• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.540-548
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• 1997

According to the data published in 1990s on the intake of dietary fiber(DF) of Korean, DF intake of Korean has been gradually decreasing in the last two decades. Mean daily intake of DF in 1990s is estimated to be in the rage of 17-20g per capita and over seventy five percent of the subjects examined appeared to consume DF less than 20g per day. The major food sources of Df in Korean diet include cereals, vegetables, fruits, seaweeds and seasonings. The present level of DF intake of Korean is lower than the tentatively recommended minimum intake of DF. It is predicted that, if the present trend of change on food consumption pattern is maintained, the gradual increases in the incidence of chronic degenerative diseases will be continuing. Therefore, the beneficial effects of DF on health care and disease control should be emphasized through the nutritional education and high level consumption of DF needs to be strongly recommended in the dietary guideline. In order to raise the daily consumption of DF, more whole grain cereals need to be used as a part of staple and more frequent intake of legumes and seaweeds is required as well as the development of high-fiber diet recipes and natural high-fiber products.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.452-460
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• 2000

Aspects of health food intake were investigated by conducting a questionnaire survey with over 480 of adults in Taejon and the data were analyzed by $\chi$$^2$-test, t-test and ANOVA, using an SAS program. Eighty two percent of the subjects had taken some kind of health food. The health foods they took frequently were, for example, health drinks, green tea, ginseng products, dietary fiber drinks, honey, general tea, vitamin B, vitamin C, and tonic medicines. The main reason for taking health foods was recovery from fatigue and the frequency of taking health foods was one time per day. Most of the subjects took health foods without knowledge of their components or effects. When they health foods with a perceived knowledge of their components and effects, they responded that the health foods were very helpful for them. Twenty percent of subjects experienced side effects, such as diarrhea, stomachache, headache, nettle rash, and stomach cramps. Information on health foods was obtained mainly from friends or family. The user group showed higher intention to continue health food intake than non users(p < 0.001). Health foods were taken without any knowledge about them. Health food intake was significantly correlated with consideration of disease, suffering or disease, medical examination, and self-perceived health status, but not with food habits and health food knowledge. As for the results from the adults consumption pattern of health food, an education program should be developed to choose proper health foods according to the consumers dietary life and health conditions. Also a proper guide line should be established to be chosen the authorized health foods.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.662-669
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related disease are drawing a lot of attention in Korea as one of the serious health problems. Bone health status may be influenced by the general dietary quality and dietary pattern. SUBJECTS/METHODS: To determine the relationship between dietary quality and intake patterns and bone health status, the %RNI, NAR, DDS, and food group intake patterns were assessed according to their bone health status for 847 postmenopausal women using the 2010 KNHANES data after eliminating those of likely changing their diet under the advice of doctors or those taking estrogen. RESULTS: Bone health became worse as dietary quality deteriorated. All NAR and %RNI values were highly associated with bone health levels and the consumption frequency of Ca sources, DDS and the food group intake patterns also confirmed the findings. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed that dietary quality and dietary patterns were important for bone health. Nutritional education on eating foods from the five basic food groups has to be emphasized to prevent osteoporosis among older women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1070-1080
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• 2002

This study was designed to obtain the information concerning food intake, dietary habits, functional status, health condition and cognitive status of the elderly using public health center in Ulsan area. The subjects of this study consisted 154 elderly persons aged 60~82 years. Interviews were conducted using the health habits and food frequency questionnaires to provide basic information for nutrition education program. We evaluated the current food intake, dietary cholesterol intake (cholesterol index), functional status, cognitive function and blood analysis of the subjects. The results of this study were as follows : Mean age of the subjects was 68.7 $\pm$ 6.7years. The average cognitive status score of the subjects was 7.9 $\pm$ 2.0 (full score was 10.0). Male had a higher cognitive status score than female. There was significant difference between cognitive status score and age, education level, pocket money, physical activity and living condition. The subjects who had a higher cognitive status score ate more fish and meats group and milk and milk products than the subjects had a lower cognitive status score. And hemoglobin level, serum triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index affected to cognitive status while fasting blood glucose and LDL-cholesterol did not any effect on cognitive status. These results have demonstrated that various socioeconomic variables and food intake pattern and nutritional status affect on cognitive status with aging and suggest that proper nutrition education and adequate nutrient intake in quality and quantity are essential in maintaining cognitive status in later life.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.98-103
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to determine the association between, smoking, exercise, sex, and dietary carotenoids ($\alpha$-carotene, $\beta$-carotene, $\beta$-cryptoxanthin, lutein + zeaxanthin, lycopne) intake in Korean middle-aged adults. Food-frequency questionnaire were analyzed from 304 healthy adults (115 men, 189 women) aged 20 - 59. The self-administered questionnaire contained subject s habitual diet and alcohol intake were the previous 3 months. Data on frequency of 102 foods, including vegetables, fruits, beverages and legumes were analyzed. Total dietary carotenoids intake were 27.13 $\pm$ 3.09 mg/d for men and 26.71$\pm$ 2.82 mg/d for women. It was found that smoking had no significant contribution to the dietary intake of carotenoids. Among other lifestyle factors that had significant correlation was the amount of exercise time. The increases in exercise time was associated with increase in carotenoids intake (r= 0.121, p : 0.04). The major contributors of $\alpha$-carotene and $\beta$-carotene were carrots consumed as single-food item or carrot juice. Lutein and Zeaxanthin intake mainly came from spinach and most lycopene intake was derived from tomato products not fresh tomatoes. Persimmon was the major contributor of $\beta$-cryptoxanthin. These findings provide valuable information on understanding the unique pattern of dietary intake of Korean, which might help identify the risks for developing various diseases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.373-384
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• 2004

The objectives of this study were to identify dietary patterns of Korean middle school students and to investigate the characteristics of dietary intake of subjects with different dietary pattern. Three-day diet records were obtained from 163 male and 155 female 7th graders in Seoul, Korea. Food items from the diet records were aggregated into 22 food groups before subjected to factor analysis. Four dietary patterns emerged from factor analysis with different factor score. Cluster analysis using factor score classified subjects into three groups named 'Traditional' (n = 42), 'Westernized' (n = 135), and 'Intermediate' (n = 145). Major nutrient intake and dietary quality assessed by NAR (Nutrients Adequacy Ratio), MAR (Mean Adequacy Ratio), DDS (Dietary Diversity Score), and DVS (Dietary Variety Score) of the three groups were compared. Mean energy intakes of three groups were 1783, 1916, 1578 kcal in Traditional, Westernized, and Intermediate diet group respectively. Differences in nutrient intake of the groups were significant in all nutrients except vitamin B$_1$. Percent energy from fat was significantly higher in Westernized and Intermediate diet group, and cholesterol intake of Westernized diet group was higher than 300mg. NARs of most nutrients were higher in Traditional and Westernized than Intermediate diet group except vitamin E. Traditional and Westernized diet groups had the highest MAR of fourteen nutrients. DDS was the highest in Westernized and DVS was the highest in Traditional and Westernized diet group. Traditional diet groups had 22％ of energy consumption from breakfast, significantly higher than other diet groups. In conclusion, these results suggest that Korean teenagers with Traditional diet pattern have lower diet in ％ energy from fat, diversity of food and regularity of meals. Future studies need to focus on the relationship between dietary patterns and health status of Korean teenagers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.435-450
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• 2007

To find out what foods and dishes are being consumed by people with dyslipidemia, we have researched which food groups and dish groups are utilized in order to use for nutrition educations. The data was obtained from participants in 2001 KNHNS using the 24hours recall method. Ages over 30 years old are used for the analysis. Food and dish group intakes are analyzed by gender, age, residence, education, and economic status. Dyslipidemia are divided into A, B and C groups using guideline of dyslipidemia. The differences in food consumption were analyzed and assessed by GMDVF, DDS and DVS. SAS and SPSS were used for the data analysis. Overall, In food group, people in B and C (with dyslipidemia) have higher intake levels of vegetables, while people in A (without dyslipidemia) have higher intake levels of fruits (p < 0.05). In dish group, people in B and C (with dyslipidemia) have higher intake levels of rice dish, soups and kimchi, while people A (without dyslipidemia) have higher intake levels of breads and snacks, salad and fruits (p < 0.05). In the dietary patterns of main food group (GMDVF), the pattern excluding dairy (11011) revealed the highest proportion in all groups. DDS = 4 has the highest proportion in all groups. The proportions of subjects with the low dietary diversity score increased in B and C (with dyslipidemia). Food groups that most people do not consume were dairy and fruits. The level of DVS in A (without dyslipidemia) is higher than in B and C (with dyslipidemia). With these results, it is shown that people with dyslipidemia had worse quality patterns of food intake than those without dyslipidemia. Thus we should emphasize the balanced diet and educate people how to choose foods. So it is necessary to develop food guide for people with dyslipidemia.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.769-780
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identify the differences in dietary consumption patterns according to the exercise level of Korean adults. The study subjects were the 7,370 Koreans aged 20 years and older of the 1998 Korean Health and Nutrition Survey. The dietary assessment was conducted by means of the 24 hour recall method. Data for individual exercise behavior were collected by interviews as part of the National Health Behavior Survey. Following the analysis of variances the Duncan＇s Multiple Range Test was used to test the differences in food and nutrient intakes among groups with different levels of exercise. Current exercise practices were reported by 22% of the male subjects and 15% of the female subjects. Unlike observations from the American and European studies, a greater amount of meat intake was observed more frequently among high exercises group than among middle and low exercisers in the case of the male subjects. This was reflected in the increasing levels of protein and fat intake in proportion to the exercise levels. However, the food and nutrient intake patterns of female exercisers were quite different from those of the males. The least intake of fatty foods was observed among the high exercisers. Energy intake from fat was the lowest among the high exercisers. These results may imply that the motivation to exercise was quite different between male and female Koreans. This dietary pattern may have a risk of undernution. Summerizing the results, whatever the motivation of the exercise, the Korean exercisers of both sexes had unhealthy dietary pattern. Therefore, nutritional education should be conducted to encourage the eating of a balanced diet along with exercise, among Koreans of both sexes, in order to promote a healthy lifestyle.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2015

