• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제44권2호
• /
• pp.215-221
• /
• 2020

Background: Panax ginseng has been used for a variety of medical purposes in eastern countries for more than two thousand years. From the extensive experiences accumulated in its long medication use history and the substantial strong evidence in modern research studies, we know that ginseng has various pharmacological activities, such as antitumor, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and cardiovascular system-protective effects. The active chemical constituents of ginseng, ginsenosides, are rich in structural diversity and exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Methods: Ginsenoside constituents from P. ginseng flower buds were isolated and purified by various chromatographic methods, and their structures were identified by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with the reported data. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H- tetrazolium bromide method was used to test their cytotoxic effects on three human cancer cell lines. Results: Six ginsenosides, namely 6'-malonyl formyl ginsenoside F₁ (1), 3β-acetoxyl ginsenoside F₁ (2), ginsenoside Rh₂₄ (6), ginsenoside Rh₂₅ (7), 7β-hydroxyl ginsenoside Rd (8) and ginsenoside Rh₂₆ (10) were isolated and elucidated as new compounds, together with four known compounds (3-5 and 9). In addition, the cytotoxicity of these isolated compounds was shown as half inhibitory concentration values, a tentative structure-activity relationship was also discussed based on the results of our bioassay. Conclusion: The study of chemical constituents was useful for the quality control of P. ginseng flower buds. The study on antitumor activities showed that new Compound 1 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities against HL-60, MGC80-3 and Hep-G2 with half inhibitory concentration values of 16.74, 29.51 and 20.48 μM, respectively.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.43-49
• /
• 2014

생체 내 실험에서 발효 인삼꽃 추출물(FM), 발효하지 않은 인삼꽃 추출물(FD)과 대조군으로 생리식염수를 2주간 마우스 체중 kg 당 100, 200 mg/kg B.W.의 농도로 마우스에 경구 투여한 후 LPS에 의해 활성화된 복강 대식세포가 분비하는 염증성 사이토카인 IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$의 생성량을 측정하였다. 그 결과, IL-6는 발효 LPS로 자극한 경우, 두 가지 농도에서 모두 처리한 군에 비해 높은 증식능을 나타내었고, LPS로 자극한 결과, 특히 발효 인삼꽃 추출물 200 mg/kg B.W. 농도에서 유의적으로 낮은 IL-6 분비량을 보였다. TNF-${\alpha}$의 경우, 100 mg/kg B.W.와 200 mg/kg B.W. 두 농도 모두에서 LPS로 자극하지 않은 경우, 낮은 증식 효과를 보여주었고, 자극한 경우, 인삼꽃 시료를 첨가한 군이 대조군보다 낮은 TNF-${\alpha}$ 분비량을 보였으며, FM에서 FD보다 더 TNF-${\alpha}$를 억제하는 효과가 큰 것을 볼 수 있었다. 이상의 결과에 따르면 FD의 사이토카인 IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ 생성 효과는 200 mg/kg B.W. 농도 투여 시 효과적으로 면역 세포와 면역 기관의 주요 기능을 증진시킬 가능성이 있을 것으로 사료된다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 앞으로 인삼꽃 발효를 이용한 기능성 사료 개발과 더불어 산업적 측면에서 보다 긍정적인 효과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 화훼연구
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.89-95
• /
• 2011

본 연구는 daminozide의 엽면살포를 이용하여 국내 육성 스프레이 국화 '챠밍아이(Charming Eye)'와 '핑크프라이드(Pink Pride)' 온실 내 고온에 의한 꽃목의 과도한 신장을 억제함으로써 품질을 향상시키기 위해 수행하였다. 처리 시기는 화뢰 발달 과정별로 2단계 (stage I, II)로 나누고 daminozide의 처리농도는 0, 500, 1000, $2000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$로 구분하여 처리하였다. '챠밍아이'의 경우, 절화장, 꽃목 직경, 줄기직경, 화뢰 직경, 화뢰 수에 있어서 무처리구와 처리구간의 차이가 없었다. 그러나 꽃목 신장의 억제효과, 정단부 화서배열 각도의 증가 및 화뢰 수의 증가는 daminozide 농도에 관계없이 stage I의 처리구가 stage II의 처리구보다 우수하였다. '핑크프라이드'의 경우는 절화장, 꽃목 직경, 줄기 직경에 있어서 무처리구와 처리구간의 차이가 없었으나, 정단부 화서배열 각도는 stage II의 $2,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 처리구를 제외하고는 stage I과 stage II의 모든 daminozide 처리구가 무처리구에 비해 증가하였다. 화뢰 수와 화뢰 직경은 stage I의 $1,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 처리구에서 가장 큰 증가를 나타내었고, stage II의 $2,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 처리구에서 가장 적은 값을 보여주었다. 꽃목 길이는 daminozide 농도가 증가함에 점차적으로 감소하였으나, daminozide를 엽면 살포한 꽃 목의 신장은 Stage I에 처리시 stage II 처리보다 억제효과가 크게 나타났다. 평행한 화뢰 수의 증가는 stage I의 $2,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 처리구에서 가장 우수하였다. 결론적으로 '챠밍아이'는 stage I 시기에 $500{\sim}1,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ daminozide를 엽면 살포하고 '핑크프라이드'는 stage I 시기에 $1,000{\sim}2,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ daminozide를 엽면 살포하여 절화 상품성을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.77-84
• /
• 1984

