• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.872-887
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• 2018

This study aims to identify the differences between Korean and Chinese and males and females in terms of female image preferences. The survey was conducted for 1 month targeting male and female Korean and Chinese subjects. Among the 350 completed questionnaires, 309 were used for analysis. For the analysis, 11 female images were chosen based on theoretical study, then a t-test and a paired t-test were carried out using SPSS 19.0. The results of this study are as follows: First, differences in female image preferences were observed to depend on nationality and gender. Koreans prefer urban images while Chinese prefer cute, intelligent, and sexy images. Second, males prefer innocent or sexy images, while females prefer sophisticated images. Third, Korean males prefer innocent, active, sophisticated, gentle, cute, sexy, urban, natural, intelligent, spectacular, and neutral images in order. Chinese males prefer gentle, innocent, sexy, active, sophisticated, intelligent, cute, natural, urban, spectacular, and neutral images in order. Fourth, Korean females prefer sophisticated, gentle, urban, natural, intelligent, innocent, active, sexy, cute, spectacular, and neutral images in order. Chines females prefer sophisticated, intelligent, cute, gentle, innocent, active, natural, sexy, urban, spectacular, and neutral images in order. Using these results, it will be possible to design marketing strategies for global consumers.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.590-613
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• 2020

As a part of advanced technology society, South Korean youth have been accessing the Internet at a very high pace. The Internet overuse could yield addiction where may be a serious psychological disorder of this century. The literature remarks that gender could make a significant difference on internet addiction. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of gender variable on internet addiction for a sample of South Korean university students (n = 815; 312 females and 503 males). The instrument had two sections; the demographics and twenty Internet Addiction survey items based on a five level scale; "Rarely, Occasionally, Frequently, Often and Always". The results showed that general tendency among the participants appeared between "Occasionally" and "Frequently" for internet addiction. In order to test five derived study hypotheses, the researchers conducted comparative statistical tests. The t-tests revealed that gender made statistically significant differences on nineteen items where males were higher than females showing that males significantly spend more time on the Internet than females. Additionally, t-tests results showed that seventeen of the survey items showed statistically significant differences with respect to types of technology dominant environment. The researchers created two dummy variables to combine gender and technology dominant environment variables and gender and school year variables, to have a better understanding the gender effect with one-way ANOVA. The gender difference still exists following its merge to technology dominant environment showing that the gender surpasses IT related environment. When school year combines to gender, males show higher scores for certain items, especially for freshman year.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.181-187
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• 2012

Objectives: Serum uric acid levels have been reported to be associated with a variety of cardiovascular conditions. However, the direct association between uric acid levels and metabolic syndrome remains controversial. Thus, we evaluated the association of serum uric acid levels and metabolic syndrome in a community-based cohort study in Korea. Methods: We performed cross-sectional analysis of baseline data of 889 males and 1491 females (aged 38 to 87) who participated in baseline examinations of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study: Kanghwa study. Blood samples were collected after at least an 8 hour fast. Uric acid quartiles were defined as follows: <4.8, 4.8-<5.6, 5.6-<6.5, ${\geq}6.5$ mg/dL in males; and <3.8, 3.8- <4.3, 4.3 - <5.1, ${\geq}5.1$ mg/dL in females. Metabolic syndrome was defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Criteria with adjusted waist circumference cutoffs (90 cm for males; 80 cm for females). The association between serum uric acid quartiles and metabolic syndrome was assessed using multivariate logistic regression. Results: The odds ratio for having metabolic syndrome in the highest versus lowest quartiles of serum uric acid levels was 2.67 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.60 to 4.46) in males and 2.14 (95% CI, 1.50 to 3.05) in females after adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol intake, body mass index, total cholesterol, HbA1c, albumin, ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferase, blood urea nitrogen, and log C-reactive protein. The number of metabolic abnormalities also increased gradually with increasing serum uric acid levels (adjusted p for trend < 0.001 in both sexes). Conclusions: Higher serum uric acid levels are positively associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome in Korean males and females.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.57-73
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• 2019

