance into the DMZ, And, we selected only 10 crucial sites in Han river as the subject for wetlands regulation and creation. And, for advanced studies, drawing up inventory and mapping are necessary.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.449-451
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• 2007

In the commercially managed timber lands, the information such as height, age, stand density, canopy closure and leaf area index need to be collected periodically. Stand volume is the most fundamental information in the valuation of timber, however, stand age information is the primary element of forest inventory and these two are highly correlated. Conventional method of collecting stand age information by field surveys such as ring count method is accurate; however, it is expensive, labor-intensive and time consuming. In the present study it was aimed to collect stand age information using modem techniques in a commercially managed timberland situated in Tennessee, USA. The Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) of three different periods, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), National elevation dataset (NED) and field inventory data were used. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and Tasselled Cap (TC) transformation techniques were applied on the TM and ETM+ data. The regression analysis was carried out to identify the correlation between stand age and NDVI, TC. In the present study about 2,469 datasets were analyzed. The $R^{2}$ value for stand age estimation was 0.713. The NDVI, TC2 and TC3 were found to produce accurate timber age information.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.162-176
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• 2016

The experience and play activities in forest spaces have played an effective role in children's growth and development, therefore, many studies and projects related to forest activity space have progressed actively. However, the focus of previous research has been merely on the effectiveness of forest activity but little on providing the basis for the spatial design of these types of forest activity spaces. Thus, this study aims to identify the relationship between children's developmental play activity and the physical characteristics of forest activity spaces for evidence-based design. First of all, indicators for Cognitive-Social play(CSP) was selected and forest spaces were categorize into play facility spaces and forest spaces. More detailed environmental characteristics of each space were 'play area' and 'paving materials' for play facilities and 'density of tree and shrub', 'slope', 'paving materials' and 'fixing and type of natural loose parts' for forest space. Through environmental inventory and behavior observation, the types of play behaviors and the occurrence frequency of children aged four to five were collected and analyzed. The results were as follows: 1) In play facility spaces, play behaviors occurred at a high frequency at the facility playground with play facilities and sand area. In terms of CSP, functional-solitary and functional-parallel plays occurred predominantly. 2) In forest spaces, various play behaviors occurred at high frequency in the environment with low density planting and various natural loose parts. For CSP, functional-group and symbolic-group plays occurred at a high frequency. 3) Symbolic-group play appeared to be highly affected by environmental characteristics like tree area of scatter density or less, 10~20 degree slope, and the presence of fixed large stumps. In conclusion, this study provides standards of physical environmental characteristics for forest activity space design through direct observation and analysis of children's play behaviors.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2001

An approach method for the greenhouse gas inventory in land-use change and forestry in Korea based on the 1996 revised IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) guideline was developed and carbon budget of the year 1998 in this sector was estimated using the developed method as follow. For the category of changes in forests and other woody biomass stocks, carbon removal from the atmosphere by growth was 11,911 thousands TC(tons of carbon), carbon emissions to the atmosphere by harvests was 824 thousands TC, and net carbon removals was, therefore, 11,087 thousands TC, Emissions from decay of biomass remained after conversion of forest land to other land uses was estimated to 82 thousands TC For the category of land-use change and management, carbon emissions in mineral soils from land-use change was 1,025 thousands TC, that from liming of agricultural soils was 32 thousands TC, and total emissions was, therefore, 1,057 thousands TC. In summary, the carbon budget of land-use change and forestry of the year 1988 was as follows; the removal of 11,911 thousands TC, the emissions of 1,963 thousands TC, and the net removal of 9,948 thousands TC which was 9.6% of the emissions of 103,601 thousands TC from energy sector of the same year.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1976

This study was performed in Bo-Eun Gun, Chung-Cheong Buk Do. The forest types having been classified, the each area was measured by dot-grid method. The 820 sample points having been obtained by systematic sampling method, the tree heights, crown densities, crown diameters in the points were measured on the aerial photography, and the volumes per hectare were estimated by the comparison with stereogram. Thirty eight plots, which amounted to about 4.5% of all the sample points, were sampled with double sampling method and volume were measured by the ground survey method. the results were summarized as follows; 1. There is no significant differentia between the values measure by dot-grid method and the statistical values obtained by the authority for the area. 2. There is no significant differentia between the estimated values and the measured values for the volume. And the coefficient (b) was 1.18. 3. The heights of conifer trees were easily measured more or less, but it was some difficult for the deciduous trees, because the tops of trees were not observed easily. 4. All the values had a tendencies to be overestimated in the low stocked stand and to be underestimated in the high stocked stand. 5. When the aerial volume table method by ground checking needs to be used together, the work should be performed by the experienced technician and the photgraphic volume table should be made in advanced of the work.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.287-297
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• 2016

