• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.388-393
• /
• 1998

This study was conducted to compare the perception and the criteria for tasty Kimchi between Korean focus group and American focus group. The perception of taste of Kimchi by American focus group was rather simple than that of Korean focus group. American focus group considered spicy, sweet and crunchy properties as the most desirable characteristics of Kimchi. Besides that properties, Korean focus group considered complicated characteristic taste, e.g. a combination of hot, sour, savory, salty, sweet and fresh taste and refreshing properties as essential factor in tasty Kimchi. Korean focus group had more peculiar descriptors in taste and American in mouthfeel and texture.

• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2010

The study verified the regulatory fit effect of the message focus and propensity regulatory focus delivered in the sales promotion situation of beauty services and products on the basis of the self-regulatory focus theory being actively discussed in the consumer behavior area of marketing. As the result of ANOVA analysis on the experimental design 2 (chronic regulatory focus: promotion focus/prevention focus, between factor) ${\times}$ 2 (message regulatory focus: promotion focus/prevention focus, within factor), the promotion focus group showed more positive response to the promotion focus message(4.88) of beauty services than the prevention focus group(4.40) so that the effect of regulatory fit appeared(t=1.79, p<.1), but the regulatory fit effect didn't appear in the prevention focus message(t=.58, p>.1) so that the hypothesis was partially supported. However, as for the promotion focus message of beauty products, the promotion focus group(4.62) showed more positive response than the prevention focus group(4.16), and as for the prevention focus message, the prevention focus group(4.89) showed more positive results than the promotion focus group(4.33) so that the effect of regulatory fit appeared(t=2.07, p<.05). Therefore, the result of the study shows that as for the service consumers perceive high risk, the sales promotion activity of the prevention focus message can be effective for prevention focus consumers and for promotion focus consumers as well. Otherwise, it suggests the marketing approach that the consumer evaluation is more positive when the advertising message focus fit the consumer regulatory focus.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.327-333
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different types of attentional focus(internal focus vs. external focus) on the dart throwing mechanics. Seven expert dart throwing athletes were assigned to an internal focus group and other seven athletes were assigned to an external focus group. Each group was asked to throw dart either under verbal instruction or without instruction. During dart throwing, accuracy(radial error), consistency(bivariate variable error), dart velocity, acceleration, elbow joint ROM, elbow joint angular velocity, EMD(electromechanical delay), iEMG of biceps brachii and triceps brachii, and CI(coactivation index) were collected and analyzed. Nither instruction type nor instruction itself affected in accuracy and consistency. However, in dart velocity and acceleration, there was an interaction between instruction and attentional focus types. Velocity and acceleration increased in the internal condition, where as they decreased in the external condition. The ROM of elbow joint did not affected by instruction and attention type. However, similar to dart velocity and acceleration, angular velocity increased in internal focus group, while it decreased in external focus group. EMG showed no difference with any condition. In conclusion, internal focus is better than external focus for dart throwing.

• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of the suitability of the chronic regulatory focus and the advertising message type on the evaluation of the beauty product. In addition, feeling right while and individual is reading an advertisement is measured to check the mechanism making the regulatory fit effect. The experimental design was designed with the mixed design of 2(chronic regulatory focus: promotion / prevention, between group) ${\times}$ 2(advertising message type: promotion /prevention, within a group). 100 female university student subjects in their twenties in Seoul and in the metropolitan area were asked to respond to questionnaires in the study. The reliability analysis, T-test, analysis of variance(ANOVA), and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) on the collected data were done with SPSS WIN 12.0. The results of the study are as follows. First, the regulatory fit effect that when the individual chronic regulatory fit corresponds to the advertising message focus each other in the advertising of a new beauty product, the evaluation on the product is more positive could be checked. The promotion focus message of shampoo, the promotion focus group showed more positive response than the prevention focus group and as for the prevention focus message, the prevention focus group showed more positive results than the promotion focus group so that the effect of regulatory fit appeared. Second, when the regulatory fit effect appeared in the evaluation on the new beauty product, the fit effect on the individual chronic regulatory focus and on the advertising message focus also appeared in the measurement of feeling right. Hence, feeling right could be checked by using the mechanism of the regulatory fit effect.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.283-290
• /
• 2016

This study presents an 8x four-group inner-focus zoom lens with one-moving group for a compact camera by use of a focus tunable lens (FTL). In the initial design stage, we obtained the powers of lens groups by paraxial design based on thin lens theory, and then set up the zoom system composed of four lens modules. Instead of numerically analytic analysis for the zoom locus, we suggest simple analysis for that using lens modules optimized. After replacing four groups with equivalent thick lens modules, the power of the fourth group, which includes a focus tunable lens, is designed to be changed to fix the image plane at all positions. From this design process, we can realize an 8x four-group zoom system having one moving group by employing a focus tunable lens. The final designed zoom lens has focal lengths of 4 mm to 32 mm and apertures of F/3.5 to F/4.5 at wide and tele positions, respectively.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.59-80
• /
• 2010