국내(國內)에서 많이 소비(消費)되는 킹건고추와 일본(日本) 재래종(在來種)인 십방(十房)을 공시(供試)하여 고추의 생육(生育)에 중요(重要)한 온도(溫度)와 시비량(施肥量)을 달리하여 처리(處理)함으로써 고추의 생장(生長)과 광합성(光合成)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)하여 고추재배법(栽培法) 개선(改善)에 필요한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 수행(遂行)된 본(本) 시험(試驗)의 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 킹건 고추는 십방(十房)에 비하여 초장(草長), 간장(稈長), 화아수(花芽數), 건물중(乾物重), 동화량(同化量)이 많았고 십방(十房)은 킹건고추보다 엽수(葉數), 절수(節數), 엽면적(葉面積)이 많은 경향(傾向)이었다. 2. 시비량간(施肥量間)에는 증비구(增肥區)가 보비구(普肥區)보다 초장(草長), 엽수(葉數), 절수(節數), 화아수(花芽數), 건물중(乾物重), 엽면적(葉面積), 광합성(光合成)이 현저히 증가(增加)되었다. 3. 온도간(溫度間)에는 고야온(高夜溫) ($25^{\circ}C$) 처리시(處理時) 초장(草長), 간장(稈長), 엽수(葉數), 절수(節數), 화아수(花芽數), 분기수(分技數), 건물중(乾物重), 엽면적(葉面積)이 현저하게 많은 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 4. 상대생장율(相對生長率), 엽면적율(葉面積率)은 증비구(增肥區)와 고야온(高夜溫) 처리시(處理時) 높아졌으나 순동화율(純同化率)은 엽수(葉數)가 많은 십방(十房)이 킹건고추보다 적었으며 고야온(高夜溫) 처리시(處理時) 오히려 감소(減少)하였다. 5. 광합성(光合成)은 킹건고추에서 증비(增肥) 광도(光度)가 높아질수록 현저하게 증가(增加)되었다. 6. 고추 수량(收量)을 좌우하는 화아수(花芽數)는 킹건고추에서 증비(增肥), 고야간온도(高夜間溫度)($25^{\circ}C$)조건(條件)에서 많았다.

• 원예과학기술지
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.236-242
• /
• 2012

We investigated the influences of night interruption (NI) and night temperature on flowering and flower coloration in Cymbidium. Cymbidium 'Red Fire' and 'Yokihi' were grown under a 9 hours photoperiod (control), a 9 hours photoperiod with NI at a low light intensity (LNI) of 3-7 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, or a 9 hours photoperiod with NI at a high light intensity (HNI) of 120 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ for four hours (22:00-02:00 HR) for 16 weeks during the reproductive growth stage (Experiment 1). Thirty month-old Cymbidium 'Red Fire' plants with initiated flowering buds were placed in four different growth chamber with night temperature set points of 6, 9, 12, or $15^{\circ}C$ for 16 hours (18:00 to 09:00 HR) and a daytime temperature of $25^{\circ}C$ (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, the numbers of visible buds and flowers increased, and time to flowering decreased in both the LNI and HNI treatments, as compared to the control in both cultivars. Red color in Cymbidium 'Red Fire' increased by both LNI and HNI, as evidenced by an increased $a^*$ in plants grown under these conditions, relative to those grown under the control condition. Number of days to visible buds at 9-$15^{\circ}C$ ranged from 31-34 days, as compared to 39 days at $6^{\circ}C$ in Experiment 2. Although as the temperature increased days to flowering decreased when the plant was grown at $15^{\circ}C$ as compared to 6, 9, or $12^{\circ}C$, the red color ($a^*$) also decreased. The number of flowers and percent flowering increased when the night temperature was maintained higher than $9^{\circ}C$. Therefore, NI treatment and maintaining the night temperature at approximately 9-$12^{\circ}C$ during the winter season after flower spike initiation in the reproductive developmental growth stage improve flower quality and controls flowering time.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.766-770
• /
• 2009