This study was carried out to offer basic data that can be used for the production of outdoor pants for active senior males, which is emerging as a new consumer bracket in the rapidly aging society. To this end, this study modified and complemented the patterns of existing outdoor pants for active senior males, that received the most positive evaluations. On the basis of the research and outdoor wear assessment results, this study proposed the matters to consider in the manufacturing of outdoor pants for active senior males. As a result of the existing outdoor wear's wearing assessment, the pants of brand C were revealed to be the best. This study actually designed research outdoor wear by modifying the problematic parts by adding and subtracting spare length or circumference, on parts where fit satisfaction was low, and by referring to the selected brands' patterns. The research outdoor pants were designed by referring to the preferred outdoor types and colors that were revealed in the survey results. The wearing assessment was conducted by comparing the manufactured research outdoor pants and the existing outdoor pants, which were selected as the best outdoor pants. Consequently, this study verified the fit of the research outdoor pants was superior to most items. This study proposed the final patterns of outdoor pants suitable for active senior males through the modification of several items that required some improvements revealed via the wearing assessment of the research outdoor.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.267-272
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• 2003

This study investigated sex determination through serum steroid hormone level and compared hematological characteristics of one-year old cultured eels, Anguilla japonica. Four different groups were divided with total length at 40∼45, 45∼50, 50∼55, and 55∼60 cm. Males dominated eels of 40∼50 cm in total length group, while females dominated eels of more than 50 cm. All females and males were immature. Hematocrit levels of males (total length: 40∼50 cm) were higher than those of females (total length: 50∼60 cm). Hemoglobin content also differed between males and females. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) levels of 40∼45 cm males tended to be higher (157$\pm$3.46 IU/L) than that of other sized males, but there were no significant differences between groups (P<0.05). The highest GOT levels were found in of 55∼60 cm females (148$\pm$3.46 IU/L) compared with that of other female groups (P<0.05). Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels of males and females in the 55∼60 cm size range was significantly higher thanothers (P<0.05). The result of this study indicated steroid hormone content of males and females were very low, but testosterone (T) and estradiol-17$\beta$, (E2) contents of females were higher than those of males. For further research of sex determination in cultured eels, it needs to investigate in more defined body length.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.73-83
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• 1997

It is improtant to get accurate information about the grip strength for designing ergonomic grips and handles. It has been known that the excessive and repetitive use of grip force and unnatural posture of the wrist may cause cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) such as carpal tunnel syndrome, tendrome, tendonitis, DeQuervan's disease, etc. In this paper we have measured the grip strength for sitting and standing posture for Korean adults ; 114 males and 105 females aged from the 20's to above the 50's. And this paper performed statistical analysis for deriving characteristics between grip strength and anthropometric data. The results are as follows ; (1) The maximum grip strength posture is exerted under standing posture with the elbow in full extension (180 .deg. ) for both males and females (2) There is significant difference among posture, sex and right and/or left handedness (3) Grip strength decreases with age for male, but it traces an inverted U curve for female (4) Grip strength has corre- lations with the age, weight, height, BSA, forearm length, hand length, thickness of wrist, circumference of wrist, and breadth of wrist for males.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.220-226
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to observe the reproductive behavior of the marine medaka, Oryzias dancena, and determine the factors of reproductive behavior to provide useful information for improving their artificial reproduction techniques. The reproductive behavior of the marine medaka was observed in laboratory aquaria. Once the experiment began, all of the males chased the females. The males attempted to stimulate the urogenital openings of the females. While chasing a female, a large male would bite a relatively small male's anus. Larger males expelled smaller males with biting, and the defeated males were barred from the female. After the other males were expelled, the remaining male approached and drew alongside the female. The male's dorsal and anal fins covered the female's body. Spawning began after complete covering took place. Spawning of males and females occurred simultaneously. The loadings for 2 factors were calculated. The calculation was restricted to 2 factors because these 2 factors explained about 81% of the total common variance (P<0.05) and the following factors possessed no practical significance. Two movements (biting, expelling) had high positive values for factor one. This factor related a male's defensive behavior to courtship behavior and spawning, and explained 23.1% of the total common variance (P<0.05). The second factor had high positive values for chasing, rejection, covering, and parallel swimming. This factor related a male's courtship behavior and female's defensive behavior to spawning, and explained 59.7% of the total common variance (P<0.05). This research provided basic biological data for the conservation of this species and useful information for improving their artificial reproduction techniques.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.59-63
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• 2002

