• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.62-69
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• 2000

국소적으로 사용된 불소의 일부와 전신적으로 사용된 불소는 체내로 유입되어 우식을 예방하는 효과를 가진다. 그러나 적정 수준 이상의 불소가 체내로 유입되면 전신적으로 여러 가지 이상을 일으키는 급성, 만성 불소증과 치아불소증을 일으킬 수 있다. 따라서 최대한의 우식예방 효과를 가지며 부작용을 일으키지 않는 적절한 불소량을 아는 것은 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 불소의 섭취량을 역추적 할 수 있는 가장 일반적인 방법으로는 체외로 배출되는 요내 불소농도를 측정하는 것을 들수 있다. 따라서 불소투여 후 불소의 체내 잔류시간과 일별 요내 불소농도를 비교하고자, 7명의 성인 남자를 대상으로 서로 다른 용량의 불소보조제-대조군 : 불소를 복용하지 않은 군, 1군 : 불소 1mg 복용군, 2군 불소 : 2mg 복용군, 3군 : 불소 3mg 복용군, 4군 : 불소 4mg 복용군 - 를 복용시킨 후 시간변화에 따른 요내 불소농도를 HMDS를 이용한 확산법과 불소이온전극(Orion, 96-09, U.S.A.)을 사용하여 측정하고 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 대조군 요내 불소농도의 평균값은 0.707ppm, 표준편차는 0.362ppm 이었다. 2. 불소투여 후 첫날 요내 불소농도는 4군(4.076ppm), 3군(2.400ppm), 2군(1.494ppm), 1군(0.362ppm) 순으로 높았다. 둘째날부터 1, 2, 3군에서는 대조군과 비교시 통계적 유의차를 보이지 않았으나 4군에서는 둘째날까지 대조군보다 유의성 있게 높았다(p<0.05). 3. 투여된 불소량의 증가에 따라 요내 불소농도도 증가되어 유지되었는데, 둘째날까지는 유의성 있게 높게 유지되었고 셋째날부터는 대조군과 통계적 유의차를 보이지 않았다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.204-219
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• 1997

