• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.136-140
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• 2011

The fault current limiting characteristics of the flux-lock type superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) using a transformer winding were investigated. The suggested flux-lock type SFCL consists of two parallel connected coils on an iron core and the transformer winding connected in series with one of two coils. In this SFCL, the high-TC superconducting (HTSC) element was connected with the secondary side of the transformer. The short-circuit experimental devices to analyze the fault current limiting characteristics of the flux-lock type SFCL using the transformer winding were constructed. Through the short-circuit tests, the flux-lock type SFCL using transformer winding was shown to perform more effective fault current limiting operation compared to the previous flux-lock type SFCL without the transformer winding from the viewpoint of the quench occurrence and the recovery time of the HTSC element.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.74-80
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• 1998

Because permeate flux was very low as It has the suspension soled of higher concentration In the trafiltration membrane separation treatment of dyestuff wastewater, pre-treatment of Ponton reaction was carried out. In the case of pH 3, COD removal rate was the hi각erst of 58%. When PAC was added into the pre-treatment supernatant, the COD removal rate was found to be 53% , and when COD was 153mg/L, the removal rate was 92.3% in the trafiltration separation. In addition, the effect of the addition of PAC on the permeate flux was also investigated. The decrease of permeate flux In the presence of PAC was higher than In the abscence of PAC, but the recovery of permeability by cleaning was better In the case of PAC system.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.233-241
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• 2015

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane has high resistance to chlorine, which is a great advantages in chemical cleaning to recover water flux during membrane processes in drinking water systems. A humic kaolin water with approximately 4 mg/L of DOC and 10 NTU of turbidity was prepared as a feed water. Coagulation pretreatment with or without settling was applied. The coagulation with settling showed the greatest water production. The reduced flux was effectively recovered by NaOCl cleaning, i.e., 21% recovery by 50 mg/L of NaOCl cleaning and 49% recovery by 500 mg/L NaOCl cleaning. The images of SEM and AFM analyses were corresponded to the water flux variation. However, when the floc was accumulated on the membrane surfaces, the efficiency of NaOCl cleaning was substantially limited. In addition, dynamic contact angle became greater after cleaning, which indicates changes in characteristics of fouling layer such as surface hydrophobicity. Proper cleaning technologies during enhanced backwash using NaOCl would expand application of PTFE membranes in drinking water systems.

• 멤브레인
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.157-164
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• 2009

소수성, 고무상 고분자인 polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 소재를 대상으로 치밀한 단일막과 복합막을 제조하였으며 이들을 이용한 투과증발법을 통해 바이오부탄올을 농축하는 실험을 수행하였다. 바이오부탄올 회수를 위해 $1{\sim}5wt%$의 부탄올이 함유된 모델 수용액을 대상으로 조업온도$(20{\sim}40^{\circ}C)$와 막두께$(1{\sim}100{\mu}m)$를 변화시키면서 PDMS막의 투과증발 특성을 조사하였다. $100{\mu}m$ 두께 PDMS 단일막의 경우 공급부탄올의 농도가 증가할수록 포집된 부탄올의 농도, 선택도, 투과도가 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 물보다 부탄올에 대한 PDMS 소재의 친화성과 막 사슬 내의 큰 자유부피(free volume)로 부탄올에 대한 확산저항이 적기 때문에 부탄올에 대한 선택도와 투과도가 높은 것으로 파악되었다. 조업온도를 $20{\sim}40^{\circ}C$로 증가시키며 투과증발특성을 조사한 결과, 온도의 상승에 따라 포집된 부탄올의 농도, 선택도, 투과도 모두 증가하였다. PDMS막의 두께가 $100{\mu}m$에서 $1{\mu}m$로 얇아질수록 포집된 부탄올의 농도와 선택도는 감소하였으며 투과도는 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.197-204
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• 2016

에스테르(ester)의 모델 수용액으로부터 에스테르 성분을 회수하기 위한 투과증발 공정에서, 공급액의 농도와 온도 변화에 따른 에스테르와 물의 플럭스를 측정하였다. 공급액의 에스테르 농도가 0.15 wt%에서 0.60 wt%로 증가함에 따라 에틸 아세테이트(EA), 프로필 아세테이트(PA), 에틸 프로피오네이트(EP), 부틸 아세테이트(BA), 그리고 에틸 부티레이트(EB)의 플럭스는 증가하였으며, 공급액의 온도가 $30^{\circ}C$에서 $50^{\circ}C$로 증가함에 따라 플럭스가 증가하였다. 에스테르 플럭스의 크기는 (EA) < (PA, EP) < (BA, EB) 순서이었으며, 이는 에스테르와 막 표면과의 친화도에 크게 의존하는 것을 보여준다. 즉, EA는 분자쇄 내에 소수성 기($-CH_2-$)를 1개, (PA, EP)는 2개를 포함하고 있으나, (BA, EB)는 3개를 가지고 있어 가장 소수성이 크기 때문이다. 이러한 에스테르 분자의 소수성이 에스테르 플럭스에 미치는 영향뿐 아니라 막 표면의 소수성이 에스테르 플럭스에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구가 더 필요할 것이다. 온도가 증가함에 따라, EA, PA, EP, BA, and EB 수용액의 물 플럭스는 증가하였으나, 농도 변화에 따른 물 플럭스는 거의 변화가 없었다. 본 투과증발에 대한 실험결과는 기존의 열을 이용하는 증발공정과 증류공정을 대체할 수 있는 공정으로서 향 성분의 회수공정을 개선하는 기초 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2003