This study aims to identify the relationship between climatic factors and stand mean Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) for two major tree species; Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica in Andong-dam basin. Forest variables such as age, diameter distribution and number of trees per hectare from the $5^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ National Forest Inventory data were used to develop a DBH estimation model. Climate data were collected from six meteorological observatory station and twelve Automatic Weather System provided by Korea Meteorological Administration to produce interpolated daily average temperature map with Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method. Andong-dam basin reflects rugged mountainous terrain, so temperature were adjusted by lapse rate based correction. As a result, predictions of model were consistent with the previous studies; that the rising temperature is negatively related to the growth of Pinus densiflora whereas opposing trend is observed for Quercus mongolica.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.249-254
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• 2004

The collecting amount by DBH class and contents of mineral and free sugar in the sap of Acer okamotoanum Nakai being autogenous in Ullungdo were investigated. The total amount of sap was 376 l Sap of A. okamotoanum were increased with increasing DBH, 67 l (18%), 121 l (32%) and 188 l (50%) from small (below 18 cm), middle $(20{\sim}28\;cm)$ and large (above 30cm) diameter tree, respectively. Amounts of sap was required by big temperature fluctuation in day and night. The contents of solid, ash and sugar were 3.04%, 0.06% and 3.06% in the sap of A. okamotoanum. Free sugar determined in the sap was sucrose with 30.6 g/l, but glucose, fructose and maltose were not detected. The sap of A. okamotoanum was composed of seven kinds of mineral. The prominent minerals in the sap were Ca and K, and the concentrations of Ca and K were 522 mg/l and 309 mg/l, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 1998

Zoning areas within national parks in Korea are classified into Natural Preservation Zone(NPZ). Natural Environment Zone(NEZ), Settlement Zone(SZ) and Mass Facility Zone(MFZ) based on the Natural Park Act Large-scale development which might cause permanent destruction of natural resources are being done in NEZ which covers 90% of the total natural park area. Thus it is necessary to examine National Park Act which refers the authorized criteria and development activities of NEZ. However, the current environmental impact statement(EIS) does not cover the full impact of the development inside the national park area. Based on these concepts, the study examines the appropriate resources to distinguish the NPZ and NEZ in Mt. Teogyu National Park, then compare the distribution of resource characteristics between two area by using GIS. Through this study, the conclusions are as follows; (1) In terms of scenic resource analysis, the current NPZ does not meet the criteria on the National Park Act Rather, most of the resources which should be located within the NPZ are located within the NEZ. (2) In terms of elevation analysis, Mt. Teogyu National Park, most of NPZ are located on high altitude which is more than l,200m above the mean sea level. Therefore, it shows the elevation is the only criteria for distinguishing NPZ and NEZ. (3) In terms of Degree of Green Naturality(DGN), the second forest areas, the eighth grade of DGN in Mt. Teogyu National Park are distributed much more in the NEZ than NPZ. (4) After examining five factors - scenic resources, elevation, slope and DGN, vegetation- it was found out that zoning of Mt. Teogyu National Park is not adequatly designated. Zoning of national parks should be accomplished based on the precise inventory of the current resources.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.445-452
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to propose the best methodology for estimating soil organic carbon stocks during environmental assessment for development projects. We compared three methodologies which were developed by Korea Environment Corporation(2010), Korea Forest Research Institute (2006), and Jin-Hyun Jung (1998). We found that the methodology developed by Jin-Hyun Jung (1998) shows the worst performance and the methodology of Korea Forest Research Institute (2006) does not reflect a variety of soil types and land use characteristics shown in development project plans. Therefore, we propose that the methodology developed by Korea Environment Corporation (2010) is the most reasonable one because it is internationally accepted and used for local governments to make the inventory of greenhouse gases as well as to set up its reduction strategy.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.423-438
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• 2008

BEIS2 (Biogenic Emissions Inventory System version 2) and BEIS3.12 (BEIS version 3.12) were used to estimate hourly biogenic emissions over South Korea using a set of vegetation and meteorological data simulated with the MM5 (Mesoscale Model version 5). Two biogenic emission models utilized different emission factors and showed different responses to solar radiations, resulting in about $10{\sim}20%$ difference in the nationwide isoprene emission estimates. Among the 11-vegetation classes, it was found that mixed forest and deciduous forest are the most important vegetation classes producing isoprene emissions over South Korea comprising ${\sim}90%$ of the total. The simulated isoprene concentrations over Seoul metropolitan area show that diurnal and daily variations match relatively well with the PAMS (Photochemical Air Monitoring Station) measurements during the period of June 3${\sim}$June 10, 2004. Compared to BEIS2, BEIS3.12 yielded ${\sim}35%$ higher isoprene concentrations during daytime and presented better matches to the high peaks observed over the Seoul area. This study showed that the importance of vegetation data and emission factors to estimate biogenic emissions. Thus, it is expected to improve domestic vegetation categories and emission factors in order to better represent biogenic emissions over South Korea.