• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1114-1119
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• 2004

This paper describes the quantitative determination of flavonoids, tannins and ellagic acid in the leaves from wild and cultivated variations of Rubus L. species (Rosaceae): raspberry (2 wild and 13 cultivars) and blackberry (3 wild and 3 cultivars). The content of flavonoids was analyzed using spectrophotometric (the Christ-M llers method) and HPLC analysis after acid hydrolysis. The content of tannins was determined by the weight method, with hide powder, described by German Pharmacopoeia 10 (DAB 10). Ellagic acid content was examined using the HPLC method after acid hydrolysis. Flavonoid content, determined using the Christ-Muller's method was higher for the blackberry leaves than for the raspberry leaves and varied between 0.46% and 1.05%. Quercetin and kaempferol were predominant in all samples analyzed using the HPLC method. The highest flavonoid content was found in the leaves of R. nessensis (1.06%); with results in all of the examined samples varying between 0.27% and 1.06%. The concentration of ellagic acid in all species was determined after acid hydrolysis and ranged from 2.06% to 6.89%. The leaves of raspberries are characterized by greater amounts of tannins (varying between 2.62% and 6.87%) than the leaves of other species. The results from this study indicate that the analyzed species are a rich source of flavonoids, ellagic acid and tannins, which may be used for the quality assessment of Rubus L. species leaves.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2022

This study evaluated the general nutritional ingredients such as crude fats, crude ashes, crude proteins, total polyphenols, and total flavonoids in 18 kinds of edible tree sprouts. The tree sprouts of Philadelphus schrenckii, Lycium chinense, and Morus alba had the highest crude fat, crude ash, and crude protein content, respectively. The tree sprouts of Cedrela sinensis (CSS) with high ABTS⁺ radical scavenging activities had a high content of total polyphenols (175.65 mg/g ext.) and total flavonoids (75.18 mg/g ext.). The simultaneous determination of flavonoids such as rutin, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, afzelin, and quercetin in CSS was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography with a wavelength of 270 nm. Among the flavonoids, the content of quercitrin in CSS was the highest at 59.28 mg/g ext. This study also aids the quality control of many edible tree sprouts by analyzing the general components, total polyphenols, and total flavonoids.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.103-107
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• 2007

Elsholtzia spp., a herbaceous perennial plant grown worldwide, have been used as a folklore medicine. Due to the presence of flavonoid in their extracts, Elsholtzia spp. have various functional properties. The objective of this research was to compare the amount of flavonoids in Elsholtzia spp. extracts in order to improve the potential of by using their functional properties. Elsholtzia spp. were collected in various areas of Korea. These were divided into leaf, flower, stem, and root. Each sample was dried using various drying method and ground to a powder. The powdered sample prepared was extracted with 80% ethanol. Extracts were analysed for the content of total flavonoids and apigenin by HPLC. Higher content of flavonoids was observed in the extracts of leaves and flowers. In previous study, apigenin among flavonoids was detected from Elsholtzia spp. so, apigenin content was analysed by HPLC. According to the results, the extracts of leaf and flower had the higher apigenin content than other samples.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.143-146
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• 2001

Eight flavonoids, including rutin, naringin, hesperidin, quercetin, hesperetin, nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-methoxylated flavone, and tangeretin, in the peels of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) species of Halla, Gungcheon, Hungjin, Namgam-20, Illnam-1, and Chungdo harvested between August and December were analyzed through HPLC. Hesperidin content of Halla harvested during early maturation was 28.70 mg/g, and was the highest among the tested citrus fruits. Rutin content of Hungjin harvested during early maturation was 2.66 mg/g. Naringin in all citrus species and hesperetin in Halla, Gungchun, Namgam-20, and Chungdo were only detected in the peel of fruits harvested during early maturation. Hesperidin and rutin were detected mainly in all citrus species, and other flavonoids in trace. Flavonoid content in the peel of fruits was high during early maturation. Flavonoid contents in the peels of all fruit samples were generally high in the early stage of maturation, which then decreased rapidly.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.446-451
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• 2018

Effective ingredients were extracted using wheat sprout with high levels of flavonoids, and the extraction process was optimized with a central composite design model. The response value of the central composite design model establishes the extraction yield and the content of the flavonoids. The main and interactive effects were then analyzed depending on independent variables such as the extraction time, the volume ratio of alcohol to ultrapure water, and the extraction temperature. The extraction time and temperature were relatively large for the extraction yield. For the total flavonoids, the extraction time was most significantly affected. Considering both the extraction yield and the content of the total flavonoids, optimal extraction conditions were as follows: the extraction time (2.44 h), volume ratio of alcohol to ultrapure water (50.00 vol%), extraction temperature ($54.41^{\circ}C$). Under these condition, the extraction yield was 30.14 wt% and the content of the total flavonoids was $35.37{\mu}g\;QE/mL\;dw$. From the actual experimental result, the extraction yield under this condition was 29.92 wt% and the content of the total flavonoids was $35.32{\mu}g\;QE/mL\;dw$, which had an error rate of 0.39% and 0.74%, respectively. This is a multi-analysis comprehensive analysis that analyzes two simultaneous values of responses, but is considered to be highly accurate and also provides an excellent reliability of the optimization process in this study.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2020

