• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2000

날씨ㆍ밤낮에 관계없이 자료를 취득할 수 있는 RADARSAT(C-밴드; 5.3GHz, HH 편광)의 후방산란계수와 태양광에 대한 반사값으로 데이터가 얻어지는 Landsat TM의 자료값(DN; Digital Numbers)을 이용하여 벼 생육과의 관계를 조사하였다. 벼 생육기간 동안 RADARSAT 3시기의 자료를 취득하여 보정 과정을 통하여 지표면의 특성이 잘 나타나는 후방산란계수 (backscatter coefcient)를 산출하였다. 연구지역에서 초장, 엽면적지수, 생체중, 건물중 등 벼의 생육변수를 조사하여 산출된 후방산란계수를 비교하였으며, Landsat TM은 논지역의 6시기 자료값을 산출하여 벼 생육과의 관계를 살펴보았다. 벼의 생육초기 담수상태일 때 논의 후방산란계수 범위는 -22dB--20dB이었고, 벼의 영양생장이 최대에 달했을 때 논의 후방산란계수는 -9dB--8dB 범위로 생육단계별로 뚜렷한 차이를 보였고 생육변수, 초장, 엽면적지수, 생체중, 건물 중 변화와 유사한 경향을 나타내었다 TM 밴드 1, 2, 3의 자료값은 생육후기로 갈수록 낮아졌다가 등숙기에 다시 높아졌고, TM 밴드 4의 자료값은 생육후기로 갈수록 높아졌다가 등숙기에 낮아지는 경향이었다. TM밴드 5와 7의 자료값은 생육기간 동안 계속 증가하여 건물중의 변화추세와 유사하였다. 시계열 RADARSAT과 Landsat TM자료를 이용한 벼 생육모리터링은 전망이 있는 것으로 보인다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제111권4호
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• pp.613-621
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• 2022

본 연구는 5차, 6차, 7차 국가산림조사 자료 중 아까시나무가 우점종인 표본점을 수집하여, 산림조사 차수별, 기후대별(온대 북부, 온대중부, 온대남부, 난대지역), 해발고별(100 m 단위) 흉고직경, 입목본수, ha당 재적 및 지위지수의 변화를 구명하고자 하였다. 또한 용재로서 사용을 위한 기준인 벌기령을 산정하였다. 그리고 변화 구명은 통계처리 기법 중 분산분석과 Duncan 검정으로서 이행하였다. 흉고직경의 변화를 보면, 당연히 산림조사 차수에 따라 증가하였고, 기후대별로는 온대남부 지역에서 가장 생장이 좋지 않았으며, 해발고별로는 301-400 m 지점에서 가장 생장이 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. ha당 입목밀도는 산림조사 차수별, 해발고에 따라서 서로 간 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 온대중부 지역에서 밀도가 가장 높고, 온대남부 지역이 가장 낮은 밀도를 보였다. ha당 임분재적은 산림조사 차수에 따라 증가하였고, 온대북부·온대중부 지역과 온대남부·난대 지역으로 크게 두 그룹으로 구분되며, 해발고 201-300 m에서 재적생장량이 가장 높았다. 지위지수는 ha당 임분재적 변화와 유사한 결과를 보여 주었다. 그리고 아까시나무의 ha당 재적변화를 알 수 있는 생장량 곡선은 Weibull 함수식으로 추정하였으며, 임분재적은 임령 50-60년에 이를 때 약 200 m³에 달할 것으로 예측되었다. 아까시나무를 밀원 자원이 아닌 용재로 이용하기 위한 기준인 재적수확최대벌기령을 계산한 결과 34년으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.207-218
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• 2020

