• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.1110-1122
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to study on realities and teachers' perception of Integrated-subject essay education in high school. Based upon teachers' perception, literature research and interview on integrated-subject essay education, measures to promote integrated-subject essay education in high school as follows. First, focused on realities of integrated-subject essay education, it is desirable that integrated-subject essay start from the first grade. Second, focused on objectives of integrated-subject essay education, it is desirable that integrated-subject essay education and assessment be executed to meet students' demand. Third, focused on contents of integrated-subject essay education, if high school teachers participate in essay examination questions and marking exams and essay examination questions is set within range of high school curriculum, it will contribute to normalizing public education. Fourth, focused on methods of integrated-subject essay education, teachers have to reconsider active perceptions to take a specialized essay training and to reduce a heavy workload to teachers, to develop guide book for integrated-subject essay education, to consult integrated-subject essay class, to develop specialized essay training program liking universities, to construct a specialized classroom for team teaching and debate class, to reduce students per class etc. are required. Fifth, focused on effects of integrated-subject essay education, it is desirable that integrated-subject essay education be executed for all students and in all subjects.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.57-72
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• 2012

The moderators that relieve negative effects of emotional labor have been studied such as job characteristics and situational variables. But as reviewing these studies, they focused on the degree of emotional on certain condition, there's no distinction between that degree and moderating effects. So we should focus on the moderating variables as a organizational involvement. In this study, I hypnotized the mediating effect of job stress between emotional labor and organizational effectiveness. Then I explored moderating role of 'fairness perception of emotional labor' and 'problem-focused stress coping'. This study tested these relationships using data from 166 employees of domestic security service company. From this data, I found that emotional labor increases job stress and job stress fully mediates the relationship between individual attitude(job satisfaction, turnover intention). And one who perceives display rule fairer, feels less job stress than who is not. Lastly, one who copes more problem-focused when he/she experiences job stress, have less negative effect on turnover intention.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the stress and the coping strategies in breast cancer patients and their spouses. Methods: The stress level was measured by the Stress Questionnaire of Andersson & Albertsson (2000). The coping strategies were measured by the modified Lazarus & Folkman's Ways of Coping Questionnaire. The data were collected by a survey sampling 49 couples from one hospital in Seoul. The data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA and paired t-test. Results: There was no significant differences between the stress level of breast cancer patients and their spouses. The problem-focused coping of breast cancer patients was significant higher than their spouses. The cancer patients and their spouses used problem-focused coping mode more than emotion-focused coping mode. In the problem-focused coping mode, breast cancer patients used two coping strategies - 'seeking information' and 'cognitive reconstruction' - significantly more than their spouses. In emotion-focused coping mode, the breast cancer patients used one coping strategy, 'emotional expression', significantly more than the their spouses. Conclusion: Further study needs to attempt to develop nursing interventions that could improve positive coping strategies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2018

This study examined the relationship between coping style for stress and emotional eating behavior focused on gender difference. A total of 475 college students(males, 244; females, 231) participated in this study. The results were as follows. First, there were significant gender difference in coping style for stress. The scores of male students were significantly higher than those of female students in the problem-focused and self-comforting coping styles, whereas scores of female students were significantly higher than male students in social support pursuit and emotion-focused coping styles. Second, there were significant gender difference in emotional eating behavior. Female students reported higher emotional eating behavior than male students. Third, male students preferred a problem-focused coping style, whereas female students preferred a social support pursuit coping style the most. Fourth, the interaction of gender and coping style for stress were not related to the emotional eating behavior. Both of male and female students who preferred an emotion focused coping style reported the highest score in emotional eating behavior. The limitations of the present study and suggestions for future research were discussed.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.57-62
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• 2011

Focused items in English sentences are usually accompanied by changes in acoustic manifestation. This paper investigates the acoustic characteristics of $H^*$ in English utterances produced by natives speakers of English and Korean learners of English. To obtain more reliable results, the changes of the acoustic feature values (F0, intensity, syllable duration) were normalized by a median value and a whole duration of each utterance. Acoustic values of sentences with no focused words were compared with those of sentences with focused words within each group (Americans vs. Koreans). Sentences with focused words were compared between the two groups, too. In the instances in which a significant Group x Focus Location (initial, middle and final of a sentence) interaction was obtained, further analysis testing the effect of Group on each Focus Location was conducted. The analysis revealed that Korean learners of English produced focused words with lower F0, lower intensity and shorter syllable duration than native speakers of English. However, the effect of intensity change caused by focus was not significant within each group. Further analysis examining the interaction of Group and Focus Location showed that the change in F0 produced by Korean group was significantly lower in the middle and the final positions of sentences than by American group. Implications for the intonation training were also discussed.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.63-90
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• 2007

