• 설비공학논문집
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.341-349
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• 2002

Heat and mass transfer characteristics of a surfactant-added LiBr-$H_2O$ solution flowing over a single horizontal tube were examined experimentally. The parameters considered were surfactant (2-ethyl-1-hexanol) concentration, solution temperature at the top of the tube and absorber pressure. Even with an amount of the surfactant below the solubility limit, heat and mass transfer performances were enhanced tremendously. The Nusselt and Sherwood numbers increased by about 70% and 340%, respectively, when 10 ppm of the surfactant was added. However, an excess amount of the surfactant in the solution did not bring a further enhancement. The absorption performance deteriorated when the non-condensable gases were extracted from the system (by a vacuum pump) since the vaporized surfactant was also extracted during the process. Therefore, it is desirable to add a sufficient amount of the surfactant (more than 10 ppm) to maintain high performance of absorption.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.225-235
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• 2020

본 연구는 PEG 함침처리한 수침고목재를 대상으로 고습도(RH 90%)에서 저습도(RH 30%)로 습도변화를 주면서 목재 내부에 있는 PEG 및 약제 용출량과 압축강도 특성 변화를 관찰하기 위해 수행되었다. 고습도에서 저습도로의 변화는 3회 실시하였다. 시험에 사용된 수침목재는 졸참나무류(Prinus group)이며, 함침 및 건조 방법은 1) PEG 완료농도 80% 및 자연건조(이하 PEG80), 2) PEG 완료농도 40% 및 진공동결건조(이하 PEG40), 그리고 3) t-butanol을 이용한 PEG 완료농도 40% 및 진공동결건조(이하 TB40) 이다. 목재 내부에 있는 PEG는 3차 습도변화 이후에 대부분 용출되어 제거되었으며, 내강 벽면에 남은 PEG의 결정이 편평하게 고착되었다. 약제의 용출량은 대부분의 경우 습도변화 횟수가 증가할수록 그 양이 증가하였다. 습도조건에 따른 압축강도의 변화는 PEG80과 TB40의 경우 습도변화 횟수가 증가할수록 증가하였으나, PEG40은 감소하였다. 본 연구를 통해 PEG 처리된 수침고목재 보존을 위한 습도조건에 대한 계획 마련에 필요한 기초자료가 마련되었다.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.129-136
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• 2004

High fluidity concrete(HFC) requires high dosage of superplasticizer to acquire sufficient fluidity, and high contents of fine powder and viscosity enhancing admixtures to resist segregation. The use of high amount of admixtures to make HFC at batcher plant in ready mixed concrete company is one of the reasons to raise the manufacturing cost of HFC. For this reason, new type of manufacturing method of HFC are described using both flowing concrete method and segregation reducing superplasticizer(SRS) in order to gain economical profit and offer the convenience for quality control.. As dosage of melamine based superplasticizer increases, it shows that fluidity and bleeding increase, while air contents and ratio of segregation resistance decrease. It also shows that addition of viscosity agent into superplasticizer reduce bleeding and improve segregation resistance of concrete. Dosage of AE agent into superplasticizer containing viscosity agent recovers loss of air contents during flowing procedure. Combination of proper contents of superplasticizer, viscosity agent and AE agent make possible to develope segregation reducing type superplasticizer. Compressive strength of high fluidity concrete applying flowing method with it is higher than that of base concrete. No differences of compressive strength between compacting methods are found. For the estimation of construction cost of high fluidity concreting using segregation reducing type superplasicizer, under same strength levels, although material cost of high fluidity concrete is somewhat higher than that of plain concrete due to segregation reducing type superplasticizer cost, labor cost and equipment cost of high fluidity concrete is cheaper than that of plain concrete. However, based on the strength differences, high fluidity concrete shows lower material cost, labor cost and equipment cost than that of plain concrete due to decreasing in size of member and re-bar caused by high strength development of concrete.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제29권5A호
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• pp.531-541
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 강도수준(30, 50 및 70 MPa)에 따른 고유동 자기충전 콘크리트의 수화발열 특성을 알아보기 위하여 2성분계 및 3성분계 고유동 자기충전 콘크리트를 제조하여 일반콘크리트와 수화열, 응결 및 역학적 특성을 분석 고찰 하였으며, 콘크리트에 사용된 분체에 대한 미소수화열량을 측정하여 얻은 분체의 열특성값, 간이단열온도실험을 실시하여 얻은 콘크리트의 열특성값 및 콘크리트에 사용된 재료의 일반적인 열특성값을 간편한 방법의 추정식을 이용하여 콘크리트 단열온도를 추정하였다. 또한, 온도해석에 의하여 얻어진 수화열 및 단열온도 특성값을 MIDAS CIVIL 06 프로그램을 이용하여 3차원 온도응력 해석을 실시하여 고유동 자기충전 콘크리트의 수화발열 특성 및 수화열에 의한 온도응력을 분석 고찰하였다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2000