Ashwagandha is an important ancient medicinal crops, being affected with many diseases, among which leaf blight caused by Alternaria alternata has become the constraint resulting in huge yield losses. Continuous usage of chemical methods leads to environment, soil and water pollution. Whereas biological control of diseases is long lasting, inexpensive, eco-friendly and harmless to target organisms. In this context, it is aimed to evaluate five Trichoderma strains viz. Trichoderma virens IMI-392430, T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431, T. harzianum IMI-392432, T. harzianum IMI-392433 and T. harzianum IMI-392434 as bio-control efficacy against A. alternata and growth promoting effect in Ashwagandha. All the Trichoderma strains had varied antagonistic effects against the pathogen. In dual culture technique, the strain T. harzianum IMI-392433 showed maximum percentage inhibition of mycelial growth (54.89%) followed by T. harzianum IMI-392432 (53.83%), T. harzianum IMI-392434 (48.94%) and T. virens IMI-392430, (43.62%) against the pathogen, while the least inhibition percentage was observed with the T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431 (36.60%). The culture filtrate of the Trichoderma strain, T. harzianum IMI-392433 recorded highest inhibition on the mycelial growth (39.05%) and spore germination (80.77%) of pathogen and the lowest was recorded in T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431 (20.45 and 50%). Moreover, seeds treated with spore suspension of the strain T. harzianum IMI-392433 reduced the percentages of disease severity index significantly. The strain T. harzianum IMI-392433 also significantly increased seed germination %, seedling vigor and growth of Ashwagandha. The correlation matrix showed that root yield per plant of Ashwagandha had significant and positive correlation with plant height (r=0.726^⁎⁎), number of leaf (r=0.514^⁎⁎), number of primary branch (r=0.820^⁎⁎), number of secondary branch (r=0.829^⁎⁎), fresh plant weight (r=0.887^⁎⁎), plant dry weight (r=0.613^⁎⁎), root length (r=0.824^⁎⁎), root diameter (r=0.786^⁎⁎), root dry weight (r=0.739^⁎⁎) and fresh root weight (r=0.731^⁎⁎). The significant and negative correlation (r=-0.336^⁎⁎) was observed with the root yield and percentages of disease severity index. The study recognized that the T. harzianum IMI-392433 strain performed well in inhibiting the mycelial growth and reduced the percentages of disease severity index of pathogen as well as increased the plant growth in Ashwagandha.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.89-104
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• 2011

This study was carried out to the development of ecological planting model to make up of coastal windbreak forest on the Suncheon-bay in Sucheon-si, Korea. Make up of coastal windbreak forest in this site was needed for appropriate bioresource, biodiversity and ecological structure, and for conservation of the eco-tour resource and protection of human life and property by the unforeseen disaster from the coast. Based on the plant-social principle, the planting model of windbreak forest was developed to facilitate growth of trees, considering planting locations. The ecological planting model for the coastal windbreak was composed of warm temperate evergreen and windbreak forest which is spreading around the inland area in Korea. The horizontal forest style was composed of forest edge community and inner forest community, and the vertical forest style was composed of upper, middle, low and ground planting class. The target of the present model was quasi-natural forest, and the species of tree were selected based on the adaptability to surroundings depending on a goal to create a forest and forest style. To achieve both functions of wind break forest and visual effect in short period of time, small trees and seedlings were planted with high-density of 40,000/ha in an expectation of easy natural maintenance in the future. The significance of the present study is a suggestion for a guideline to create ecological coastal windbreak forest in the Suncheon-bay in which the harmony of human life and the ecological conservation is of great importance. Also, the ecological coastal windbreak forest model should be developed further through the long term monitoring after construction of forest.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제104권2호
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• pp.239-247
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• 2015