The use of fluoride is one of the most effective methods for caries prevention. Fluoridation of public water supply has been recognized, for many years, as an effective way to reduce dental caries. The fluoride supplement has been recommended when the natural fluoride was unavailable or below the optimal range. However the mechanism of caries prevention by fluoride has not yet been clarified and it is well known that an overdose of fluoride results inacute and chronic toxicity, especially dental fluorosis. Fluoride mouthrinsing solution is widely used in dentistry due to its effectiveness in carrying anticariogenic action. Understanding the effects of fluoride mouthrinsing solution on human gingival fibroblasts will provide the safety rationale for its use during the caries preventive therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of fluoride mouthrinsing solution on the human gingival fibroblast in vitro. The human gingival fibroblasts were cultured from healthy gingiva on the extracted deciduous teeth of children. Cells were inoculated into a 24-well plate with $1{\times}10^4cells/well$ of medium at $37^{\circ}C$, 100% humidity, 5% $CO_2$ incubator for 24 hours. And the cells were counted by using the hemocytometer at each designed study. Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured in growth medium after one minute application range of 0.02%-0.2% NaF solution and 0.1% $SnF_2$ solution. The cells used in this study were between fifth to eighth passage number. The cell morphology was examined by inverted microscope and cell proliferation was measured by incorporating $[^3H]$-thymidine into DNA. DNA synthesis by human gingival fibroblasts was assessed by $[^3H]$-thymidine uptake assays while the cell activity was measured by MTT assay. Each concentrated fluoride mouthrinsing solution was estimated for its biocompatability with fibroblasts by the tissue culture technique. The results of this study were as follows : 1. It was observed that at 0.05%, 0.2% NaF mouthrinsing solution the cytoplasmic processes became globular. When 0.1% $SnF_2$ mouthrinsing solution was applied, the cytoplasmic process and cell morphology were disappeared. 2. DNA synthetic activity was reduced regardless of the concentration of the fluoride mouthrinsing solution. However, the result is statistically insignificant except 0.1% $SnF_2$ mouthrinsing solution(p<0.05). 3. Our results indicate that 0.02%, 0.05% concentrations of NaF mouthrinsing solution caused minimal cytotoxicity. But 0.2% NaF and 0.1% $SnF_2$ concentration were a significant difference between the cell activity in the experimental group and control group (p<0.05). 4. After appling 0.05% & 0.02% NaF fluoride mouthrinsing solution, cell activity was restored to the control groups level according to incubating time. The results suggest that direct exposure to fluoride solution inhibits gingival fibroblast activity. Therefore, for the most effective use of fluoride use, lowering the concentration of fluoride mouthrinsing is advisable because it maintains biocompatability and free ion in the oral fluid.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.881-896
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the amount of daily fluoride intake among children using fluoride-containing dentifrice in an effort to pave the way for the selection of criteria for the development of safe dentifrice for different age groups to make a contribution to children's oral health. Methods : This study was implemented over approximately six months from May to October 2008 by recruiting subjects, asking their consent, conducting a survey, collecting samples and analyzing the collected data. The subjects in this study were preschool residents in Seoul and Gyeonggi province, who were at the western age of 2 to 5. The amount of fluoride withdrawn from their one-time toothbrushing was measured in two different ways. One was by using HMDS-facilitated modified diffusion method and fluoride ion electrode, and the other was by applying ion chromatography without the diffusion procedure. Results : The fluoride intake accounted for $46.5{\pm}19.1$ percent of the amount of fluoride used, and that percentage was statistically significantly different according to age(p<0.01). The one-time fluoride intake from dentifrice per weight(kg) was a mean of $0.009{\pm}0.006mg$. As a result of multiplying this amount by daily toothbrushing frequency, the daily fluoride intake from dentifrice per weight(kg) appeared to be $0.023{\pm}0.016mg$ on average. There was a large difference among the children in that regard, since that ranged from a low of 0.003mg to a high of 0.070mg. And age made a statistically significant difference to that(p<0.01). Conclusions : The above-mentioned findings of the study showed that the children's daily fluoride intake from dentifrice per weight was lower than the recommended daily fluoride intake from diets per weight for young children aged 1 to 12(0.05-0.07mg). However, there was a great disparity among the children in that aspect, and they are likely to take more fluoride from other things as well. Therefore it is required to prepare separate criteria for preschool and school-aged children.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.377-384
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• 2009

이 연구의 목적은 카르복시메틸셀룰로오스 기저재에 불소를 분사하여 제작한 불소 테잎을 피실험자의 구강 내에 도포 후 잔류하는 불소의 농도를 측정하고자 하는 것이다. APF gel(60seconds $taste^{(R)}$, 1.23% APF gel, Group I), Fluoride varnish($CavityShield^{TM}$, 5% NaF, Group II), Fluoride tape(SCMC-T-5, 5% NaF, Trial product, Group III)을 군별로 9명씩 건강한 20대 남녀성인의 구강에 도포 후 1시간, 3시간, 5시간, 7시간, 1일, 2일, 3일 후 비자극성 전타액내 불소농도를 불소이온전극을 이용하여 측정하였으며 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 1, 2, 3일 후와 비교하여 모든 그룹에서 7시간 까지 초기농도보다 유의하게 높은 불소농도를 보였다. 도포 후 1, 2, 3일에는 초기농도와 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 2. 도포 후 1, 3, 5, 7시간에 타액 내 불소농도는 모든 시간에서 2군, 3군, 1군 순으로 높았다. 3. 도포 후 1시간과 3시간 후에 2군의 불소농도는 3군에 비하여 유의하게 높았으나(p<0.05) 1군과 3군 사이에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05).

