• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.44-51
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• 1997

연구배경 : 최근 알려진 ${\gamma}{\delta}$ 수용체는 결핵균 감염의 초기에 제2형 주요 조직적합성 복합계(MHC class II)의 인식없이 결핵균 항원에 반응하여 세포성 면역반응을 나타냄이 보고되었다. 이에 연구자등은 페결핵환자와 결핵성 흉막염 환자, 그리고 다른 원인의 흉막염 환자사이에 T 림프구의 조성과 ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T-림프구 수의 차이를 관찰하였다. 방법 : 대상은 폐결핵환자 30예(이중 결핵성 흉막염환자 15예), 폐암 환자 12예(이중 악성 흉막염 환자 9예), 폐렴 7예(이중 폐렴성 흉막염 6예)등 모두 49예였다. 혈청 ADA(adenosine deaminase)활성도는 Hitachi 747 자동화학분석기에서 측정하였다. T 세포 림프구 아형의 분류는 lysed whole blood method로 anti-Leu4, anti-Leu3a, anti-Leu2a, anti HLA-DR 그리고 anti-TCR-${\gamma}{\delta}$-1를 이용하여 flow cytometer로 분석하였다. 결과 : 1. 말초혈액내 ${\gamma}{\delta}$-T 림프구의 평균치는 $4.8{\pm}4.6%$ 였고, 결핵군(29예) $5.5{\pm}4.5%$, 비결핵군(14예) $3.3{\pm}2.9%$(폐암군 $4.0{\pm}3.2%$, 폐렴군 $2.2{\pm}1.6%$로 유의한 차이는 없었다(p=0.24). 질병의 이환기간 1개월 이내의 환자중에서도 결핵군(20예) $6.4{\pm}6.6%$, 비결핵군(14예) $3.3{\pm}2.9%$ 으로 유의한 차이는 없었다(p=0.16)(Table 1). 2. 흉막액내 T 세포 림프구 아형중 CD4 림프구는 결핵성 흉막액에서는 $54.6{\pm}13.8%$, 비결핵성 흉막액에서는 $36.2{\pm}25.3%$(악성 흉막액 $38.4{\pm}23.8%$, 폐렴정 흉막액 $30.1{\pm}34.0%$ 결핵성 흉막액에서 의의있게 높았다(p=0.04)(Table 2). 3. 흉막염이 있던 환자에서 말초혈액내 ${\gamma}{\delta}$-T 림프구는 결핵성 흉막염군(14예)이 $7.0{\pm}9.0%$, 비결핵성 흉막염군(11예) $3.0{\pm}2.0%$ (악성 흉막염군 $3.1{\pm}2.2%$, 폐렴성 흉막염군 $2.7{\pm}1.7%$로 차이는 없었다(p=0.16). 흉막액내 ${\gamma}{\delta}$-T 림프구는 결핵성 흉막염군(15예)이 $3.9{\pm}2.9%$, 비결핵성 흉막염군(10예) $2.1{\pm}2.2%$(악성 흉막염군 $2.0{\pm}2.5%$, 폐렴성 흉막염군 $2.4{\pm}1.7%$ 로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=0.12). 4. 환자의 연령이나 성별과 말초혈액내 ${\gamma}{\delta}$-T 림프구수와는 상관관계가 없었고, 폐결핵 환자에서 병변의 정도, 혈청 및 흉막액내 ADA와 ${\gamma}{\delta}$-T 림프구수와도 상관관계가 없었다. 결론 : 결핵성 흉막염환자에서 말초혈액 및 흉막액내 ${\gamma}{\delta}$-T 림프구수의 유의한 증가는 없어 다른 질환과의 감별진단에 도움이 되지 못할 것으로 생각되며, ${\gamma}{\delta}$-T 림프구의 증가는 결핵 초기 환자들을 대상으로 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.271-276
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• 2003

목 적 : G-CSF와 GM-CSF는 과립구생성에 중요한 사이토카인으로서, 각각의 수용체 G-CSFr과 GM-CSFr에 결합하여 기능을 하게 되며, 이들 수용체들은 미성숙 골수 세포로부터 성숙 된 말초 과립구까지 발현된다. 일반적으로 혈중 G-CSF와 GM-CSF의 농도 및 이들 수용체의 발현은 과립구가 증가하는 감염질환에서 변화한다고 알려져 있으나, 백혈구 증가증에서 과립구수 증가와 관련된 변화에 대해서는 아직 연구된 바가 없다. 본 연구에서는 백혈구 증가증 환아와 정상아의 혈중 G-CSF와 GM-CSF의 농도를 측정하고 말초혈액의 과립구 표면에 존재하는 이들의 수용체를 정량분석하였으며, 활동성이 있는 수용체 발현 양에는 어떤 변화가 있는 지를 분석하여 백혈구 증가증 환아의 과립구 수 증가와 G-CSF와 GM-CSF 및 이들 수용체 변화의 관련성을 규명하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 정상 대조군으로서 비감염성 질환으로 입원한 같은 연령대의 아동 중 말초혈액 백혈구 수 및 중성구 수가 정상인 아동 13명과 급성기 초기의 백혈구 증가증 환아 14명, 총 27명의 혈중 G-CSF와 GM-CSF의 농도를 측정하였고 세포표면 G-CSFr와 GM-CSFr의 발현양은 각각 항 G-CSF 수용체 단 클론항체, 항 GM-CSF 수용체 단클론항체와 혼합 후 유세포 분석기를 이용하여 정량적으로 분석하였으며, 활동성 G-CSFr, GM-CSFr의 양적변화를 유세포 분석기를 이용하여 측정하였다. 결 과 : 백혈구 증가증 환아의 총 백혈구 수는 $24,100{\pm}6960/{\mu}L$로 정상 대조군 $8,680{\pm}378/{\mu}L$에 비해 유의하게 증가되었으며 중성구 수는 백혈구 증가증 환아에서 유의하게 증가되어 있었으나($20,800{\pm}2120/{\mu}L$ vs $3,360{\pm}2,120/{\mu}L$) 단구수는 차이가 없었다. 혈중 G-CSF의 농도 $164.0{\pm}187.5pg/mL$는 정상 대조군 $71.9{\pm}94.1pg/mL$과 감소된 경향을 보였으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었고(P=0.217) 혈중 GM-CSF의 농도도 유의한 차이가 없었다(P=0.968). 백혈구 증가증 환아의 중성구의 G-CSFr 발현양 $963.6{\pm}575.7$은 정상대조군 $1711.1{\pm}452.6$에 비해 유의한 감소를 보였으며(P=0.012), 백혈구 증가증 환아의 중성구의 GM-CSFr의 발현양 $471.7{\pm}217.0$은 정상 대조군의 $854.8{\pm}383.0$과 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(P=0.220). 항 G-CSFr항체는 수용체가 G-CSF와 결합하고 나면 수용체에 결합하지 못하는 epitope에 대한 항체로 보여지며, 수용체를 포화시키기에 충분한 과량의 CSF와 배양시킨 후 포화농도에도 결합하지 않은 수용체의 양을 측정하면 남은 수용체 즉, 활동성 수용체 수는 감소하게 되는데, 백혈구 증가증 환아에서 과량의 G-CSF에 배양한 후 감소된 중성구 G-CSFr의 발현양은 $407.8{\pm}405.1$로 정상 대조군의 $1,012.2{\pm}488.5$에 비해 유의한 감소를 보였고(P=0.050), 혈중 G-CSF 농도 및 혈중 GM-CSF 농도와 무관하였다(P=0.735, P=0.087). 