준설토의 체적변화는 여수토를 통해 물과 함께 빠져나간 토립자의 유실량과 침강되어 새로이 형성된 지반 표면에서의 건조수축과 지반 내에서의 자중압밀에 의한 침하량의 합으로 생각할 수 있다. 그러나 현재까지 체적변화요인과 관련하여 자중압밀과 건조수축에 관한 연구에 비해 토립자의 유실과 관련된 연구는 미미한 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 준설토의 체적변화요인 중 여수토를 통해 외부로 유실되는 토량을 보다 명확히 규명하기 위해 준설작업을 실시하기 전의 원지반과 준설토를 투기하여 조성된 매립 지역에서, 각각 채취한 시료에 대한 비중계 분석결과에 Marsal의 수정파쇄율을 적용하여 평균잔류율곡선에 의한 유실률 평가방법을 제안하였고, 이를 검증하기 위하여 기존의 방법을 이용하여 평가한 유실률과 비교 검토해 보았다.

• 환경생물
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.227-232
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• 2004

Hydrological and biological studies on ecosystems of the lakes 'etang de Berre' and 'etang de Vaime', the four rivers flowing into these lakes, and the Mediterranean Sea are carried out during the whole two-year period. The phytoplankton population of the lakes 'etang de Berre' and 'etang de Vaine' is larger than that of the seawater or freshwater populations of four neighbouring rivers. This is due to the increasing nutriments such as phosphate, nitrate, and silicate flowing into the lakes from the four rivers. The superfluous phytoplanktons in the lakes flow into the Mediterranean Sea via the Caronte Canal. Phytoplanktons multiplicated by phosphate of lake 'etang de Berre' can produce 10,160 tons of assimilated carbon per year, and those multiplicated by nitrate produce 18,450 tons of assimilated carbon per year. According to Steeman Nielsen's primary production estimation, phytoplanktons produce about 45,000 tons of carbon per year through assimilation in lake'4tang de Berre' and 10,000 tons of carbon per year in lake 'etang de Vaime'. The amount of carbon produced by phytoplanktons and the amount of phosphate, and nitrate are different according to the sea, river, and estuary.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2003년도 학술.기술논문 발표회
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• pp.9-12
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• 2003

High flowing concrete has not spread whole in the normal concrete structure, because it requires special quality control technique. And recently owing to the lack of natural resources and reinforcement of environmental standard, the construction cost of cement is increased rapidly. Also rem icon industry has gone through various economical difficulty as the manufacture cost of concrete is increased. So, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the qualities of middle fluidity concrete using the fly-ash and portland blast-furnace slag cement in order to decrease the amount of cement and resolve the problem of the quality control of high flowing concrete and the manufacture cost. The results of this study show that it reduce the amount of addition of superplasticizer and develope properties of concrete to the use the fly-ash and portland blast-furnace slag cement.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2001년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.319-324
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• 2001

Recently new practical use way of industry product is required. In this study, to find flowing property of slump, unit weight, the air amount, compressive strength etc. Compressive strength 240, 270kgf/$cm^{2}$, slump 8$\pm$2.5(I), 152$\pm$.5(II)cm, mixing ratio of copper smelting slag decided by 0, 25, 50, 75, 100% gradually, The result of this study was follows ; 1. Unit weight increased 2.2%~4.4% according as mixing ratio of copper smelting slag increases. 2. Slump increased about 2~5% as the mixing ratio increased gradually 3. Compressive strength was increased about 4~28% in copper smelting slag mixing ratio 25~50% and 8~20% decreased more than mixing ratio 75%.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.152-159
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• 2013

A two-dimensional Darrieus-type hydroturbine system, installed with a wear for flow streams such as small rivers and waterways, has been developed for hydropower utilization of extra-low head less than 2m. There are several problems such as flow rate change and flowing wastes to be solved for its practical use in natural flow streams. In the present study, at first, a design guideline in the case of overflow or bypass flow is shown by using simple flow model. Next, in order to avoid the unexpected obstacles flowing into the hydroturbine, an installation of waste screening system is examined. It is confirmed that the screen is effective with some amount of bypass flow rate, however the output power is remarkably deteriorated.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.262-267
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• 2014

This study describes that light flicker of LED lamp is improved by placing an AC-powered LED block in each phase of three-phase AC power. Rectified current is considered as an instantaneous luminous flux because the current flowing through the LED block is proportional to the amount of light emitted by the LED block. Percent flicker is calculated simply by modeling the rectified current flowing through the LED block to a triangular wave current. Percent flicker is 100% in single-phase AC powered LED lamp. Percent flicker of the same level as that in an incandescent lamp (6%~14%) is however, achieved if light emission starts before $40^{\circ}$ in each voltage phase of three-phase AC power.