• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.578-592
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• 1997

The use of semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires to estimate dietary intake has become widespread in nutritional epidemiologic studies. It had been suggested that knowledge about a person's usual portion size of each meal in addition to consumption frequency will improve the accuracy of this method. This study was performed to investigate the dietary intake status(nutrient, food, and dish intake) and one portion size of commonly consumed food and dishes to develop a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire that will be used to expore the relationship between the incidence of cardiovascular disease and diet in Korean women after menopause. Intake of food or dish in 123 elderly women were measured by 3-day food records in March to May, 1996. The results obtained in this study were summarized as follow : 1) Calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin E intakes were less adequate than Recommended dietary allowances(RDA). 2) The subjects who consumed more than 20% of the energy from fat were 35% and the subjects consumed dietary cholesterol more than 300mg were 18$\%$. 3) The most frequently consumed foods or dishes by the subjects were Korean cabbage kimchi〉cooked rice, well-milled〉laver〉apple〉strawberry〉mixed rice〉soybean soup. 4) The major dish groups which contributed to most daily nutrient intakes were cooked rice, Korean cabbage kimchi, soybean soup because of large amount and high frequency of intake although they do not contain large amount of most nutrients. 5) One portion size of commomly consumed foods and dishes in elderly women was different from one portion size suggested in the Korean nutrition society. This study provides information for the design of data-based semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. for Korean elderly women. In addition, they may be useful to health care planners or nutrition educators. (Korean J Community Nutrition 2(4) : 578-592, 1997)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.349-365
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• 1997

Using data obtained from 1, 473 adults aged 18-68 yrs, residing in large cities and by use of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, we assessed the relative importance of various foods as indicators of both the amount and the variability of selected nutrient intake to develop a simple food frequency questionnaire. Since Cronba- ch's alpha value of the questionnaire including 78 food items was 0.76, the reliability of this questionnaire was acceptable. A large fraction of the variability of nutrient intake in this population could be explained by the small number of food items. The estimation of dietary nutrient intake such as total calories or protein content, which are derived from almost all foods, will require more food items with nutrients such as calcium or vitamin A, which are concentrated in a few food items. A dietary history ascertaining the intake of as few as 5-19 food items mighted be all needed in order to determent the associa- tion between disease outcome and the intake of a single nutrient. There was certainly a high level of agreement with nutrient intake by the sbujects who were cross-classified by quartiles of nutrient indices based on all the food items(78) and by quartiles of nutrient indices based on food items selected by stepwise multiple regression for selected nutrients. The data provided further evidence that useful information on dietary intake over an extended period can be obtained by a simple and relatively inexpensive food frequency questionnaire.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.409-420
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• 2009

This study investigated preferences toward soybean-based foods and levels of dietary isoflavone intake in female adults living in Daegu. In order to determine the subjects' attitudes toward soybean-based foods their degrees of recognition and preference along with intake frequency were examined. To estimate their isoflavone intake levels, a food frequency questionnaire and the 24-hour recall method were used. The average age, height, weight, and BMI of the subjects were 47.3 years, 159.6 cm, 56.4 kg, and 22.1 kg/$cm^2$, respectively. And their mean energy, protein, dietary fiber, calcium, and sodium intakes were 1,871.9 kcal, 81.1g, 23.2 g, 604.7 mg, and 5.07 g, respectively. The average amount of isoflavones consumed from soy foods was 29.49 mg/day(daidzein 13.14 mg/day and genistein 16.35 mg/day) as assessed by food frequency questionnaire, and by the 24-hour recall method the average amount was 22.97 mg/day (daidzein 10.10 mg/day and genistein 12.87 mg/day), showing that the food frequency questionnaire assessment amount was 6.52 mg higher than that by 24-hour recall method. The major food sources of the isoflavones were soybean paste and soybeans. For the subjects' degrees of recognition of soybean food, soybean paste received the highest score among the items. The results also showed that the most preferred soybean-based foods were soybean paste stew and soybean paste soup. Furthermore isoflavone intake was significantly higher in the postmenopausal women than in the premenopausal women. Overall, these data help elucidate the patterns and determinants of soy food consumption and also provide an assessment of dietary soy isoflavone intake in Korean women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.309-320
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the association between steamed food intake and risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korean females. Methods: Using Ansan/Ansung data of Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, general characteristics, nutritional intake and biochemical and anthropometric markers of a total of 4,056 females aged 40 to 69 years were analyzed. MetS was defined following National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III with some minor modifications. Logistic regression models were established to present the association between steamed food intake and the risk of MetS. Levels of food and nutrient intake by the frequency of steamed food intake and MetS phenotype were analyzed using general linear models. Results: A total of 38.4% of females had MetS. Among them, 24.9% of females with MetS had steamed food more than 1-3 times per week, which reduced the risk for MetS by about 25% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.650-0.865). However, such association was not evident when various lifestyle factors were considered in statistical models. In rural residents, the benefit of having more steamed food was observed (adjusted odds ratio: 0.747; 95% CI, 0.583-0.958). The frequency of steamed food intake was associated with various food and nutritional intakes. However, trends in those did not differ by MetS phenotype. Conclusion: Having steamed food more than 1-3 times per week may reduce the risk of MetS compared to those who had less steamed food in Korean females. This protective effect of steamed food intake may differ by lifestyle and environmental factors. Although a clear difference in food and nutritional intake was not observed in this study, steaming could be an effective cooking method for a healthy diet for disease prevention and management.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.364-377
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• 2011