백혈구 증가증 환아와 정상대조군에서 수용체를 포화시키기에 충분한 과량의 GM-CSF에 배양한 후 중성구의 GM-CSFr의 발현양을 분석한 결과는 발현이 증가된 소견을 보였다. 증가된 중성구의 GM-CSFr의 발현 양은 정상아 및 백혈구 증가증 환아에서 유의한 차이가 없었다(P=0.828). 결 론 : 백혈구 증가증에서는 중성구 수 증가에 의하여 총 백혈구 수가 증가되고 혈중 G-CSF의 농도는 중성구 증가의 원인으로 생각되며 G-CSFr과 결합하여 백혈구 증가증을 일으키는 것으로 보인다. GM-CSF 농도 및 GM-CSFr은 백혈구 증가에 영향을 주지 않음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.118-122
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• 2005

체내 면역 증강정을 관찰하기 위하여 체내 임파구의 활성 및 증가 여부를 3개월간 의뢰한 물질인 Immu-Forte EX, Immu-Forte 된장고추장, Immu-Forte A, Immu-Forte를 투여한 후, flowcyometry 및 sandwitch ELISA를 이용하여 측정하였다. 본 실험의 실험 기간 중에 동물의 질병이나 감염에 의한 면역학적인 변화가 있었는지를 확인하기 위하여 혈액학적인 검사를 실시하였으며, 혈액학적인 검사에서 Alkaline phosphatase, T protein, Albumin, Creatine, ALT, AST, Total bilirubin, Potasium을 검사해 본 결과 대조군과 비교 했을때 투여군 전군에서 정상적인 범위내 수치를 나타내는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과로부터 본 실험에서 나온 결과는 질병이나 감염에 의한 것이 아닌 생체내에서의 면역성 증강에 의한 것으로 판단할수 있는 근거를 제공한다고 판단되어진다. 한편, 3개월간 장기 투여시 Immu-Forte EX, Immu-Forte 된장고추장, Immu-Forte A과 Immu-Forte 의 모든 물질은 전반적으로 면역 세포와 사이토카인의 수치를 유의적으로 증가시켰다 그러나, 3개월간 Immu-Forte EX를 투여 후 혈중콜레스테롤 수치를 검사해 본 결과 대조군$(118\pm24.4 mg/dL)$과 비교하였을때, 고용량$(126\pm7.7 mg/dL)$, 중간용량$(121\pm8.4 mg/dL)$, 저용량$(109\pm24.Smg/dL)$으로서 통계학적인 유의적 감소로는 보이지 않는다. 각각의 물질의 면역학적인 변화양상을 살펴보면 물질 동암 EX는 중간 농도군에서는 CD4 T 림파구, CD8 림파구, 대식세포, IL-12, IFN-r가 대조군에 비해서 유의적으로 증가했으며 떠농도에서는 전체 T 임파구, 전체 B 임파구, CD4 T 임파구, 대식세포, IL-2, IL4, IL-12가 대조군에 비해서 유의적으로 증가했다. 물질 Immu-Forte 된장고추장에서는 고농도에서는 CD4 T 임파구, IL-2, IL-4, IL-12가 유의적으로 증가했으며, 중간농도에서는 CD4 임파구, 대식세포, IL-2,IL-4,IL-12 가 유의적으로 증가했고, 저농도에서는 전체 T 임파구, CD4 T 임파구, IL-2, IL-4, IL-12가 유의적으로 증가했다. 물질 Immu-Forte A의 경우 고농도에서 대식세포,자연살해세포, IL-12가 중간농도에서는 전체 T임파구, CD4 T임파구, 대식세포, 자연살해세포, IL-2, IL-4, IL-12가 저농도에서는 자연살해세포가 유의적으로 증가했다. 물질 Immune-Forte f의 경우 고농도에서 전체 B 임파구, IL-4, IL-12가 중간농도에서 전체 T임파구, 전체 B임파구, CD4 T임파구, CD8 T 임파구, 대식세포, IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, IFN-r가 저농도에서는 자연살해세포, IL-12가 유의적으로 증가하였다. 이상과 같이 각각의 물질은 전반적으로 면역증강 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며 그 면역증강을 유도하는 세포나 사이토카인은 서로 정확히 일치하지 않는 것으로 보아 각각의 물질이 다른 기전을 통해서 면역증강을 유도하는 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.187-208
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• 2000

By the activation of ovary hormone, many morphological changes occur in the epithelial cell lines and muscle cells in rat uterus. These two cells in uterus are important to the implantation of embryo, maintaining pregnancy and starting parturition. One important change associated with the morphological change of these two cells in uterus is the change on prostaglandin(PG) metabolism. Its presence and synthesis in endometriurn and myometrium in uterus affects estrous cycle and the start of embryo implantation in uterus. It also performs as an important modulator in parturition. So the abnormally weak expression of PG causes difficulty during labor and over-expression causes pre-term labor. PG biosynthesis starts from either free or liberated arachidonic acids from membrane phospholipid by phospholipase. Such arachidonic acids are converted into PG catalyzed by Cyclooxygenase. Under normal physiological condition, Cyclooxygenase-1(COX-1) having 602 units of amino acids controls the synthesis of PG. It acts as a local hormone regulating vasomodulation of blood flow, flexible