Hot water extracts of Camellia japonica flower buds were found to have the higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than the other solvent extracts. Five phenolic compounds were isolated and purified from the ethyl acetate soluble-neutral fraction of hot water extracts by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and octadecyl silane-high performance liquid chromatography using the guided assay of DPPH radical scavenging. Based on mass spectrometer and nuclear magnetic resonance, the isolated compounds were identified as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1), vanillin (2), dehydroxysynapyl alcohol (3), 7S,7'S,8R,8'R-icariol $A_2$ (4), and (-)-epicatechin (5). Four compounds (1-4) except for 5 were newly identified in this plant. Their DPPH radical scavenging activities as 50% scavenging concentration decreased in order to 5 $(20\;{\mu}M)>{\alpha}-tocopherol$ $(29\;{\mu}M)>4$ $(67\;{\mu}M)>3$ $(72\;{\mu}M)>1=2$ ($>250\;{\mu}M$). These results indicate that the antioxidant effect of the hot water extract of C. japonica flower buds may partially due to 5 isolated phenolic compounds.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• 제43권4호
• /
• pp.438-443
• /
• 2016

The in vitro propagation of the commercially important Phalaeonopsis hybrid 'Little gem' was achieved by culturing the apical part and axillary buds excised from flower stalks. The explants were cultured on 5 different basal media: $3.0{\cdot}L^{-1}$ Hyponex and $4.0{\cdot}L^{-1}$ peptone ($H_3P_4$) and Murashige & Skoog (MS) media were shown to be suitable for shoot regeneration. The MS medium supplemented with $5.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) was found to be more efficient for shoot regeneration. However, the number of shoots induced by axillary buds was higher than that induced by the apical part. Incubation of the apical part under darkness for one week, as well as of the explants in the same medium with activated charcoal (AC) $0.5g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ promoted shoot regeneration and shoot growth; similar growth was not observed with axillary buds.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.281-286
• /
• 1995

This experiment was conducted to obtain the basic information on new- and latent-bud formation, and stem vestige arrangement on the rhizome of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Latent buds emerged from meristematic region between shoot and root of the embryo, and new buds for the next year were distributed both at the bottom portion of the stem and the rhizome. In the new buds, organs such as leaf, stem, and flower bud were already completely differentiated, while the latent bud had an undifferentiated meristematic tissue arranged linearly in a vertical line, indicating that each year new- and latent-buds are formed successively. This result suggests that the number of stem vestige may be used for the determination of ginseng age. Key words Rhizome, new-bud, latent-bud, histology, morphology, stem vestige, vestige arrangement.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.255-264
• /
• 1989

Ginseng zygotic embryos, seedlings, and exised cotyledonary nodes were cultured on Murashinge and Skoog's(MS) medium, supplemented with 6-benzyladenine(BA) and gibberellic acid(GA3) to induce flower buds. As the concenteration of nitrogen compounds in MS medium was reduced to half of its strength, the flowering frequency of zygotic embryos increased up to 90%. The optimum concentration of sucrose in the medium for flowering of seedlings was 30-60 g/1. In all cases flower buds were formed on elongated axillary branches from the cotyledonary nodes, while the apices remained vegetative. When zygotic embryos and excised cotyledonary nodes were cultured on the medium, supplemented with all possible combinations of BA, GA3, and abscisic acid(ABA) of 5 $\mu$M indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) in the above combinations did not affect flowering. These results suggest that cytokinins, gibberellins, and inhibitors play primary, permissive, and preventive roles, respectively, in the induction of flowering of ginseng.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.355-359
• /
• 2013

A new monoterpene, crocusatin M (1), was isolated from the flower buds of Buddleja officinalis, together with four known monoterpenes, (6R)-hydroxy-1,1,5-trimethylcyclohex-4-enone (2), (+)-dehydrovomifoliol (3), 7-epiloliolide (4), and crocusatin D (5). Their structures were determined by an extensive analysis of 1D, 2D NMR, HRESI-MS, and CD data as well as by comparison of their spectroscopic data with those of literatures. All isolates were evaluated for inhibitory activities on LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells. Among them, compounds 2 and 3 showed moderate inhibitory effects with $IC_{50}$ values of 63.8 and 24.4 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively.