• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.42-47
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• 2011

In this paper, wake equalizing duct (WED) form optimization was carried out using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques. A WED is a ring-shaped flow vane with a foil-type cross-section fitted to a hull in front of the upper propeller area. The main advantage of a WED is the power savings resulting from the uniformity of the velocity distribution on the propeller plane, a reduction in the flow separation at the aft-body, and lift generation with a forward force component on the foil section. This paper intends to evaluate these functions and find an optimized WED form for minimizing the viscous resistance and equalizing the wake distribution. In the optimization process, the study uses four WED parameters: the angle of the section, longitudinal location, and angles of the axes for the half rings against the longitudinal and transverse planes of the ship. KRISO 300K VLCC2 (KVLCC2) is chosen as an example ship to demonstrate the WED optimization. The optimization procedure uses genetic algorithms (GAs), a gradient-based optimizer for the refinement of the solution, and Non-dominated Sorting GA-II(NSGA-II) for Multiobjective Optimization. The results show that the optimized WED can reduce the viscous resistance at the expense of the uniformity of the wake distribution.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.2585-2596
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• 1994

Many particle filled materials like Poweder/Binder mixtures for poweder injection moldings, have complicated rheological behaviors such as an yield stress and slip phenomena. In the present study, numerical simulation programs via a finite element method and a finite difference method were developed for the quasi-three-dimensional flows and the two-dimensional flow models, respectively, with the slip phenomena taken into account in terms of a slip velocity. In order to qualitatively understand the slip effects, typical numerical results such as vector plots, pressure contours in the cross-channel plane, and isovelocity controus for the down-channel direction were discussed with respect to various slip coefficients. Slip velocities along the boudary surfaces were also investigated to find the effects of the slip coefficient and processing conditions on the overall flow behavior. Based on extensive numerical calculations varying the slip coefficients, pressure gradient, aspect ratio, and power law index, the screw characteristics of the extrusion process were studied in particular with comparisons between the slip model and non-slip model.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.611-618
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• 2001

The flow characteristics of a turbulent buoyant jet were experimentally investigated using a single-frame PIV system. The Reynolds number based on the nozzle exit velocity and nozzle diameter was about Re=5$\times$10$^3$. The instantaneous velocity fields in the streamwise plane passing the jet axis were measured in the near field X/D <11 with and without the temperature gradient. By ensemble averaging the instantaneous velocity fields, the spatial distributions of mean velocity, vorticity, and higher-order statistics up to third order were obtained. The temperature difference of 10$\^{C}$ does not affect a significant influence to the flow structure in the near field, but the total entrainment rate is increased slightly. The entrainment rate shows a linear variation with the streamwise distance in the region after X/D=5.0.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.344-355
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• 2020

Tropical cyclone scale vortices and associated Rossby waves were investigated numerically using high-resolution barotropic models on the global domain. The equations of the barotropic model were discretized using the spectral transform method with the spherical harmonics function as orthogonal basis. The initial condition of the vortex was specified as an axisymmetric flow in the gradient wind balance, and four types of basic zonal states were employed. Vortex tracks showed similar patterns as those on the beta-plane but exhibited more eastward displacement as they moved northward. The zonal-mean flow appeared to control not only the west-east translation but also the meridional translation of the vortex. Such a meridional influence was revealed to be associated with the beta gyre and the Rossby wave, which are formed around the vortex due to the beta effect. In the case of the basic zonal state of climatological mean, the meridional translation speed reached the maximum value when the vortex underwent recurving.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.189-211
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• 2021

An analytical solution is presented to analyze the thermoelastoplastic response of a rotating thick-walled cylindrical pressure vessel made of functionally graded material (FGM). The analysis is based on Tresca's yield condition, its associated flow rule and linear strain hardening material behaviour. The uncoupled theory of thermoelasticity is used, and the plane strain condition is assumed. The material properties except for Poisson's ratio, are assumed to vary nonlinearly in the radial direction. Elastic, partially plastic, fully plastic, and residual stress states are investigated. The heat conduction equation for the one-dimensional problem in cylindrical coordinates is used to obtain temperature distribution in the vessel. It is assumed that the inner surface is exposed to an airstream and that the outer surface is exposed to a uniform heat flux. Tresca's yield criterion and its associated flow rule are used to formulate six different plastic regions for a linearly hardening condition. All these stages are studied in detail. It is shown that the thermoelastoplastic stress response of a rotating FGM pressure vessel is affected significantly by the nonhomogeneity of the material and temperature gradient. The results are validated with those of other researchers for appropriate values of the system parameters and excellent agreement is observed.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.123-136
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• 1996

본 연구에서는 시 공간적으로 변화하는 밀도구조를 고려한 3차원 연직함수 전개모형을 제안한다. 정수압을 가정하며 열보존식과 상태방정식의 도입으로 밀도변화가 고려된다 수평방향으로의 변화는 유한 차분 격자상에서 계산되며 유속 및 수온의 연직구조는 선형보간함수를 사용하여 계산된다. 구성된 행렬방정식은 유사변환 개념을 도입하여 시간적분된다. 개발된 모델의 테스트를 위해 간단한 이상해역과 황해역에서 대기와 해양간의 열교환에 따른 수온구조 변동을 실험하였다. 이류효과는 열수송방정식에서만 고려하였으며 연직 와동점성계수와 와동확산계수는 시 공간적으로 일정한 값을 사용하였다. 이상해역에서의 수치실험결과 모델영역의 수심의 차이에 따른 열저장의 차이로 인해 수온의 수평적 구배가 발생하였다. 결과적으로 전향력을 고려하지 않을 경우에는 상층에서는 수심이 증가하는 방향으로 흐름이 발생하고 하층에는 반대방향의 흐름이 유도된 반면 전향력을 고려할 경우에는 수온차에 의한 압력구배력과 전향력이 균형을 이루면서 지형류가 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 황해역에서는 복잡한 흐름이 나타났지만 전체적으로는 지형류의 특성이 우세하게 나타났다.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.177-184
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• 2000