muscle movement, increasing the blood permeability and contributing the protective role in preserving integrity of the stomach lining and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is induced by the inflammation, pregnancy and increased its expression until parturition. Lipid metabolite like PG is located in uterine and expression of COX-2 increased with pregnancy. Increased expression of COX proteins in epithelial cells and myometrial cells are told to increase the muscle contractility in uterus but decreased right after the labor in rat. It is a good sign indicating that COX proteins are deeply related to the start of labor. Currently, Several studies report the use of PG and COX-2 inhibitor as medication for controlled abortion or to prevent pre-term labor but they entail various side-effects. Our study proposed to suggest use of acupuncture as an another mediator to control abortion or pre-term labor without causing unnecessary side-effects by those medicines. Two acupuncture sites, LI-4 & SP-6 were selected due to their known efficacy. From the immunohistochemical staining of COX-2, normal expression of COX-2 protein in nonpregnant SD rat's uterus revealed that COX-2 protein was primarily detected in the lumina epithelial lining and in the epithelial cell lining contacting the stromal cells. High resolution optical microscopic scanning revealed distinguishable staining in the myometrial mucosa. LI-4 acupuncture administered nonpregnant rat's uterus showed strong expression for COX-2 in endometrium contacted with lumina epithelial lining of rat uterus and in myometrial mucosa. Stromal cells showed more staining than untreated nonpregnant rat's uterus and stronger staining in stromal cells contacting myometrial layer compared to untreated nonpregnant rat's uterus. SP-6 acupuncture administered nonpregnant rat's uterus showed weak expression for COX-2 in myometrial layers and stromal cells but no staining was visible in lumina epitheliai and glandular epithelial cells. Few stromal cells and myometrial mucosa were positively stained for COX-2. Pregnant SD rat's uterus was also immunostained for COX-2 expression after 18 days of pregnancy. Unlike to untreated nonpregnant rat's uterus, luminal epithelial cells were not positively stained for COX-2 but stronger staining for COX-2 was revealed in stromal cells. LI-4 acupunctured SD rat's uterus had very strong expression of COX-2 in luminal epithelial lining. Few stromal cells showed stronger positive COX-2 staining and myometrial layers also showed more expression than untreated pregnant rat. SP-6 acupuncture administered pregnant SD rat's uterus showed positive expression of COX-2 in epithelial cells of luminal mucosa layer but weaker than that of LI-4 acupuncture treatment's case. However, strong positive staining was revealed in stromal mucosa and myometrial layers. Virgin SD rat's uterus motility index during LI-4 acupuncture was 66.52 % (Prob〉T = 0.0197) compared to its motility before the acupuncture treatment but the motility index was slighdy elevated up to 79.58 % (Prob〉T = 0.1175) after the acupuncture. During the SP-6 acupuncture treatment for 30 minutes, uterus motility index was 90.52 % (Prob〉T = 0.1832) showing lesser decrement but consequently reached similar motility index decreasal to 79.95 % (Prob〉T = 0.0215) after the acupuncture treatment as LI-4 showed. LI-4 acupuncture tend to be a quick treatment to reducing the uterus motility in a virgin rat but