• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.375-379
• /
• 1994

A teratogenicity test of 'folpet' was carried out in the developing chick embryos to investigate and validate the safety of rural environmental hazardous materials. Folpet was administered to chick embryos' yolk sac at a rate of 0.1mg and 0.01mg per SPF eggs at 96 hours of incubation. The morphological changes were examined. Fertility ratio of SPF eggs used was 94.9%. Hatching rate of untreated control group was 74.4% and the group dosed with 100ul of corn oil into the yolk sac was 70.0%. The $LD_{50}$ of folpet was 0.663mg/100ul/egg. After hatching, mean body weight, body length, claw length and beak length of high and low dose administered groups were not significantly different from untreated and vehicle control group. There was no abnormal appearence in all the groups. Therefore it seems that, within the doses applied, folpet dose not induce potential teratogenicity in the developing chick embryos.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.369-374
• /
• 1994

The acute and subacute toxicity of fungicide folpet was evaluated in fingerings of common carp, Cyprinus carpio and goldfish, Carrassius auratus. Dipping of fishes for acute toxicity was performed for a period of 24h, and the TLm value(median tolerance limit) was 1.52 ppm in common carp and 1.45 ppm in goldfish. Severe damages were observed in various organs and among them, clubbing of gill lamella, lytic degeneration and vacuolation of liver cells, and epithelial edema of renal tubules were relatively prominent. The most significant changes were hyperbasophilic foci of liver cells in subacute toxicity test and these can imply the possibility of hepatocarcinogenecity of folpet.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제34권3호
• /
• pp.609-617
• /
• 1994

This study was performed for assessing carcinogenicity of Folpet using medium-term carcinogenicity bioassay. Sprague-Dawley rats aged six weeks divided into four grout's and were initially given an intraperitoneal injection of diethylnirosamine at 200mg/kg body weight. Two weeks later, group 1(negative control) was treated with basal diet. A Folpet was given per oral administration to group 2(100 ppm) and goup 3(1,000 ppm). Group 4 was fed on water containing 0.05% phenobarbital sodium as a promtor for six weeks. At three weeks after beginning of the experiment, partial hepatectomy was performed in all rats. The tumor-promoting effects were examined by the numbers and areas per $cm^2$ of induced glutathion S-tranferase placetal form(GST-P) positive foci in liver, and silver stained nucleolar organizer regions(AgNORs) which have recently introduced as one of the indicators for the cell proliferative activity. As the results, Folpet didn't have tumor-promoting effects on GST-P positive foci developement and AgNORs during promoting stage after initiation, whereas phenobarbital sodium treatment group showed promoting effect. It was concluded that Folpet didn't have promoting effect at 500, 1,000 ppm using this midium-term carcinogenicity bioassay model.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.165-175
• /
• 2010

A gas chromatographic (GC) method was developed to determine residues of captan, folpet, captafol, and chlorothalonil, known as broad-spectrum protective fungicides for the official purpose. All the fungicide residues were extracted with acetone containing 3% phosphoric acid from representative samples of five agricultural products which comprised rice, soybean, apple, pepper, and cabbage. The extract was diluted with saline, and dichloromethane partition was followed to recover the fungicides from the aqueous phase. Florisil column chromatography was additionally employed for final cleanup of the extracts. The analytes were then determined by gas chromatography using a DB-1 capillary column with electron capture detection. Reproducibility in quantitation was largely enhanced by minimization of adsorption or thermal degradation of analytes during GLC analysis. Mean recoveries generated from each crop sample fortified at two levels in triplicate ranged from 89.0~113.7%. Relative standard deviations (RSD) were all less than 10%, irrespective sample types and fortification levels. As no interference was found in any samples, limit of quantitation (LOQ) was estimated to be 0.008 mg/kg for the analytes except showing higher sensitivity of 0.002 mg/kg for chlorothalonil. GC/Mass spectrometric method using selected-ion monitoring technique was also provided to confirm the suspected residues. The proposed method was reproducible and sensitive enough to determine the residues of captan, folpet, captafol, and chlorothalonil in agricultural commodities for routine analysis.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.46-50
• /
• 2002

본 실험은 1998년 1월부터 2001년 12월가지 4년간 경기도와 인천지역에 납품된 군납 농산물 17종(배추, 무, 오이, 감자, 사과, 양파, 파, 양배추, 고추, 당근, 상추, 호박, 마늘, 미나리, 시금치, 쑥갓, 부추)을 대상으로 유기염소계 농약 10종 (BHC, captafol, captan, chlorobenzilate, chlorothalonil, DDT, dicofol, endosulfan, folpet, tetradifon)을 검사하여 군장병들의 안전성 및 보건위생상의 위해를 예방하기 위한 기초 자료로 활용하기 위하여 검사를 수행하였다. 군납 농산물 1,075건 중 유기염소계 농약이 135건(12.5%)이 검출되었으며, 그 중 2종류의 농약이 검출된 농산물은 7건으로 5.18%이었다. 군납 농산물 중 유기염소계 농약이 endosulfan(9.02%)로 가장 많이 검출되었으며, 그 뒤를 chlorothalonil(2.80%), BHC(0.46%), chlorobenzilate(0.40%), folpet(0.33%), DDT(0.28%), captafol(0.15%), captan(0.11%)으로 나타났다. dicfol과 tetradifond은 전 시료에서 검출되지 않았다. 군납 농산물에서 유기염소계 농약 10종 중 endosulfan(9.02%)외 7종이 검출되었지만, 우리 나라 잔류허용기준치와 Codex의 잔류허용기준치를 초과하는 농산물은 1건도 없었다.

• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국식물병리학회 2003년도 정기총회 및 추계학술발표회
• /
• pp.92.1-92
• /
• 2003

In order to develop an effective spray program for control of apple white rot with reduced use of fungicides, the control efficacy of several fungicides that has been intensively used for control of the disease was assessed. They were sprayed on the same tree with 15 day interval from late May to early August. Just prior to and after each spray, 100 fruits were bagged with two layered fruit bag to limit the chemical application in only one time, and the disease incidence and latent infection frequency on the bagged apples were examined. Some fungicides such as folpet, iminoctadine-triacetate and azoxystrobin showed a high post-infectional activity even though the former two are non- systemic. Folpet suppressed symptom development, iminoctadine-triacetate reduced infection frequency and azoxystrobin acted in both ways. When those fungicides were ！！ adopted in a spray program, once in a cropping season, their post-infectional activity became much greater. This activity shown by the non-systemic fungicides was supposed to be derived from the peculiar infection process of the white rot fungus of which the pathogen is usually remain latent in the corked cells of lenticel until the apple reach mature stage.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.166-173
• /
• 2007

In a trial to select suitable fungicides for developing a spray program that can control apple white rot effectively, after-infection activities in some protective fungicides were detected. Six fungicides, mancozeb, propineb, benomyl, folpet, azoxystrobin and iminoctadine-triacetate, which had been extensively used in apple orchards, were sprayed on 12-year-old apple trees (cv. Fuji) at 15-day intervals from late May to late July. Disease incidences and infection frequencies of the fruit bagged just before and soon after each spray were examined. When the infection frequency or disease incidence of the fruit bagged after each spraying of fungicide was significantly lower than those of the fruit bagged before spraying, the fungicides appeared to confer after-infection activity. The six fungicides showed diverse activities on white rot: folpet showed after-infection activity on disease development, iminoctadine-triacetate showed after-infection activity on infection, azoxystrobin showed after-infection activity on disease development and infection, and mancozeb, propineb and benomyl showed no distinct activity. The activity of a fungicide became much higher when it was sprayed alternately with other fungicide rather than successive spraying of the same fungicide. Analysis of the properties of these protective fungicides could lead to the development of a highly effective spray program against white rot.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제5권5호
• /
• pp.561-567
• /
• 1996