Objectives: Maintaining a balanced diet is very crucial for adolescents. However, adolescents, who may have a short notion about the amount of food, find it difficult to plan daily meals by applying the target pattern proposed by the Korean Nutrition Society. This study was carried out to revise the target pattern based on cooked dishes instead of raw material food groups as an easier way for Korean adolescents to plan their meals. Methods: Target pattern for Korean adolescents were revised based on the following: $1^{st}$, categorize dish groups, $2^{nd}$, calculate representative values of each dish based on the adolescent' intake amount. $3^{rd}$, assign the recommended number of intake for each dish. Validity of the target pattern for Korean adolescent meal plan was examined by the energy content, energy contribution ratio, and NAR & INQ of nutrients. Results: The 11 dish groups categorized were bab; gook tang gigae; side dishes of meat, fish, egg, legume, kimchi, vegetable, seaweed; and between meal of fruit, and milk dairy product. Based on the representative energy values, recommended number of intake were assigned to each dish. For boys, bab and gook tang gigae: 3 each; meat, fish, egg, and legume: 1 each; kimchi and vegetable: 3 each; seaweed: 1; fruit and milk dairy product: 2 each were assigned. For girls, bab and gook tang gigae: 2 each; meat, fish, egg, and legume: choice of 3 dishes, 1 each; kimchi and vegetable: 3 each; seaweed: 1; fruit and milk dairy product: 2 each were assigned. Energy contents, energy contribution ratio of carbohydrate, protein, and fat for boys and girls were in adequate range. The NARs were 1.0 and INQs were ${\geq}1.0$ for all nutrients examined. Conclusions: Revised dish-based, instead of food-based adolescent target patterns for boys and girls were easier and a valid way of Korean adolescent meal planning.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.192-197
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The body composition changes in aging increased the risk of metabolic disorder. Recent dietary studies have increasingly focused on the correlations between dietary patterns and chronic diseases to overcome the limitations of traditional single-nutrient studies because nutrients in food have complex relations that interact. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study was conducted to classify a dietary pattern among Korean elderly using cluster analysis and to explore the relationships between dietary patterns and body composition changes in Korean elderly aged 65 years or older. The study subjects (n=1,435) were individuals who participated in the Korean National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES) in 2011. RESULTS: There were three dietary patterns derived by cluster analysis in this study: 'Traditional Korean' (37.49% of total population), 'Meat and Alcohol' (19.65%) and 'Westernized Korean' (42.86%). The (1) 'Traditional Korean' pattern was characterized by high consumptions of white rice and low protein, low fat, and low milk products, while (2) 'Westernized Korean' pattern ate a Korean-style diet base with various foods such as noodles, bread, eggs and milk, (3) 'Meat and Alcohol' pattern had high consumptions of meat and alcohol. In body composition changes, compared with the 'Traditional Korean' pattern, the 'Meat & alcohol' pattern was associated with a 50% increased risk of having elevated BMI ($kg/m^2$), 'Westernized Korean' pattern was associated with a 74% increased abnormality of ASM/Wt (kg) by logistics analysis. Most of the Korean adult population continues to follow ether a traditional Korean having beneficial effects for successful aging. However, the 'Traditional Korean' pattern showed low protein intake (0.7 g/kg), calcium intake, and vitamin D intake as well as low of appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM (kg)) among 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the low ASM, consumption of protein, calcium and vitamin D should be increased for Korean elderly health body composition.