eventually both two acupuncture administration created very similar reduction of uterus motility seeing the index after the both acupunctures. The uterus movement monitored during the LI-4 acupuncture administered for 30 minutes, Pregnant SD rat showed decreased motility down to 77.90 % (Prob〉 T = 0.0076) compared to uterus motility before the acupuncture and it continuously decreased down to 71.81 %(Prob〉T = 0.0214) after the removal of needle. The statistical analysis using paired t-test showed significance difference for both two motility indexs at =0.05. SP-6 acupuncture administered to pregnant SD rat also had similar pattern of decreasing uterus motility index down to 74.70 % (Prob〉T = 0.1730) during the initial 30 minutes acupuncture administration and it was continuously lowered to 71.52 % (Prob〉T = 0.0155) after the acupuncture. The paired t-test resuit for SP-6 suggest prompt response of uterus motility index to the SP-6 acupuncture treatment but consequently reached same level of inducing the motility reduction as LI-4 at =0.05 level.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.191-207
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• 2021

오늘날 이동통신은 급증하는 데이터 수요에 대응하기 위해서 주로 속도 향상에 초점을 맞추어 발전해 왔다. 그리고 5G 시대가 시작되면서 IoT, V2X, 로봇, 인공지능, 증강 가상현실, 스마트시티 등을 비롯하여 다양한 서비스를 고객들에게 제공하기위한 노력들이 진행되고 있고 이는 우리의 삶의 터전과 산업 전반에 대한 환경을 바꿀 것으로 예상되고 되고 있다. 이러한 서비스를 제공하기위해서 고속 데이터 속도 외에도, 실시간 서비스를 위한 지연 감소 그리고 신뢰도 등이 매우 중요한데 5G에서는 최대 속도 20Gbps, 지연 1ms, 연결 기기 106/㎢를 제공함으로써 서비스 제공할 수 있는 기반을 마련하였다. 하지만 5G는 고주파 대역인 3.5Ghz, 28Ghz의 높은 주파수를 사용함으로써 높은 직진성의 빠른 속도를 제공할 수 있으나, 짧은 파장을 가지고 있어 도달할 수 있는 거리가 짧고, 회절 각도가 작아서 건물 등을 투과하지 못해 실내 이용에서 제약이 따른다. 따라서 기존의 통신망으로 이러한 제약을 벗어나기가 어렵고, 기반 구조인 중앙 집중식 SDN 또한 많은 노드와의 통신으로 인해 처리 능력에 과도한 부하가 발생하기 때문에 지연에 민감한 서비스 제공에 어려움이 있다. 그래서 자율 주행 중 긴급 상황이 발생할 경우 사용 가능한 지연 관련 트리 구조의 제어 기능이 필요하다. 이러한 시나리오에서 차량 내 정보를 처리하는 네트워크 아키텍처는 지연의 주요 변수이다. 일반적인 중앙 집중 구조의 SDN에서는 원하는 지연 수준을 충족하기가 어렵기 때문에 정보 처리를 위한 SDN의 최적 크기에 대한 연구가 이루어져야 한다. 그러므로 SDN이 일정 규모로 분리하여 새로운 형태의 망을 구성 해야하며 이러한 새로운 형태의 망 구조는 동적으로 변하는 트래픽에 효율적으로 대응하고 높은 품질의 유연성 있는 서비스를 제공할 수 있다. 이러한 SDN 구조 망에서 정보의 변경 주기, RTD(Round Trip Delay), SDN의 데이터 처리 시간은 지연과 매우 밀접한 상관관계를 가진다. 이 중 RDT는 속도는 충분하고 지연은 1ms 이하이기에 유의미한 영향을 주는 요인은 아니지만 정보 변경 주기와 SDN의 데이터 처리 시간은 지연에 크게 영향을 주는 요인이다. 특히, 5G의 다양한 응용분야 중에서 지연과 신뢰도가 가장 중요한 분야인 지능형 교통 시스템과 연계된 자율주행 환경의 응급상황에서는 정보 전송은 매우 짧은 시간 안에 전송 및 처리돼야 하는 상황이기때문에 지연이라는 요인이 매우 민감하게 작용하는 조건의 대표적인 사례라고 볼 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 자율 주행 시 응급상황에서 SDN 아키텍처를 연구하고, 정보 흐름(셀 반경, 차량의 속도 및 SDN의 데이터 처리 시간의 변화)에 따라 차량이 관련정보를 요청해야 할 셀 계층과의 상관관계에 대하여 시뮬레이션을 통하여 분석을 진행하였다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-24
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• 2003

This study was done to compile 104 experimental theses which are related to the antitumor and immuno-activating therapies between February 1990 through February 2002. Master's and doctoral theses were dassified by schools, degrees, materials, effects, experimental methods of antitumor and immunoactivity, and results. The following results were obtained from this study : 1. Classifying the theses by the school, 34.6% were presented by Daejeon University, 29.8% by Kyung-hee University and 11.5% by Won-kwang University. Of all theses, 51.0% were aimed for the doctoral degree and 43.3% were for the master's degree. All of three universities have their own cancer centers. 