The leaves of Diospyros kaki Thunb. were used to treat heart disease and hypotension in traditionally East Asia. The purpose of this study is to simultaneously quantitiative analyze the content of flavonoids in leaves of D. kaki. The isolated flavonoids from the leaves of D. kaki, and the structure of the isolated flavonoids were analyzed based on ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectrum compared to literature data. Simultaneous quantitative analysis of the isolated flavonoids was validated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that the calibration curves of the flavonoid compounds were confirmed that they have a large linearity with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.99. In the intra-day and inter-day analysis, accuracy and precision of five compounds were measured that accuracy was 94.39 to 114.47% and precision was less than 3.00%. Content analysis showed hyperoside (1.30 ± 0.09%), astragalin (0.81 ± 0.06%), trifoline (1.58 ± 0.07%), quercetin (0.13 ± 0.02%) and kaempferol (1.33 ± 0.25%).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2008

Artichoke extracts are widely used alone or in association with other herbs for embittering alcoholic and soft drinks and to prepare herbal teas or herbal medicinal products in Viet Nam. The objective of this paper was a screening of flavonoids and total phenolic compounds content in the parts of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) as flowers, leaves, roots, trunks, stumps, The total phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the parts of artichoke were extracted among 3 extraction methods as methanol extraction (EM1), mixing methanol and water method (EM2) and water extraction method (EM3). Total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were determined by UV/VIS, HPLC techniques. The apigenin 7-O-glucosides, cynarin, narirutin, gallic acid, caffeic acid were found as the main flavonoids constituents in all parts of artichoke. It showed that value of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids by EM3 were higher than that of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids by EM1 and EM2. Furthermore, the results of this study revealed that total phenolic compounds and flavonoids, obtained by these convenient extraction methods, may show the quick efficacy of artichoke in all respects of their quality and quantity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.382-388
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• 1999

The effects of citrus flavonoids, hesperidin and naringin, on the lipid metabolism were investigated in cultured human hepatocyte HePG2 cells. HepG2 cells were cultured for 6 h and 24 h to the control medium or the media containing hespridin and narigin, which concentrations were 0.5 and 5.0 mg/$m\ell$. There were no significant effects on cell proliferation and cellular protein content, except for increased in these parameters by adding both citrus flavonoids (0.5 mg/$m\ell$). The cellular content of triacylglycerol after 6 h incubation with 0.5 mg/$m\ell$ hesperidin and naringin was markedly increased, and after 24 h incubation that was decreased in both citrus flavonoids supplementation. The supplementation of 5.0 mg/$m\ell$ hesperidin caused a marked decrease in the cellular cholesterol content following 6 h incubation, and that was also reduced markdly, in a dose-dependent manner, during incubation for 24 h. However, there was no significant difference in the cellular cholesterol content in medium supplemented with naringin. The effect of hesperidin and naringin on acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity was studied in vivo and in vitro. The data confirmed that hesperidin inhibit ACAT activity in vivo and in vitro, whereas naringin had no such effect on ACAT activity in vivo but not in vitro. The present study suggests that hesperidin reduces the cellular triacyglycerol and cholesterol contents in human hepatocyte HepG2 cells.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.663-669
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• 2018

The process of extracting active ingredients from wheat sprout using ultrasound assisted method was optimized with a central composite design model. The response value of the central composite design model established the extraction yield and the total flavonoids content, main effects and interactive effects were analyzed depending on independent variables such as the extraction time, volume ratio of ethanol to ultrapure water, and ultrasonic irradiation power. The volume ratio of ethanol to ultrapure water and ultrasonic irradiation power were relatively large for the extraction yield and the extraction time was most significantly affected the total flavonoids, Considering both the extraction yield and total flavonoids content, the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: the extraction time of 17.00 min, volume ratio of ethanol to ultrapure water of 50.25 vol%, ultrasonic irradiation power of 551.70 W. In this case, the extraction yield and total flavonoids content were 28.43 wt% and $29.99{\mu}g\;QE/mL\;dw$, respectively. The actual experimental extraction yield and total flavonoids content under this condition were 8.73 wt% and $29.65{\mu}g\;QE/mL\;dw$, respectively with respective error rates of 1.05 and 1.13%.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2017

One of the most important species, Brassica rapa encompasses a variety of commercial vegetables, such as the Chinese cabbage, pak choi and oilseed crops. The LP08 of yellow sarson (Brassica rapa ssp, tricolaris) have a distinct morphology, with yellow seed color and a unique tetralocular ovary. LP21 of pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp, chinensis) have a dark brown seed color and bilocular ovary. In this study, we generated double haploid plants by crossing the LP08 (maternal variety) and LP21 (paternal variety), using microspore culture. A total of 66 accessions with various morphological characteristics were used for content analysis of flavonoids. The three flavonoids, quercetin, naringenin and kaempferol, showed differing contents in the two crossing parents. The Chinese cabbage type 'Chiifu' was used as the control. The highest accumulation of total flavonoids was observed in LP08. The lowest mean total flavonoids were found in 'Chiifu'. Among the 66 DH accessions, the quercetin contents of 18 accessions showed higher content than LP08. Kaempferol content was also high, and was found to be 79.7% of the total flavonoid content. Naringenin content was low at 2.8%, and was not detected in 22 accessions. Interestingly, the quercetin content positively correlated with the kaempferol content. These results can be used to identify genetic locus and genes related to useful traits. Phenotypic analysis of 66 DH accessions can further be used for natural selection of good breeding materials in B. rapa.