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.327-336
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• 2011

이 연구의 목적은 인체 안정성이 입증된 고분자제제인 폴리비닐알코올(PVA, Poly vinyl alcohol)로 얇은 박막을 제조하고 NaF을 첨가하여 불소를 함유한 고분자 접착 테잎(NaF-PVA)을 개발하여 피실험자의 구강 내에 도포 후 잔류하는 불소의 농도를 측정하고자 하는 것이다. 불소바니쉬(Cavityshiled$^{TM}$, 0.25 ml, Group 1)와 불소를 함유한 고분자 접착 테잎(NaF-PVA, Trial product, $1\;cm^2{\times}$ 12개, Group 2)을 각각 10명씩 치과대학 남학생의 치아(상악 12개, 순면)에 도포 후, 30분, 1시간, 2시간, 3시간, 4시간, 24시간, 48시간, 72시간 후 비자극성 전타액내 불소농도를 불소이온전극을 이용하여 측정하였으며 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 도포 후 30분과 1시간에서는 1군이 2군보다 높은 타액 내 불소농도를 보였으나 유의한 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 2. 도포 후 2시간, 3시간, 4시간에서 2군이 1군보다 유의하게 큰 값을 보였다(p<0.05). 3. 도포 후 24시간 이후부터는 군간 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05).

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.373-378
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• 2010

불소도포와 치면열구전색은 치아우식을 예방하기 위한 목적으로 임상에서 널리 병용하여 사용되고 있지만, 불소가 치면열구전색제의 표면 구조를 변화시켜 미생물이 서식할 조건을 마련하여 수복물의 수명을 단축시키는 원인이 될 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 현재 치과 임상에서 많이 사용되고 있는 레진계 실란트 Concise와 Eco-S를 사용하였고, 대표적인 불소도포제재 1.23% APF gel과 5% NaF Fluoride Varnish가 치면열구전색제의 표면 구조에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 제작된 치면열구전색제시편을 각각 5군으로 불소제재를 처리하지 않은 I군, APF gel 1분간 처리한 II군, APF gel 4분간 처리한 III군, Fluoride Varnish 1분간 처리한 IV군, Fluoride Varnish 4분간 처리한 V군으로 분류하여 마모실험에 의한 무게변화를 측정하였고, 광학현미경을 이용하여 표면구조를 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 치면열구전색제 Concise를 이용한 마모실험에서 불소제재를 처리하지 않은 I군에 비하여 APF gel 4분간 처리한 III군에 무게 감소가 증가하였으며, Fluoride Varnish 4분간 처리한 V군에서 무게 감소가 적으며(p<0.05), Eco-S를 이용한 마모실험 결과 또한 같았다(p<0.05). 2. 광학현미경으로 표면의 변화를 관찰한 결과 APF gel을 도포한 경우 기질의 소실로 필러가 두드러진 양상을 보였으며, 각 군 별로는 APF gel 4분간 처리한 III군, APF gel 1분간 처리한 II군, 불소제재를 처리하지 않은 I군, Fluoride Varnish 1분간 처리한 IV군, Fluoride Varnish 4분간 처리한 Ⅴ군의 순으로 표면 거칠기가 감소되는 결과를 보였다. 결론적으로, 치면열구전색과 불소도포를 당일 시행하는 경우, 불소도포제를 1.23% APF gel 사용 시 4분 보다 1분 도포하며, 1.23% APF gel보다는 5% NaF Fluoride Varnish 도포하는 것이 치면열구전색제의 표면 구조에 영향을 줄일 수 있다고 사료된다.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제58권6호
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• pp.324-335
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• 2020