약한 cusp 자장이 가하여진 Czochralski실리콘 단결정 성장에서 유동장의 종횡비에 따라 부력과 열모세관 현상이 용융물질의 유동과 물질(산소)전달에 미치는 영향이 수치적인 방법으로 연구되었다. 실리콘 단결정 성장이 진행됨에 따라 도가니안의 용융물질의 깊이가 즐어들어 유동장의 종횡비가 감소하고, 이에 따라 현존하는 유동장에 작용하는 자장의 상대적인 형태가 변화하므로 유동의 형태가 계속 변화한다. 유동장 내부에서 자유표면으로 접근하여 Marangoni 대류를 구성하는 용융물질의 흐름(열모세관 현상)과 함께 도가니 벽 근처의 자유표면 바로 아래에서 순환류가 발생하는데, 이 순환류의 존재로 인하여 부력의 효과가 “전반적으로”나타나지 않고 도리어 “국소적으로”나타나는 특성을 갖는다. 종횡비가 작아질수록 유동장의 대부분에서 자장의 반경방향 성분이 축방향 성분보다 우세하여 용융물질의 유동은 횡방향 성분(수평성분)이 현저해지므로 자오면에서의 온도분포는 점차 반경방향에 의존하는 특성을 갖게 된다 종횡비가 작아질수록 결정의 가장자리에서 온도구배가 작아지며 따라서 열모세관 현상포 약화된다 또 이때 결정주위의 산소의 농도가 작아지며 따라서 흡수되는 산소의 양도 작아진다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1131-1138
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• 2006

Aerodynamic shape design of a partial admission turbine using CFD has been performed. Two step approaches are adopted in this study. Firstly, two-dimensional blade shape is optimized using CFD and genetic algorithm. Initially, the turbine cascade shape is represented by four design parameters. By controlling the design parameters as variables, the non-gradient search is analyzed for obtaining the maximum efficiency. The final two-dimensional blade proved to have a more blade power than the initial blade. Secondly, the three-dimensional CFD analysis including the nozzle, rotor and stator has been conducted. To avoid a heavy computational load due to an unsteady calculation, the frozen rotor method is implemented in steady calculation. The frozen rotor method can detect a variation of the flow-field dependent upon the blade's circumferential position relative to the nozzle. It gives a better idea of wake loss mechanism starting from the lip of the nozzle than the mixing plane concept. Finally, the combination of two and three dimensional design method of the partial admission turbine in this study has proven to be a robust tool in development phase.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.174-180
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• 2010

변동 수심에서의 파랑변형을 비균질 Helmholtz 방정식을 이용하여 계산하였다. 포텐셜 함수가 존재한다고 가정하였으며, 변수분리를 적용하였다. 본 논문에서는 조화파만을 고려하였다. 포텐셜 함수로 구성된 지배방정식을 정수면에 직접 적용하였고, 변동 수심에 대한 비균질 Helmholtz 방정식을 얻었다. 파랑의 진폭과 위상차로 얻어진 복합 포텐셜 함수의 지배방정식을 실수형 변수로 된 두 방정식으로 분리하였다. 분리된 방정식들은 각각 1차와 2차 상미분 방정식이며, 이 방정식들을 단순한 형태의 중앙차분 수치기법을 이용하여 차분식으로 변형하였다. 측면 경계조건에서의 파랑의 진폭, 진폭경사, 그리고 위상경사를 경계면에 적용하여 전방진행방법으로 전 영역에서 해를 구하였다 Booij의 경사면 있는 저면의 경우와 Bragg의 물결모양이 있는 저면의 경우에 적용하였다. 본 연구로 도출된 비균질 Helmholtz 방정식은 완전 선형방정식 계산 결과, Massel의 수정 완경사 방정식, 그리고 Berkhoff의 완경사 방정식의 적용 결과와 비교하였으며, 만족스러운 결과를 얻었다.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2010

When galvanized steel strip is produced through a continuous hot-dip galvanizing process, the thickness of the adhered zinc film is controlled by impinging a thin plane nitrogen gas jet. The thickness of the zinc film is generally affected by impinging pressure distribution, its gradient and shearing stress at the steel strip. These factors are influenced by static pressure of gas spraying at air knife nozzle, a nozzle-to-strip distance and strip and a geometric shape of the air knife, as well. At industries, galvanized steel strip is produced by changing static pressure of gas and a distance between the air knife nozzle and strip based on experimental values but remaining a geometric shape of nozzle. Splashing and check-mark strain can generally occur when a distance between the air knife nozzle and strip is too short, while ability of zinc removal can lower due to pressure loss of impinging jet when a distance between the air knife nozzle and strip is too long. In present study, buckling of the jet and change of static pressure are observed by analyzing flow characteristics of the impinging jet. The distance from the nozzle exit to the strip varies from 6 mm to 16 mm by an increment of 2 mm. Moreover, final coating thickness with change of a distance between the air knife nozzle and strip is compared with each case. An ability of zinc removal with the various distances is predicted by numerically calculating the final coating thickness.