• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2007

This experiment was carried out to select the optimum forage cropping system at the Dae-Ho reclaimed tideland, Korea from March, 2004 to October, 2006. Emergency rate of summer crop such as sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass was low ($23%{\sim}30%$). Winter crop such as Italian ryegrass after continually cultivating wholecrop rice were highest (91%). Wintering rate of Italian ryegrass after continually cultivating wholecrop rice was highest and lowest in wholecrop barley after continually cultivating sorghum${\times}$sudanuass. In cropping system, fresh and dry matter yield of annually wholecrop rice+Italian ryegrass (50,807kg, 15,065kg) were highest and lowest in annaually serghum${\times}$sudangrass+wholecrop barley (17,2471kg, 5,209kg), respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.110-114
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• 1990

Although corn is regarded as the most feasible forage corp, its relatively low content of protein is the critical we a kness for animal feeding. Many researches have been carried out to improve protein level in corn forage, however, there are no indicatable results but corn-legume intercropping. Plot test and proximate analysis were fullfill to compare dry matter yield and available nutrients of silage corn mono-culture system with those of corn-legume intercropping system of forage plant and silage. The MO culture system were observed by two stage of maturity, milk stage (Aug. 3), yellow stage (Aug. 24), and obtained following results. 1. Dry matter yields per 10 a at milk stage in corn mono-culture system was 596.2kg and corn-legume intercropping systems were 609.0 kg (corn-cowpea), 591.0 kg (corn-soybean) and 563.1 kg (corn-frenchbean), respectively. And comparable to them, 1508.9 kg (corn mono.), 1482.8 kg (corn-cowpea), 1482.6 kg (cornsoybean), 1379.1 kg (corn-frenchbean) were harvested at yellow stage. 2. The general trends of chemical composition by stages of maturity in corn mono-culture systems were higher than that of corn-legume intercropping system. 3. Crude protein content in corn-legume silages were significantly higher than corn mono-culture at yellow stage, except corn-frenchbean intercropping system. 4. Crude fiber content in corn-legume silage was higher than corn mono-culture silage harvested at yellow stage. 5. Consequently, corn-legume intercropping improved nutritional quality of silage than that of corn-monocultivated silage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2012

This experiment was carried out to know adaptability, forage production and quality of corn hybrid for silage at three regions during 2007 to 2008. Among agronomic characteristics, 'CAP444NG' hybrid was somewhat strong for good stay green and higher stem height as 294cm. The fresh and dry matter yield of 'CAP444NG' hybrid were the highest 61,111 kg/ha and 20,635 kg/ha, respectively. The crude protein of 'CAP444NG' hybrid was somewhat higher than other hybrids as 7.9%. The result of this study indicated that 'CAP444NG' hybrid could be recommended as having good characters according to forage production and stay green and for silage in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.127-133
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the contamination level of representative mycotoxins that have adverse effects on livestock by using LC-MS/MS method and to utilize the results as basic data for the establishment of quality control system for feed, and to provide information on production and storage. A total of nine mycotoxins, including aflatoxin $B_1$, aflatoxin $B_2$, aflatoxin $G_1$, aflatoxin $G_2$, ochratoxin A, fumonisin $B_1$, fumonisin $B_2$, deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) were simultaneously analyzed in LC-MS/MS under ESI positive mode. Fumonisin $B_1$ and fumonisin $B_2$ were detected from 3 cases of 75 forage produced in Incheon area, the detection rate was 4.0%. The detection concentration was 0.01~0.02 mg/kg, which was lower than the domestic recommended limit. Fumonisins were detected in a slightly different manner from the results of mycotoxin studies reported in Korea, which is attributed to the high temperature and dry summer weather of the year. The result of LC-MS/MS method performance of 9 mycotoxins, the recovery of DON was quite low as $41.53{\pm}3.91%$ that is not suitable for simultaneous analysis. This is probably due to that the extract solution used in this study was not suitable for the extraction of DON, along with the characteristics of a very dry forage. For the study of mycotoxins in Incheon area forage for the first time, further investigation is needed for the safe supply of livestock products.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.147-152
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• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to obtain an objective index that can be quantified and used for establishing an animal welfare certification standard in Korea. For this purpose rumen pH, ruminating time, milk yield, milk quality, and blood components of cows reared in farms feeding high forage level (90%) and farms feeding low forage level (40%) were compared. Methods: Data on rumen pH, rumination time, milk yield, milk fat ratio, milk protein ratio, and blood metabolism were collected from 12 heads from a welfare farm (forage rate 88.5%) and 13 heads from a conventional farm (forage rate 34.5%) for three days in October 2019. Results: The rumination time was longer in cattle on the welfare farm than on the conventional farm (p<0.01), but ruminal pH fluctuation was greater in the cattle on conventional farm than the welfare farm (p<0.01). Conventional farms with a high ratio of concentrated feed were higher in average daily milk yield than welfare farms, but milk fat and milk production efficiency (milk fat and milk protein corrected milk/total digestible nutrients) was higher in cattle on welfare farms. Blood test results showed a normal range for both farm types, but concentrations of total cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acid were significantly higher in cows from conventional farms with a high milk yield (p<0.01). Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed that cows on the animal welfare farm with a high percentage of grass feed had higher milk production efficiency with healthier rumen pH and blood metabolism parameters compared to those on the conventional farm.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.285-292
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the dry matter yield and forage quality of Kenaf in relation to planting density and growing days in Cheorwon area from 20 May to 12 September in 2005. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of planting density and growing days with three cultivars of Kenaf as sub-plots; Bowling, Everglade and Tainung. The results obtained were summarized as follows. The dry matter yield increased until 92 days after planting at $10{\times}10cm^2$ planting density, but decreased after the day. The dry matter yield increased with maturity in all three cultivars, especially Dowling showed the highest dry matter yield at each harvest time. The Crude Protein (CP) contents of all three cultivars decreased with maturity. Especially, the decrease in the CP contents was greater in the early stage than in the late stage. The planting density did not affect the CP contents, even though they are little higher in $10{\times}20cm^2$ planting density. The higher CP contents were obseued in Dowling, which is not significant. No difference in the Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and Acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents was observed in the planting density and cultivar, although the increasing tendency was found with maturity. These results suggest that Kenaf can be a good potential forage crop in the northern area of Korea, especially Dowling showed the great dry matter yield and forage quality when harvested on Day 104 at $10{\times}20cm^2$ planting density.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.152-158
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• 2015