31 종류의 유기 염소계 잔류 농약을 동시에 분석하는 기체 크로마토그래피 방법을 개발하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 준비된 분석 시료를 ECD (electron capture detector)로 Ultra-2 column의 GC (gas chromatography)에 주입하였다. Column 충진 물질을 florisil과 alumina N으로 변화시키면서 잔류 용액을 column에 loading하고 용출 용매로는 ether . benzene(2 : 8) solution, hexane . benzene(1 . 1) solution, dichloromethane, acetone 및 methanol을 사용하였다. 분석 결과 column 충진 물질로 florisil을 사용하였을때 (첫째 조건) 6종류의 유기 염소(dichlorfluanid, captan, chlorofenvinfos, folpet, captafol과 dicofol)가 검출되지 않았다. 이 조건에서 dichloromethane과 methanol을 용출 용매로 첨가하였을때는 (둘째 조건) 첫째 분석 조건하에서 검출되지 않았던 6종류의 유기 염소가 검출되었고 thrin계 pesticides, 특히 captan과 captafol의 recovery가 증가하였다(첫째 조건에서와 마찬가지로 충진 물질로 florisil을 사용). 그러나 BHC(benzene hexachloride) 화합물의 recovery는 감 소하였다. 한편 alumina N을 column 충진 물질로 사용하였을 경우에는 dichlorfluanid, chlorofenvinfos, folpet 및 dicofol의 recovery가 증가하였으며 aldrin도 그러하였다. 하지만 captan과 captafol은 그렇지 못하였다. Thrin계 pesticides, captan 및 captafol을 동시에 검출하기 위하여 florisil과 alumina N을 충진 물질로 동시에 사용하고 n-hexane을 충진시켜 용출시킨 결과, captan과 captafol이 검출되지 않았는데 이는 column이 충분히 활성화되지 않았기 때문이라고 생각된다. Column(florisil과 alumina N을 충진 물질로 동시 사용)을 충분히 활성화시키고 여러가지 용출 용매를 사용하여 불순물을 제거하였을때 분석 결과가 가장 우수하였다(31 종류의 유기 염소계 잔류 농약이 sharp하게 검출되었고 높은 감도를 나타내었다).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.155-161
• /
• 1999

Objectio ostinato the carcinogenic risks from the ingestion of some carcinogenic pesticides (CPs) in vegetables sampled at a local agricultural product market in Seoul. Methods: After applying a hazard identification step, we selected four pesticides, such as DDT, dieldrin, folpet, and heptachlor epoxide, for this risk assessment. Concentrations of each pesticide were measured from randomly sampled vegetables. In order to estimate the human exposure levels, we combined the concentration of pesticides in the vegetables with consumption rate of those vegetables. Three scenarios were hypothesized for human exposure assessment. Scenario I was the most conservative which supposed the undetected CPs would be the detection limit values. Scenario II was assumed that the undetected CPs would be a half of the detection limit values, and finally scenario III merely considered only values greater than the detection limit values. We finally presented the estimated carcinogenic risks on the basis of the traditional risk assessment procedure suggested by U.S. EPA. Results: Pesticides including DDT, dieldrin, folpet and heptachlor epoxide were detected in 9 samples (6%) in the range of $0.0006\sim0.09ppm$. The daily intake levels of carcinogenic pesticides were estimated in the range of $0.0009\sim0.0079{\mu}g/day$. As we expected, excess cancer risks based on scenario I was also the highest $(1.1\times10^{-8}\sim5.5\times10^{-5})$. Conclusions: We found that the estimated risks from the pesticides we investigated were not serious. We, however, propose that a continuos monitoring is needed to make sure for the protection of public health.

• 한국식물병리학회지
• /
• 제3권4호
• /
• pp.270-276
• /
• 1987

울산지방의 농가과수원 사과나무 나병엽에서 분리한 Alternaria mail Roberts의 iprodione 저항성균주의 EC50은 $550\~1,310{\mu}g/ml$였다. 포자발아율은 iprodione $500{\mu}g/ml$를 가한 PSA에서 $70\%$였다. 저항성균주를 접종한 사과에 동약제 $500{\mu}g/ml$ 용액을 처리하였을 때 7일후 병반직경이 1.6-14.6mm였으나 감수성균주는 0mm였다. Benomyl, Chlorothalonil, garbenda, thiophanatemethyl 및 triademefon에 대해서는 이들 저항성균주가 감수성균주와 비슷한 경향의 반응을 보였으나 저항성균주 $R_3$는 밤수성균주에 효과적인 captan과 folpet이 대하여 교착저항성을 나타내었다.