2. Classifying the theses by herb materials, complex prescription accounted for 60.3%, single herb accounted for 24.8% and herbal acupuncture accounted for 14.2%. Considering the key principles of the traditional medicine, complex prescription was much more thoroughly studied than single herb prescription. The results showed that the complex prescription had both antitumor activity and immuno-activating activity, which might reflects on multi-activation mechanisms by complex components. 3. Classifying the theses by the efficacy of herbs examined, in single herb, invigorating spleen and supplementing was 35.5%, expelling toxin and cooling was 29.0%, activating blood flow and removing blood stasis was 12.9%. In herbal acupuncture, invigorating spleen and supplementing was 52.9%, expelling toxin and cooling was 29.4%. In complex prescription, pathogen-free status was 41.9%, strengthening healthy qi to eliminate pathogen was 35.5%, strengthening healthy qi was 22.6%. It is presumed that the antitumor and immunoactivating therapy based on syndrome differentiation is the best way to develop oriental oncology. 4. Classifying the theses by antitumor experiments, cytotoxic effect was 48.1 %, survival time was 48.1 % and change of tumor size was 42.3%. Survival rate was not necessarily correlated with cytotoxicity. These data reflect the characteristic, wholistic nature of the oriental medicine which is based on BRM (biological response modifier). 5. Classifying the theses by immunoactivating experiments, hemolysin titer was 51.0%, hemagglutinin titer was 46.2% and NK cell's activity was 44.2%. In the future studies, an effort to elucidate specific molecular and cellular mechanisms of cytokine production in the body would be crucial. 6. Classifying the theses according to the data in terms of antitumor activity, 50% was evaluated good, 24.0% was excellent, and 15.5% have no effect. In an evaluation of immuno-activating activity, 35.9% was excellent and 18.0% showed a little effect. The index point, as described here, may helps to use experimental data for clinical trials. Changes in index points by varying dosage implicate the importance of oriental medical theory for prescription. 7. In 167 materials, IIP (immunoactivating index point, mean : 3.12±0.07) was significantly higher than AIP(antitumor index point, mean : 2.83±0.07). These data demonstrate that the effect of herb medicine on tumor activity depends more on immunoactivating activity than antitumor activity. This further implies that the development of herbal antitumor drugs must be preceded by the mechanistic understanding of immunoactivating effect. 8. After medline-searching tumor and herb-related articles from NCBI web site, we conclude that most of the studies are primarily focused on biomolecular mechanisms and/or pathways. Henceforth, we need to define the biomolecular mechanisms and/or pathways affected by herbs or complicated prescriptions. 9. Therefore, the most important point of oriental medical oncology is to conned between experimental results and clinical trials. For the public application of herbal therapy to cancer, it is critical to present the data to mass media. 10. To develop the relationship of experimental results and clinical trials, university's cancer clinic must have a long-range plan related to the university laboratories and, at the same time, a regular consortium for this relationship is imperative. 11. After all these efforts, a new type herbal medicine for cancer therapy which is to take care of the long-term administering and safety problem must be developed. Then, it would be expected that anti-tumor herbal acupuncture can improve clinical symptoms and quality of life (QOL) for cancer patients. 12. Finally, oriental medical cancer center must be constructed in NCC (National Cancer Center) or government agency for the development of oriental medical oncology which has international competitive power.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.442-452