국가산림자원조사는 고정표본점의 설치 및 재조사하여 산림자원의 현황 파악 및 변화를 모니터링하는 체계로 개편되었다. 본 연구에서는 충청북도를 대상으로 최근 3년간 재조사된 자료를 활용하여 시간경과에 따른 산림자원 변화 탐지를 위한 평가항목을 도출하고 이에 따른 평가방법을 제시하기 위하여 수행하였다. 조사시점에 따른 고정표본점의 토지이용변화는 온실가스 인벤토리의 중요한 활동자료로 활용이 가능하며, 이를 위해서는 초지를 포함한 6개 토지이용범주의 명확한 정의에 따른 고정표본점의 구분이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 임상 및 대표수종 변화의 경우, 조사차수별 매트릭스 구축에 의해 임상 및 대표수종의 변화 평가가 용이한 것으로 나타났으며, 충청북도의 경우 임목지로 유지된 624개 표본점 중에서 92개소(15%)에서 대표수종이 변화한 것으로 평가되었다. 한편, 5개 임분변수 (임목본수, 흉고단면적, 임분재적, 평균 흉고직경, 그리고 평균수고)에 대한 생장율과 변화량을 추정한 결과 임분밀도와 관련된 임목본수와 흉고단면적은 감소하였으며, 임분재적의 생장율은 약 3.7%로 분석되었다. 임분변수 변화량의 불확실성을 평가한 결과, 임목본수를 제외한 임분변수는 5% 이내로 정확도가 높지만, ha당 임목본수는 상대적으로 변화량이 크기 때문에 불확실성이 54.8%에 달하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.205-215
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• 2011

Ozone ($O_3$) is a main component of photochemical oxidants and a phytotoxic air pollutant. Although the current levels of tropospheric $O_3$ in East Asia could adversely affect productivity of forest tree species, risk assessments of $O_3$ impact were limited. In this paper, we summarize the methodology of risk assessment of $O_3$ on forest tree species based on our two previous studies, risk assessments of $O_3$ impact on the growth of Fagus crenata by Watanabe et al. (2012) and on the annual carbon absorption of three representative conifers, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi by Watanabe et al. (2010). $O_3$ sensitivity of each tree species obtained from an experimental study, $O_3$ exposure and atmospheric N deposition based on field monitoring and vegetation survey were integrated by geographic information system method. Based on the results, we conclude that the area with high risk of $O_3$ impact does not necessarily correspond to the area with high $O_3$ exposure. The varieties of tree habitat, tree sensitivity to $O_3$ and annual carbon absorption among the tree species, and N deposition-induced change in the $O_3$ sensitivity of F. crenata are raised as the factors of discordance between areas with high risk and those with high $O_3$ exposure. In the last part of this paper, we discuss the present uncertainty and perspectives of risk assessment for the future studies on the impact of $O_3$ on forest tree species in East Asia.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.267-276
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• 2014

Collection of lichen together with tree twigs of oak and other trees bearing abundant growth of lichens is a common practice among the villagers and the rivals residing near Oak forests in Kumaun Himalaya. Nainital forest division represents about Twenty nine percent vegetation of the Oak forest in Kumaun Himalaya. In Kumaun, the lichen trade share is decreasing at an alarming rate of 21.93% which requires immediate actions by the Government. Lichen contributed significantly to household earnings with off-farm activities and this sector was found second highest income creator after Agriculture. It is a source of cash income during the season of extraction, which increases economic access to food. It has been observed in the present study that the secondary collector and transporters together get maximum share (>50%) of income generated from lichen, thus economic exploitation of the poorly educated people by the traders was still prevalent in the area. To improve the socio-economic standard of the people of Kumaun, it may is necessary to increase and improve the lichens resources of the area. There is a strong need for scientific management, best harvesting practices and strict monitoring of resources. The present study was conducted to assess the present and future resource potential for the conservation and sustainable management of lichens, existing market mechanism, role of Lichens in economic upliftment and livelihood generation of rural communities in Kumaun Himalaya.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.453-461
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• 2019