The present study investigated what combination of three form-focused options - explicit explanation, production practice, and corrective feedback - may be effective in helping low-proficiency learners improve accuracy in communicative writing. The subjects were 34 Korean university students enrolled in 'Business English 1' and the study lasted 11 weeks. The relative clause structure was selected as the target structure. The study found that the combination of explicit explanation, sentence-level production practice, communicative writing practice, and recasts had a significantly greater effect on improved accuracy than the combination of communicative writing practice and recasts and that of explicit explanation, communicative writing practice, and recasts. Because the second and third combinations didn't lead to significantly improved accuracy, it can be concluded that of the form-focused options forming the first combination sentence-level production practice made a decisive contribution to the significant increase in accuracy. It also found that the provision of self-correcting opportunities before providing recasts on errors committed in sentence-level production practice resulted in significantly greater accuracy in communicative writing than the provision of recasts alone on them. The results of the study suggest that we should make low-proficiency Korean learners have sentence-level production practice which is intensive and focused and make them self-correct targeted errors before providing them with narrowly focused recasts in order to help them to improve writing accuracy.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.2E
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• pp.55-63
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• 2010

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is a noninvasive surgical method mainly targeting deeply located cancer tissue. Ultrasound is generated from an extemally located transducer and the beam is focused at the target volume, so that selective damage can be achieved without harm to overlying or surrounding tissues. The mechanism for cell killing can be combination of thermal and cavitational damage. Although cavitation can be an effective means of tissue destruction, the possibility of massive hemorrhage and the unpredictable nature of cavitational events prevent clinical application of cavitation. Hence, thermal damage has been a main focus related to HIFU research. 2D phased array transducer systems allow electronic scanning of focus, multi-foci, and anti-focus with multi-foci, so that HIFU becomes more applicable in clinical use. Currently, lack of noninvasive monitoring means of HIFU is the main factor to limit clinical applications, but development in MRI and Ultrasound Imaging techniques may be able to provide solutions to overcome this problem. With the development of advanced focusing algorithm and monitoring means, complete noninvasive surgery is expected to be implemented in the near future.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1283-1291
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• 2010

In this study, we developed the environmental education program focused on the communication with the exhibits at the ecological museum applicable to the environmental education for gifted students. For this study, we chose 60 gifted students attending U Institute of Education for the gifted, and classified these students into two groups, then applied newly developed program to the 30 experimental group students, and applied general environmental education program to the 30 comparative group students. Below are the study results: First, the environmental education program focused on the communication with the exhibits at the ecological museum was much effective in increasing environmental sensitivity of gifted students as compared to the general environmental education program. Second, the environmental education program focused on the communication with the exhibits at the ecological museum was much more effective in increasing the willingness to environmental act for gifted students as compared to the general environmental education program Third, the satisfaction of the gifted students about the environmental education program focused on the communication with the exhibits at the ecological museum was higher than the general environmental education program.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.105-130
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore the moderating effect of stress coping styles on the relationships between loss experiences and depression of the men and women elderly. Method: The subjects of the study were 116 men and 156 women aged over 60 years. For the data analysis, frequency, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$. Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression were used. Results: The main results were as follows: First, elderly men reported higher role loss experience, relation loss experience, and problem-focused coping styles than elderly women. Also elderly women reported higher bereavement experience than elderly men. Second, there were main effects of health loss experience, economy loss experience, role loss experience, relation loss experience, problem-focused coping style, and emotion-focused coping style on depression of elderly men and women. Third, problem-focused coping styles moderated the relationships between physical health loss experience, economy loss experience, role loss experience and depression in the elderly men group. Last, social support-seeks coping styles moderated the relationships between economy loss experience and depression in the elderly women group. Conclusions: These results were discussed in terms of educational programs related stress coping strategies for the elderly.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.37-53
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to show that the effectiveness of utilitarian versus hedonic attributefocused advertisement on product evaluation depends on the arousal level of positive emotion, and to explore mediation effect of cognitive response to utilitarian attribute-focused advertisement and affective response to hedonic attribute-focused advertisement on the effectiveness of utilitarian versus hedonic attribute-focused advertisement. This research employs a 2 (arousal level: mild vs. elevated) × 2 (advertisement type: utilitarian vs. hedonic) between-subjects design, and 200 undergraduate students participate in the experiment, in which there are 50 students at each experimental group. The results of ANCOVA with positive emotion level as a covariate on advertised product evaluation show significant interaction effect of arousal level and advertisement type, and no effect of positive emotional level. Both of the mediation effects of the cognitive response and those of the affective response are significant. Participants under mild (elevated) arousal of positive emotion more positively evaluate the product in utilitarian (hedonic) attribute-focused advertisement. The positive effect of utilitarian (hedonic) attributefocused advertisement on product evaluation is partially mediated by cognitive (affective) response to the advertisement when consumers are under the mild (elevated) arousal of positive emotion. The results of this study show that advertisers should use utilitarian (hedonic) attribute-focused advertisement to consumers under the mild (elevated) arousal of ambient positive emotion, which should be searched by exploring what kind of event they have experienced.