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• 2020

Backgroud: Sleep deprivation (SD) impairs learning and memory by inhibiting hippocampal functioning at molecular and cellular levels. Abnormal autophagy and apoptosis are closely associated with neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. This study is aimed to explore the alleviative effect and the underlying molecular mechanism of stem-leaf saponins of Panax notoginseng (SLSP) on the abnormal neuronal autophagy and apoptosis in hippocampus of mice with impaired learning and memory induced by SD. Methods: Mouse spatial learning and memory were assessed by Morris water maze test. Neuronal morphological changes were observed by Nissl staining. Autophagosome formation was examined by transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescent staining, acridine orange staining, and transient transfection of the tf-LC3 plasmid. Apoptotic event was analyzed by flow cytometry after PI/annexin V staining. The expression or activation of autophagy and apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blotting assay. Results: SLSP was shown to improve the spatial learning and memory of mice after SD for 48 h, accomanied with restrained excessive autophage and apoptosis, whereas enhanced activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in hippocampal neurons. Meanwhile, it improved the aberrant autophagy and apoptosis induced by rapamycin and re-activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling transduction in HT-22 cells, a hippocampal neuronal cell line. Conclusion: SLSP could alleviate cognitive impairment induced by SD, which was achieved probably through suppressing the abnormal autophagy and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. The findings may contribute to the clinical application of SLSP in the prevention or therapy of neurological disorders associated with SD.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.281-294
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• 1999

Vasospasm causes microvascular surgery to fail as a main factor in the loss of transferred flap dye to the diminution of blood flow in reconstruction surgery. Although there has been extensive research to resolve the vasospasm problem, no one has reached an ideal solution to date. However, cryotherapy, which is often used for destruction of tumor lesions, is being presented as a new way of releasing vasospasm. After making a histomorphometric measurement on vasodialation during the course of 1, 3 and 7 days, 2 and 4 weeks, and 5 months periods and observing the change of blood vessel in a histologic, immunohistochemical, and scanning electronic microscopic approach, the results were as follows : 1. Vascular inner diameters of the experimental 1 and 3 days groups were measured $476.3{\pm}28.20{\mu}m$, $497.15{\pm}48.79{\mu}m$ respectively showing statistically meaningful vasodilation(P<0.05), which continued by the experiment 4 weeks group. However, in the experimental 5 months group, the vascular inner diameter appeared similar to the control groups. Even though the thickness of smooth muscular layers come out to be thinner in all the experimental groups compared to the control group, it was difficult to find any statistical meaningfulness. In addition, the vascular external diameters of every experimental groups were shown to be longer than the control group. 