This study was conducted from 2013 to 2014 in the middle region of Korea to compare the agronomic characteristics, forage production, and quality of kenaf, maize, and a sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid. The three crops used in this study were kenaf "Hongma 300," maize "Kwangpyeongok," and the sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid "Jumbo" (headless type). The sugar contents of the kenaf, maize, and sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid were 5.4%, 4.4%, and 2.5%, respectively. The emergence rates and lodgings of the three crops were sound, as they were more than 80% and 1.5, respectively. The fresh yields of kenaf, maize, and the sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid were 117,521 kg/ha, 73,336 kg/ha, and 133,334 kg/ha, respectively, and the dry matter (DM) yields were 28,598 kg/ha, 19,951 kg/ha and 20,083 kg/ha, respectively. The DM yield of kenaf was significantly the highest among the three crops (p<0.05). However, the total digestible nutrients (TDN) contents of the kenaf, corn, and sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid were 43.3 %, 72.0 %, and 54.8 %, respectively, and the in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) yields were 44.4%, 73.7%, and 59.6 %, respectively; therefore, the TDN yield of the corn was 13 % significantly higher than that of the kenaf (p<0.05). The TDN yields of the kenaf, corn, and sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid were 12,472 kg/ha, 14,350 kg/ha, and 11,001 kg/ha, respectively. Among the three crops, the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were highest in the kenaf. This study shows that the kenaf had a good forage productivity but a low forage quality.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.233-240
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• 1999