및 분해가 제한됨에 따라 나타난 것으로 판단된다. 소나무 수고생장률본 연구는 이화령, 육십령, 벌재 등 백두대간 마루금 생태복원사업지에서 복원사업 5년 경과 후 토양특성과 소나무 생장을 모니터링하고 토양특성이 소나무 생장에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 복원사업은 소나무 조림목을 이용하여 2012년-2013년에 완료되었으며, 2018년 4월에 각 복원사업지에서의 토양을 채취하고, 소나무의 수고와 흉고직경을 측정하였다. 토양 pH는 복원초기에 비해 크게 변화가 없었으나, 이화령과 벌재에서 7.7과 6.4의 높은 값을 보였다. 복원초기에 비해 유기물함량은 전반적으로 70-80%가 감소하였고, 유효인산은 크게 변화가 없었다. 유기물함량의 감소는 복원 후 초기 고사유기물의 유입 및 분해가 제한됨에 따라 나타난 것으로 판단된다. 소나무 수고생장률($m\;yr^{-1}$)은 지역에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였는데, 육십령에서 1.02로 가장 높았으며, 그 뒤로 벌재(0.75), 이화령(0.17)순이다. 수고생장률은 토양 pH, 양이온함량(Na, Ca 등)과 부의 상관관계를 보인 반면, 유효인산과는 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 특히 이화령 지역의 저조한 소나무 생장률은 높은 토양 pH로 인한 낮은 양분가용성과, 높은 Na와 Ca 농도로 인한 뿌리로의 수분흡수 저해로 인한 것으로 판단된다. 한편 복원 5년 경과 후 나타난 유기물함량의 급격한 감소는 향후 화학비료, 바이오차 등을 이용한 토양개량이 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.209-218
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• 2020

This study was conducted to monitor the growth and development of Abies koreana seedlings in the Hallasan Mountain. Accordingly, the obtained results indicate that the number of A. koreana seedlings increased by 2.6 and 4.8 times in the Yeongsil and Jindallaebat areas, respectively, over the 10-year period. Most of these seedlings were found to be growing on moss-covered rocks. The average tree height over the last 10 years was obtained as 20.4 cm in the Yeongsil area and 3.6 cm in Jindallaebat with growths of 4.1 cm and 1.4 cm, respectively over the last 2 years. Of all the mature trees that were surviving in 2009, 6 died in Yeongsil in 2014 (with an additional 4 in 2018) and 13 in Jindallaebat in 2016. Over the 10-year period, the diameter at breast height of the trees in Yeongsil and Jindallaebat has increased by an average of 0.6 cm and 4.2 cm. Similarly, an average of 6.8 cones was found in the Yeongsil area in 2014 and 26.3 in Jindallaebat in 2016. However, in 2018, no additional cones were found in the former, although an average of 1.4 cones was observed in the latter. With respect to the average temperature and relative humidity, no significant difference could be observed between two monitored areas from 2016 to 2018. However, in July 2017 and February 2018, the average temperature was higher in the Jindallaebat area, while relative humidity was higher in Yeongsil, there by possibly affecting cone growth and flowering between areas. These results indicate the survival and growth of A. koreana seedlings in the Hallasan Mountain is sensitive to the environments of each area. Hence, continuous monitoring of the environment changes and in-depth studies on the flowering and fruiting of A. koreana seedlings needs to be carried out in order to analyze the relationship between their survival rates and changes in weather conditions.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.247-253
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to conduct phenology monitoring of forest plant species in Mt. JuWang National Park, thereby establish long-term prediction and management system for species susceptible to climate change, and utilize the result as basic materials necessary for conservation of plant genetic resources in accordance with changes in their growth environment. Global Positioning System coordinates were marked on each indicator species and a specific number ticket was provided to each plant. Changes in their blooming time, time of blossoms falling, time of leaves bursting into life, and time of leaves turning, and time of leaves falling were recorded. Investigation was made once per week from April 10 in 2010 to November 30 in 2011 except for the time period between July and August when investigation was made biweekly. The investigated plants concerned 12 kinds-nine species of trees and three kinds of herbs. According to the result of the penology monitoring of Mt. JuWang National Park, their time of leaves bursting into life, time of leaves turning, and time of leaves falling were largely earlier in 2011 than in 2010. However, it is hard to say that it is due to the factor of climate change. Long-term collection of climate data and continuous monitoring of plant phenology are considered necessary in order to examine correlation between climate change and seasonal change patterns of plants.