2. In light microscopic view, severe injury was evident on the smooth muscular layer cell from the experimental 1 day group, started recovering partially from the experimental 7 days group, and was mostly restored in the experimental 4 weeks group and layer of adventitial stripping were nearly recoverd 2 weeks group. 3. The PCNA positive cells of smooth muscular layer were observed from the experimental 7 days group and had a tendency to increase by the experimental 2 weeks group. In the experimental 4 weeks and 5 months group, the number of PCNA possitive cells observed was comparable to the control group. 4. ${\alpha}$-SMA level of smooth muscular layer cells, having been significantly lower than the control group in the severly damaged experimental 1 day group. It was seen to be increased in the experimental 7 days group and turned out to show similar ${\alpha}$-SMA level in 4 weeks to the control group. 5. In the view of SEM, the endothelial cells were destructed and falling off, and also present the appearance of flattening in the experiment 1 day group. The endothelial layer cells started partially recovering from the 7 days group after the freezing injury. On 4 weeks and 5 months, the endothelial cells were fully coverd the damaged area, also it's appearance is similar to control group. In conclusion, the vascular freezing after the removal of adventitia caused damages to smooth muscular layer cells, and brought about vasodilation, which continued by the 4th week. The smooth muscular layer cells started partially reviving from the 7rd day after the damage by vascular freezing, and recovered their similar figure to the control group's 4 weeks later. This was considered the result of cells which surround the damaged blood vessel being influxed into the smooth muscular layers. Therefore, this local freezing injury on the blood vessel was thought to be applied clinically to relieve severe vasospasm which cannot be treated by vasodilation drug, a microvascular surgery.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.17-23
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• 1984

For nearly a century it has been known that chemical activity accompanies mental activity, but only recently has it been possible to begin to examine its exact nature. Positron-emitting radioactive tracers have made it possible to study the chemistry of the human mind in health and disease, using chiefly cyclotron-produced radionuclides, carbon-11, fluorine-18 and oxygen-15. It is now well established that measurable increases in regional cerebral blood flow, glucose and oxygen metabolism accompany the mental functions of perception, cognition, emotion and motion. On May 25, 1983 the first imaging of a neuroreceptor in the human brain was accomplished with carbon-11 methyl spiperone, a ligand that binds preferentially to dopamine-2 receptors, 80% of which are located in the caudate nucleus and putamen. Quantitative imaging of serotonin-2, opiate, benzodiazapine and muscarinic cholinergic receptors has subsequently been accomplished. In studies of normal men and women, it has