Understanding of the relationships between seeding rate and planting date is important for production of spring oats during the fall season. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate seeding rate and planting date effects on forage performance and quality of spring oats(Avena sativa L.) at Suweon in 1997. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of different seeding rates such as 150, 200, and 250kg/ha. The subplots consisted of different planting dates of spring oats such as 15, 22, and 29 August and 5 September. Dry matter content of oats was significantly decreased(P<0.01) as the planting date was delayed except the planting date of 5 September(24.8%). Dry matter content of forage oats planted on 15, 22, and 29 August was 23.0, 21.5, and 20.5%, respectively. A seeding $rate\;{\times}\;planting$ date interaction for dry matter content was highly significant(P<0.01). Crude protein content of oats was significantly increased(P<0.01) from 15.6 to 27.9% as the planting was delayed, while a significant seeding $rate\;{\times}\;planting$ date interaction for crude protein content of oats was observed. Acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) contents of oats increased with early planting(P<0.01), but there was no significant difference among the seeding rates. ln vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD) of oats was significantly increased(P<0.01) as the seeding rate was increased together with late planting. Average dry matter yield of oats decreased(P<0.01) from 2,647 to 615kg/ha as the planting was delayed, but there was no significant difference among the seeding rates. A seeding $rate\;{\times}\;planting$ date interaction was observed for average dry matter yield of oats that the seeding rate increase in this experiment showed better at early planting dates. Crude protein yield of oats increased from 171 to 410kg/ha as the planting was delayed, and a significant increases(P<0.01) for crude protein yield was found among the seeding rates. ln vitro digestible dry matter(IVDDM) yield of oats decreased(P<0.01) as the planting was delayed, but there was no significant difference among the seeding rates. A significant seeding $rate\;{\times}\;planting$ date interaction for lVDDM of oats was found. The results of this study indicate that both the seeding rate of 200kg/ha and early planting before 29 August would be recommendable for forage yield and quality of oats in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.221-230
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• 2012

Rumen fermentative characteristic is useful indicators of the quality of ruminant feed stuffs and diets. An in vitro rumen fermentation experiment was therefore carried out to compare fermentation patterns among three forage sources. These were whole crop barley (WCBS), Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) and rice straw silages (RSS). Rice straw (RS) was the control, making the treatments 4 in total. Forages were randomly allocated to serum bottles. The incubation times were arranged 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72h at $39^{\circ}C$, respectively. Each forage source was replicated 3 times per incubation time. At each sampling time, total gas and pH were measured, whilst individual volatile fatty acids (VFAs), total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) were determined later after storing samples at $-20^{\circ}C$. Acetate: Propionate ratio (A/P) was then calculated. Forage source had a significant effect (P<0.001) on pH and $NH_3$-N. RSS maintained higher pH values than the rest of the forage sources. A decreasing pH trend with increased time of incubation, in agreement with literature, was observed for all forage sources. WCBS recorded $NH_3$-N values higher than all the other treatments. Total gas, individual and total VFA and A/P ratio were not affected by forage source. However, there was a significant difference in all parameters (p<0.05) among forage sources at sampling periods at 3 to 72h. Therefore, the present results indicating that WCBS, IRGS, RS and RSS maintained in vitro rumen pH above the critical value. Also, WCBS produced the highest NH3-N and on this merit could be of better nutritive value, in vivo, in the ruminant.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 1996

Rye(Secale cereale L.) shows lower dry matter yield and nutrient content when it was harvested before wintering. This study was conducted to investigate how effect forage rape(Brassicu napus Subsp oleifera), which carries early maturity and can be harvested before wintering, on the increase of the forage yield and nutrient content when rye was sown mixed with the rape. Optimum sowing rate of the rye/rape mixture was also pursued in this study. The five treatment of rye single, rape single, ryel20+rape 1Okg/ha, rye84+rape 7kg/ha and rye60+rape 5kg/ha were sown on 2 September 1989. Rape single plot was cut one time(l9 November 1989) and the other plots were cuted two times(19 November 1989 and 20 May 1990). In botanical composition of the mixtures, rape recorded dominant ratio with 64~69% at the autumn cut. The rye84+rape 7kg/ha mixture plot marked the highest dry matter yield with 4.46t/ha among all the experimental plot at the autumn cut(P<0.05). In year total yield of dry matter(t/ha), rye single, rape single, rye120+rape IOkg/ha, rye84+rape 7kg/ha and rye60+rape 5kg/ha marked 13.6, 4.1, 12.7, 12.9 and 11.8, respectively. In crude protein content, the rye single plot was 17.2% at the autumn cut on the other hand the mixture plots showed increasing tendency with 18.0~19.9%. In crude fiber content, the mixture plots were remarkably lower than rye single plot. In year total yield of crude protein, rye84+rape 7kg/ha mixture plot showed the highest yield with 1.6lt/ha among all the experimental plots. Ratio of crude protein yield to crude fiber yield, rye84+rape 7kg/ha tended to be higher than the other mixture plots. It is confirmed that the rye/rape mixture can produce more forage than the rye single cropping when they are harvested in late autumn, besides the mixture forage contains higher crude protein than that rye single forage. It can be said that the rydrape mixture is more useful than the rye single cropping, and optimum sowing rate of the mixture is 84kg/ha of rye+7kg/ha of rape.