본 연구는 액상유기성 슬러지로부터 용존 유기물을 회수하기 위한 막결합형 발효 시스템의 여과특성의 검토에 초점을 두었다. $0.1 {\mu}m{\sim}5 {\mu}m$ 범위에서 6종류의 막공경을 대상으로 한 슬러지 발효액의 정밀여과 특성으로 막공경이 작을수록 전체저항이 큰 값을 나타내었고 케？층의 형성에 의한 저항이 전체저항의 68~88%를 차지하여 막투과유속의 저하는 주로 입자간의 물리화학적 상호작용에 의한 막표면에의 강한 입자침전에 기인함을 알 수 있었다. 발효액의 고형물 농도가 증가함에 따라 막투과유속은 감소하였으나 일정이상의 고형물 농도에서는 비례관계를 보이지 않았다. 막면유속이 증가할수록 그리고 5.0~6.0의 pH범위에서 높은 막투과유속이 얻어졌고 에너지 효율측면에서는 가능한 낮은 압력에서 여과하는 것이 유리한 것으로 나타났다. $0.1{\mu}m$과 $0.2{\mu}m$의 막공경에서는 100%의 미생물 제거율을 보였다 액상 유기성 슬러지로부터 용존 유기물을 효율적으로 회수하기 위한 최적 막공경은 제안된 기준의 관점에서 볼 때 $1{\mu}m$ 정도라 판단되어진다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.572-581
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• 2005

This research is conducted to develop predictable method of real scale nanofiltration treatability with small scale nanofiltration experiments. As a result of comparing calculated values with measured values, they are in a good agreement for the concentrations in filtered water and concentrated water. The results of that are not affected by change of system recovery from 20% to 95%. The proposed method is produced using constant recovery of elements, that is, no considering the pressure change. we can predict filtrated flux and contaminant concentrations with the method. The method has the following steps. (1) Calculate recovery of each element with water quality level after fixing recovery elements, (2) Predict system recovery with recovery of elements in 1, 2, 3, and 4 banks, (3) Run small scale nanofiltration experiments in predicted water quality and (4) Simulate large scale nanofiltration system for forecasting actual water quality. As the cost for nanofiltration pretest will reduced if we use the proposed method, it will be a promising method for introducing nanofiltration to supply safe drinking water.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 1996년도 추계 총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.22-33
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• 1996

With the experience of the 1994 drought, and the shortage of water resources in Japan, it has been re-informed upon us ensure and maintain the stability of water resources. Accordingly, with each plant, a serious appraisal has begun looking at the re-use of waste water. Membrane technology is an important process for waste water recovery. Effluent kom waste water facilities changes the quality of water significantly. The conventional pre-treatment of RO is hard to supply good quality feed water to RO in the waste water recovery system. The microfiltration system as a pre-treatment of RO in the paper overcomes the fouling with the air backwash and is operated in direct flow mode at a low pressure producing a high flux. The paper will focus the waste water recovery using membrane technology and many examples will be given.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1995년도 추계학술대회 논문집 학회본부
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• pp.479-481
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• 1995

This paper presents a method witch tan improve the dielectric recovery characteristics of UHV class gas circuit breakers by changing the nozzle shape. To calculate the dielectric recovery voltage between electrodes, the flow field and electric field analysis in a 362kV model interrupter has been performed with the commercial programs, RAMPANT and FLUX2D, respectively. As a result, we found that the nozzle shape affects the characteristics of dielectric recovery between electrodes and obtained great improvement of it by the changing the downstream nozzle shape.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.69-74
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• 2008

590MPa grade weldable steels were gas metal arc welded with flux cored wires. Welding parameters such as current, voltage, and speed were varied independently. Effects of each parameter on the strength and chemical composition of weld metal were investigated. Increase of voltage caused decrease of weld metal tensile strength due to the low recovery of alloying elements such as carbon and manganese. On the contrary, increase of current and speed resulted in increase of weld metal strength because of higher recovery of the alloying elements.