been found that dopamine and serotonin receptor activity decreases dramatically with age, such a decrease being more pronounced in men than in women and greater in the case of dopamine receptors than serotonin-2 receptors. Preliminary studies in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders suggests that dopamine-2 receptor activity is diminished in the caudate nucleus of patients with Huntington's disease. Positron tomography permits quantitative assay of picomolar quantities of neuro-receptors within the living human brain. Studies of patients with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, acute and chronic pain states and drug addiction are now in progress. The growth of any scientific field is based on a paradigm or set of ideas that the community of scientists accepts. The unifying principle of nuclear medicine is the tracer principle applied to the study of human disease. Nineteen hundred and sixty-three was a landmark year in which technetium-99m and the Anger camera combined to move the field from its latent stage into a second stage characterized by exponential growth within the framework of the paradigm. The third stage, characterized by gradually declining growth, began in 1973. Faced with competing advances, such as computed tomography and ultrasonography, proponents and participants in the field of nuclear medicine began to search for greener pastures or to pursue narrow sub-specialties. Research became characterized by refinements of existing techniques. In 1983 nuclear medicine experienced what could be a profound change. A new paradigm was born when it was demonstrated that, despite their extremely low chemical concentrations, in the picomolar range, it was possible to image and quantify the distribution of receptors in the human body. Thus, nuclear medicine was able to move beyond physiology into biochemistry and pharmacology. Fundamental to the science of pharmacology is the concept that many drugs and endogenous substances, such as neurotransmitters, react with specific macromolecules that mediate their pharmacologic actions. Such receptors are usually identified in the study of excised tissues, cells or cell membranes, or in autoradiographic studies in animals. The first imaging and quantification of a neuroreceptor in a living human being was performed on May 25, 1983 and reported in the September 23, 1983 issue of SCIENCE. The study involved the development and use of carbon-11 N-methyl spiperone (NMSP), a drug with a high affinity for dopamine receptors. Since then, studies of dopamine and serotonin receptors have been carried out in over 100 normal persons or patients with various neuropsychiatric disorders. Exactly one year later, the first imaging of opitate receptors in a living human being was performed [1].

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.382-386
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• 2011

이 연구에서는 일반적인 음극부 한 개에 양극부 한 개로 구성된 single-cathode 미생물연료전지(SCMFC)와 음극부 한 개에 양극부 두 개로 이루어진 dual-cathode 미생물연료전지(DCMFC)를 이용하여 전류발생에 비치는 영향을 확인하였다. 이 결과 dual-cathode 미생물연료전지에서 single-cathode 미생물연료전지 보다 전류발생이 약 40% 높았으며 COD 제거율도 약 13% 더 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 이것은 양극부와 음극부의 접촉면적이 증가하여 양극반응속도가 향상된 것에 의한 것으로 판단되며 dual-cathode 미생물연료전지가 single-cathode보다 전류발생과 COD제거 측면서 더 효율이 높은것으로 나타났다. 음극부 전자수용체에 대한 영향 실험에서는 전자수용체로 사용된 질산성질소의 농도가 높아질수록 급격히 전류발생이 감소하는 것을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 이에 대한 적절한 처리가 필요한 것으로 나타났다.