Swim up fry of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, were fed 0 or 60 mg l7-methyltestos­terone (MT) per kg feed for 30 days. Fish that had been fed 0 or 60 ppm MT for the first 30 days were subsequently fed a commercial diet for 56 weeks to evaluate growth, survival, sex ratio, body composition, gonadosomatic index and the total edible portion. Mean body weight of MT treated group and untreated group were 1.7 g and 1.1 g, respectively at the end of the treatment for 30 days $(P<0.05)$. The experiment was terminated after a total of 60 weeks, the mean body weight of the MT treated population was 1,016 g and that of the untreated population was 762g $(P<0.05)$. However, the final mean body weight of untreated males (l, 086g) was not significantly different from treated males (l,016 g), but the mean body weight of the female group was 512 g. Therefore, the reason for the lower mean body weight of the untreated group was entirely due to stunted females. The percentage fillet yield of MT treated fish$(34.6\%)$ was not significantly different from that of the untreated males $(34.4\%)$, but the untreated females were lower than those of both treated and untreated male groups $(32.4\%)$ (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the percentage of the all edible portion (AP) between MT treated and untreated males, but females were lower than males. Females are smaller fish in size and the gonads are larger in proportion which were discarded along with the intestine this explains the observed difference. Total biomass of the two groups were 134.8kg and 104.5kg per $m^3$, respectively. The proportion of fish reaching a marketable size of over 800 g in body weight within 14 months were $78\%$ in the MT treated group and $41\%$ in the untreated group.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.35-47
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• 2004

This study investigated the health and eating habits of college students who commute long distances to and from their schools. Among ninety-eight commuters, 61.2% were females while 38.8% were males. The mean round-trip commuting time was 4.60 hours and the mean number of days of commuting was 3.68. The proportion of underweight females (26.7%) was significantly greater than that of underweight males (5.3%). Conversely, the proportion of overweight males was 34.2% while only 1.6% of the females were overweight, and the difference was statistically significant. The mean number of health-related problems was 1.47 for males and 1.90 for females. Commuting affected the eating habits (90.8%) and health status more noticeably among females. Physical discomfort such as fatigue, stomach discomfort, constipation, weight change, and insomnia appeared after commuting. Irregular meal times, skipping breakfast, frequent overeating and insufficient time to eat were the most prevalent problems indicated. The scores for dietary attitude and eating habits were 20.1/30 and 27.6145, for males and females respectively. Although self-perceived nutrition knowledge was significantly related to dietary attitude and satisfaction with meals, a correlation was not found between self-perceived nutrition knowledge or dietary attitude and the eating habits score. The more concerned the parents were about student's eating habits, the higher the score relating to eating habits. The parents' concerns about students' meals and the food expenses were significantly correlated, but no correlation was found between the food expenses and the eating habits score. Consistent parental concern and encouraging students to maintain good eating habits are recommended. University administrators should also be aware of the needs of commuters and provide a proper and adequate food-related environment for the students.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2008

Incubation routine and sex role of Streaked Shearwaters Calonectris leucomelas at Sasudo Island, in Jeju, South Korea, were studied during the incubation period, June to August in 2002. Incubation routine in Procellariiformes represents a sequence of alternating shifts taken in turn by female and male in a species-specific pattern. Hence, coordination of individual incubation rhythms between partners is crucial for successful breeding attempt. In Streaked Shearwaters, incubation routine represents a sequence of alternating shifts taken in turn by male and female. The first incubation shift was made by male after female had laid the egg. The mean incubation period was 50.8 days until hatching. Males had spent on average 26.5 days incubating and females 24.3 days accordingly. The mean duration of incubation shifts decreased progressively from 6th and 7th shift to hatching. Overall, males had spent more time incubating than females during the incubation period, but the mean duration of the incubation shift 5.6 days for males and 5.7 days for females did not differ between males and females. There were no effect of the body size of the breeding pair on incubation performance. For males the mean of body weight decreased during the incubation, whereas for females it remained approximately stable. In Streaked Shearwaters, the duration of incubation shift and subsequent foraging trip are related to loss of body weight during the period of fasting. In addition, coordination of individual incubation rhythms affects their incubation behaviour.