This study was conducted to provide basic information on toothbrushing habits, snack intake frequency, and current dental caries in elementary school students. A total of 188 students (105 boys and 83 girls) in Changwon city participated in this study. Dental examination was conducted by two dental hygienists in July, 2010. The results were as follows. Exactly 86.2% of students were shown to have dental caries, which includes a sealant and removed teeth due to decay. The average number of teeth with dental caries per student was 3.8. Exactly 60.6% of students were shown to maintain correct toothbrushing habits to prevent dental caries, but only 12.8% brushed their teeth immediately after a meal or snack. Exactly 82.4% percent of participants received toothbrushing education, 47.1% of them received it from an expert, 43.9% received from their parents, and 28.2% used tooth paste with fluorine. Regarding snack intake frequency, ice cream was the most consumed cariogenic food and white milk was the most consumed protective food. The >=7 teeth with dental caries group consumed higher frequency of carbonated beverages intake than the 'no dental caries' group (P<0.05), and the '5~6 teeth with dental caries' group consumed higher frequency of chocolate intake than 'no dental caries' group (P<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.81-96
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• 2024

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate arterial stiffness index, physical activity, and food and nutrient intake in middle-aged adults over 40 years when the incidence of cardiovascular disease begins to increase. Methods: This study included 106 subjects (48 males and 58 females) aged between 40 and 64 years. The arterial stiffness index (brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity [baPWV], and ankle-brachial index [ABI]) were measured using a blood pressure pulse wave testing device. Physical activity was assessed using the Korean version of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, and food and nutrient intake was calculated using the Food Frequency Questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 54.4 years. Although the ABI of the subjects was within the normal range, they were divided into tertiles to compare physical activity and food and nutrient intake. In males, the time spent on moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was significantly higher in T3 (600.6 min/week) than in T1 (304.4 min/week). In females, the time spent in sedentary behavior was significantly lower in T3 (294.5 min/week) than in T1 (472.1 min/week). In addition, the frequency of fish consumption was significantly higher in T3 (1.27 frequency/day) than in T1 (0.64 frequency/day) in females. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and ω-3 fatty acid intake, adjusted for energy intake, were significantly positively correlated with ABI (r = 0.200 and r = 0.218, respectively). Conclusions: High MVPA (in males), low sedentary behavior (in females), and PUFA and ω-3 fatty acid intake through fish consumption may be associated with low peripheral artery stiffness. Therefore, arteriosclerosis can be prevented through physical activity and proper dietary therapy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2655-2661
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• 2012

Validation of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) utilising a short-term measurement method is challenging when the reference method does not accurately reflect the usual food intake. In addition, food group intake that is not consumed on daily basis is more critical when episodically consumed foods are related and compared. To overcome these challenges, several statistical approaches have been developed to determine usual food intake distributions. The Multiple Source Method (MSM) can calculate the usual food intake by combining the frequency questions of an FFQ with the short-term food intake amount data. In this study, we applied the MSM to estimate the usual food group intake and evaluate the validity of an FFQ with a group of 333 Korean children (aged 3-6 y) who completed two 24-hour recalls (24HR) and one FFQ in 2010. After adjusting the data using the MSM procedure, the true rate of non-consumption for all food groups was less than 1% except for the beans group. The median Spearman correlation coefficients against FFQ of the mean of 2-d 24HRs data and the MSM-adjusted data were 0.20 (range: 0.11 to 0.40) and 0.35 (range: 0.14 to 0.60), respectively. The weighted kappa values against FFQ ranged from 0.08 to 0.25 for the mean of 2-d 24HRs data and from 0.10 to 0.41 for the MSM-adjusted data. For most food groups, the MSM-adjusted data showed relatively stronger correlations against FFQ than raw 2-d 24HRs data, from 0.03 (beverages) to 0.34 (mushrooms). The results of this study indicated that the application of the MSM, which was a better estimate of the usual intake, could be worth considering in FFQ validation studies among Korean children.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to determine the association between, smoking, exercise, sex, and dietary carotenoids ($\alpha$-carotene, $\beta$-carotene, $\beta$-cryptoxanthin, lutein + zeaxanthin, lycopne) intake in Korean middle-aged adults. Food-frequency questionnaire were analyzed from 304 healthy adults (115 men, 189 women) aged 20 - 59. The self-administered questionnaire contained subject s habitual diet and alcohol intake were the previous 3 months. Data on frequency of 102 foods, including vegetables, fruits, beverages and legumes were analyzed. Total dietary carotenoids intake were 27.13 $\pm$ 3.09 mg/d for men and 26.71$\pm$ 2.82 mg/d for women. It was found that smoking had no significant contribution to the dietary intake of carotenoids. Among other lifestyle factors that had significant correlation was the amount of exercise time. The increases in exercise time was associated with increase in carotenoids intake (r= 0.121, p : 0.04). The major contributors of $\alpha$-carotene and $\beta$-carotene were carrots consumed as single-food item or carrot juice. Lutein and Zeaxanthin intake mainly came from spinach and most lycopene intake was derived from tomato products not fresh tomatoes. Persimmon was the major contributor of $\beta$-cryptoxanthin. These findings provide valuable information on understanding the unique pattern of dietary intake of Korean, which might help identify the risks for developing various diseases.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.22 no.1 s.91
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• pp.80-87
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to identify the perceptional patterns of Korean traditional food and to compare the preference and intake frequencies of daily traditional Korean food among the identified perceptional patterns in the Yuabian area. Data were collected from 261 Korean housewives in Yanbian and underwent cluster and group mean analysis. The results revealed two different patterns: tradition-oriented vs. modem-oriented. Descriptive statistics showed that perceptional patterns are likely to vary depending on socio-demographic background as well as the preference and intake frequencies of daily traditional food. Similarities and differences in these perceptional patterns, the preference and the intake frequencies of traditional daily food are discussed, and future implications for food nutritionists and Asia marketers are presented.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to utilize it as useful basic data for improving oral health and for developing educational guidelines, by surveying the intake frequency in cariogenic food and the dietary intake status in detergent food through dietary life diary of some female undergraduates, and by researching into relationship between dietary intake factor and dental caries. It allowed dietary life diary for 5 days to be recorded targeting female undergraduates for the Dept. of Dental Hygiene, selected dietary life diary of 66 people without omission of record, and used it in this study. The following conclusions were obtained. 1. As a result of surveying the food intake status, it was indicated to be 12.82 for cariogenic food intake frequency, 256.36 for caries incidence available time and 8.32 for detergent food intake frequency. 2. As a result of surveying in order to examine relationship between cariogenic food intake frequency, detergent food intake frequency & cariogenic light-meal intake frequency and dental caries by dividing group with caries and group with non-caries, the group with caries was indicated to be a little higher than the group with non-caries. However, statistically significant difference wasn't indicated. 3. In the correlation between dietary intake status and dental caries, it was indicated that the more rise in cariogenic food intake frequency leads to the more rise in detergent food intake frequency and even in total light-meal intake frequency, but wasn't shown correlation with dental caries. In light of the above results, many limitations were indicated in finding and analyzing the dental caries incidence level and cause just with a method through surveying dietary intake. However, given the more in cariogenic food intake frequency and detergent food intake frequency, the possibility of dental caries incidence could be predicted.