The present study investigated what kind of form-focused instruction would yield better results for incidental learning of English verb patterns in two experiments. Experiment 1 compared the effectiveness of focus on form (reading + translation) and focus on forms (verb pattern list + translation) tasks in learning new English verb patterns incidentally in Korean EFL college classrooms. The results of Experiment 1 showed significantly higher results for the focus on forms group. Since it was revealed by Experiment 1 that the learners did not notice unknown target verb patterns, Experiment 2 was undertaken to examine whether the difference between the focus on form and focus on forms conditions found in Experiment 1 would be retained even after the isolated form-focused instruction or focus on forms aiming at teaching students how to recognize verb patterns was provided for the learners before the focus on form and focus on forms tasks were carried out. The results showed that the focus on form group yielded significantly higher incidental learning scores than the focus on forms group. The effectiveness rates of the focus on form in Experiment 2 were statistically higher than those of the focus on forms in Experiment 1. The results of the two experiments indicated that the combination of the isolated form-focused instruction and focus on form was significantly more effective in learning English verb patterns incidentally. In conclusion, form-focused instruction including both isolated form-focused instruction and focus on form is an effective way to incidental learning of English verb patterns.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.62-72
• /
• 2023

Objective: Although balance training has been used as an effective ankle injury rehabilitation program to restore neuromuscular deficits in patients with chronic ankle instability, it is not effectively used in terms of motor learning. Attentional focusing can be an effective method for improving ankle kinematics to prevent recurrent ankle injuries. This study aimed to 1) evaluate the effects of attentional focus, including internal and external focus, and 2) determine a more effective focusing method for patients with chronic ankle instability to learn balance tasks. Method: Twenty-four patients with chronic ankle instability were randomly assigned to three groups (external focus, internal focus, and no feedback) and underwent four weeks of progressive balance training. The three-dimensional ankle kinematics of each patient were measured before and after training as the main outcomes. Ensemble curve analysis, discrete point analysis, and post hoc pairwise comparisons were performed to identify interactions between groups and time. Results: The results showed that (1) the external focus group was more dorsiflexed and everted than the internal focus group; (2) the external focus group was more dorsiflexed than the no feedback group; and (3) the no feedback group was more dorsiflexed than the internal focus group. Conclusion: Because dorsiflexion and eversion are ankle motions that oppose the mechanism of lateral ankle sprain, using the external focus method during balance training may be more effective in modifying these motions, thereby reducing the risk of ankle sprain.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.57-62
• /
• 2011

Focused items in English sentences are usually accompanied by changes in acoustic manifestation. This paper investigates the acoustic characteristics of $H^*$ in English utterances produced by natives speakers of English and Korean learners of English. To obtain more reliable results, the changes of the acoustic feature values (F0, intensity, syllable duration) were normalized by a median value and a whole duration of each utterance. Acoustic values of sentences with no focused words were compared with those of sentences with focused words within each group (Americans vs. Koreans). Sentences with focused words were compared between the two groups, too. In the instances in which a significant Group x Focus Location (initial, middle and final of a sentence) interaction was obtained, further analysis testing the effect of Group on each Focus Location was conducted. The analysis revealed that Korean learners of English produced focused words with lower F0, lower intensity and shorter syllable duration than native speakers of English. However, the effect of intensity change caused by focus was not significant within each group. Further analysis examining the interaction of Group and Focus Location showed that the change in F0 produced by Korean group was significantly lower in the middle and the final positions of sentences than by American group. Implications for the intonation training were also discussed.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.167-174
• /
• 2013

In this study, we intended to show the interaction effect between brand reputation and chronic regulatory focus, and intended to show mederatory effect as an interaction as well as the main effect of two variable. To this end, Pulmuone(a high level of brand reputation) and Green(a low level of brand reputation) as parent brand and cosmetics as extention product were selected. The results of the study are as follows: The first, on brand extension evaluation, a high level of brand reputation was more positive than a low level of brand reputation. The second, brand extension evaluation was mere positive in the promotion focus group than in the prevention focus group. The third, In case of high level of brand reputation, there was no significant differences between the prevention focus group and the promotion focus group in brand extension evaluation. On the other hand, low level of brand reputation, there was significant differences between two variables. Therefore, we found the interaction effect between promotion focus group and prevention focus group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.648-657
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between avatar image and self-concept of avatar users by utilizing focus group interviews and survey method. The subjects of the focus group interview were Freechal Avatar Club members, while those of the survey were 476 students, who attended middle schools, high schools and colleges at Seoul area. The data were analyzed by frequency, factor analysis, cluster analysis, chi-square test, one-way ANOVA and scheffe test. The main results were summarized as follows. First, the focus group interview revealed that avatar image types, which avatar users made use of, were ideal image, real image and fantastic image. Second, based on the avatar image types of focus group interviews, the researcher made out avatar image question items and conducted factor analysis of the question items: The avatar users pursued ideal image, real image and fantastic image. The avatar users groups were classified into ideal image group, real image group and fantastic image group by employing cluster analysis. Third, all of body-esteem and self-esteem were the highest at real image group, while all of that were the lowest at ideal image group.