We investigated whether fluoride varnishes recover the hardness of bovine teeth under 20 days of demineralization/remineralization cycling. The fluoride varnish groups (two commercial fluoride varnishes [V-varnish (Vericom, Korea) and CavityShield (3M ESPE, USA)] and an experimental fluoride varnish including 5 wt.% NaF were compared with a control group without fluoride varnish. Vickers hardness was measured at baseline, 3 days after immersion in caries-inducing solution, 24 hours after application of a fluoride varnish, and after 10 and 20 days of demineralization/remineralization cycling. Afterward, tooth surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscope. After fluoride varnish application and the cycling 10 and 20 days, the experimental varnish group showed the highest hardness, while the CavityShield and the control groups demonstrated the lowest hardness. The experimental varnish group recovered the hardness of the baseline at 24 hours after application of the varnish, while it was recovered after 20 days of the cycling in case of the V-varnish. However, the CavityShield and the control groups did not recover the hardness even after 20 days of the cycling. The experimental fluoride varnish with fast recovery in the hardness of the baseline can be used as an effective fluoride varnish to resist demineralization and to facilitate remineralization.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.113-120
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• 1999

Fluorination of drinking water has been used world widely to reduce the incidence of caries. Recently, contradictory results on the cytotoxicity of fluoride compounds are reported. In addition, there are attempts to use fluorosilicate for fluorination of drinking water in Korea, therefore, we tried to analyze the cytotoxicity of fluoride compounds on oral epidermoid carcinoma (KB and A253) and osteosarcoma (HOS and MG-63) cells in this study. We treated cells with 0, 10, 50 and 250 ppm of fluorosilicic acid (domestic or from Fluka, F$\_$6/H$_2$Si), sodium fluorosilicate (F$\_$6/Na$_2$Si), sodium fluoroacetate (FCH$_2$CO$_2$Na), sodium fluoride (NaF) or potassium fluoride(KF) and measured the relative cell survival by MTT assay. At the concentration of < 10ppm, no significant cytotoxicity was observed. At 50 ppm, each cells revealed different response to fluoride treatment. Among cells used in this study, MG-63 was the most resistant to fluoride treatment. Comparable toxicity data from domestic and imported fluorosilicic acids were obtained. When we compared the relative cytotoxicity of fluoride compounds against their fluoride contents, the differences in relative cell survival were smaller. Most of cells showed < 20% of survival at 250 ppm. In order to analyze the pH dependence of the cytotoxicity of fluorosilicates, the pH of cell culture media containing fluorosilicate was adjusted to 7.4 or 6.5 and the relative cytotoxicity was measured. At lower pH, about 10% higher cytotoxicity was obtained. Thus, our data suggested that the toxicity of domestic fluorosilicic acid was similar to that of fluorosilicic acid from Fluka, and the cytotoxicity of fluoride compounds was dependent on the relative content of fluoride and pH.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.837-846
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• 1999

There were few reports about the fluoride concentration in bone and osteoporotic women. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between the urinary fluoride concentration and periodontal condition in osteoporotic old women. Twentyeight postmenopausal women(Test group) and twenty-one premenopausal women(Control group) were examined. Bone mineral density(BMD) of lumbar spine(L2-L4) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA). The urine samples were collected at early morning and determined with the help of a fluoride-specific electrode and Tisabbufferd samples. The results were as follows. 1. The mean urinary fluoride concentration in test and control group showed statistically no difference. 2. The bone mineral density(BMD) of the spine in test group was significantly lower than control group(p<0.05). 3. The significant negative correlation was found between BMD level and age after menopause $(p<0.001,\;{\gamma}=-0.526$. 4. The urinary fluoride concentration was not correlated with age, age after menopause and bone mineral density. 5. The urinary fluoride concentration was not correlated with periodontal condition.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.943-950
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to probe the influences of NaF oral administration on a dose-effect relationship between fluoride levels of serum enzyme activity such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in rats fed experimental diets for 5 weeks. All groups increased the activity of serum ALP, AST, ALT, and LDH levels with increasing NaF. In addition the fluoride levels of serum and organ tissues (liver, brain, heart, lung, kidney) in oral NaF groups (NF3~NF50) were significantly increased by adding sodium fluoride in comparison with normal diet group (ND) (p<0.05). These results, a high concentration of sodium fluoride was determined that the toxicity to various organ tissues.