• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제28권5B호
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• pp.515-524
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• 2008

합리적인 수공구조물의 설계를 위해서는 안정적인 확률강우량을 산정하는 것은 가장 중요한 과정 중의 하나이다. 확률강우량은 강우관측소에서 관측된 강우자료로부터 각 지속기간에 해당하는 연최대치 강우계열을 구성한 자료의 빈도해석을 통해 산정하게 된다. 연최대치 강우 계열은 대부분 시간강우량 또는 일강우량 자료를 통해 추출하므로, 적절한 고정시간-임의시간 환산계수를 연최대치 강우 계열에 반영할 필요성이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기상청에서 관측한 37개 지점의 분단위 강우자료와 시간 및 일 단위 강우자료를 활용하여 지속기간별로 고정시간-임의시간 환산계수를 추정하였다. 또한, 추정된 환산계수를 회귀분석하여 지속기간에 따른 고정시간-임의시간 환산계수의 회귀식을 유도하였다. 추정된 환산계수를 연최대치 강우 자료에 반영함으로써 보다 안정적인 확률강우량을 산정하는 기초자료로 활용할 수 있다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2015

The initial syllables of a pair of Sino-Korean words are generally differentiated in their meaning by either short or long durations. They are realized differently by the dialect and generation of speakers. Recent research has reported that the temporal distinction has gradually faded away. The aim of this study is to examine whether college students with Kyungsang dialect made the distinction temporally using a statistical method of Mixed Effects Model. Thirty students participated in the recording of five pairs of Korean words in clear or casual speaking styles. Then, the author measured the durations of the initial syllables of the words and made a descriptive analysis of the data followed by applying Mixed Effects Models to the data by setting gender, length, and style as fixed effects, and subject and syllable as random effects, and tested their effects on the initial syllable durations. Results showed that college students with Kyungsang dialect did not produce the long and short syllables distinctively with any statistically significant difference between them. Secondly, there was a significant difference in the duration of the initial syllables between male and female students. Thirdly, there was also a significant difference in the duration of the initial syllables produced in the clear or casual styles. The author concluded that college students with Kyungsang dialect do not produce long and short Sino-Korean syllables distinctively, and any statistical analysis on the temporal aspect should be carefully made considering both fixed and random effects. Further studies would be desirable to examine production and perception of the initial syllables by speakers with various dialect, generation, and age groups.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.211-215
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• 2017

The individual Maillard reactions of glucose, glucosamine, cyclohexylamine, and benzylamine were studied at a fixed temperature of $120^{\circ}C$ under different durations by monitoring the absorbance of the final products at 425 nm. Glucosamine was the most individually reactive compound, whereas the reactions of glucose, cyclohexylamine, and benzylamine were not significantly different from each other. Maillard reactions of reaction mixtures consisting of glucosaminecyclohexylamine, glucosamine-benzylamine, glucose-cyclohexylamine, and glucose-benzylamine were also studied using different concentration ratios under different durations at a fixed temperature of $120^{\circ}C$ and pH 9. Maillard reactions in the pairs involving glucosamine were observed to be more intense than those of the pairs involving glucose. Finally, with respect to the concentration ratios, it was observed that in most instances, optimal activity was realized, when the reaction mixtures were in the ratio of 1:1.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방재학회 2008년도 정기총회 및 학술발표대회
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• pp.679-682
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• 2008

Probability precipitation is one of the most important factor for designing the hydrology structures. Probability precipitation is calculated based on the frequency analysis on each durations of annual maximum rainfall data. For frequency analysis we need a conversion factor between the rain data per random-time interval and fixed-time-interval. In this study, the minutely precipitation data on observatory of the Meteorological Administration are used for 37 stations. Therefore, we should conversion factors between the rain data per minute and fixed-time-interval.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1957

The mobilities and the electrophoretic phenomena of human serum albumin, and of horse serum albumin, etc., on paper were reported, but there is no information about the mobility and the electrophoretic phenomena of ovalbumin. In this study they are determined and considered at various time durations. The mean value of this mobility is compared with the value determined by the electrophoresis in solution. Also, the mobilities of the electroendosmotic flow, which affect on the mobility seriously, are determined at various time durations. Apparatus and method used, are a closed system type and a method with electrode vessels. It is concluded that: 1) The mobilities of ovalbumin have the nearly constant mobilities at six and eight hours of time durations, but it decreases at ten hours of long time duration. Their mean value is (0.243 ${\pm}$ 0.003)cm./hr./v./cm. toward anode at pH 8.0. 2) Under these experimental conditions, ovalbumin cannot be separated into three fractions (A1, A2, A3) on paper. 3) Most of the factors, which affect on the mobility, are fixed by the initial experimental conditions, but the electroendosmotic flow due to the characteristic capillarity of paper is measured. Then, the mean value of its mobilities shows the good constancy, and the value is (0.073 ${\pm}$ 0.0003)cm/hr./v./cm. toward cathode at pH 8.0. 4) By the above facts, if the same paper and the same experimental conditions are chosen, it may be preferred to determine the mobility of the electroendosmotic flow once time, even when many observations are required.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.338-360
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• 1992

This study was performed to investigate the phonetic alterations with upper anterior teeth were missing. To compare the changes of the phonations, before and after insertion of the temporary prosthesis, six subjects who lost their upper anterior teeth were selected (2-male, 4-female). Tested sounds (/ga(가), na(나), da(다), ra(라), sa(사), ja(자), cha(차), ta(타), pa(파), ha(하), gi(기), ni(니), di(디), ri(리), si(시), jl(지), chi(치), ti(티), pi(피), hi(히), seu(스), se(세), so(소), su(수)/were programmed into an IBM AT with and without temporary prosthesis. These experiments were analyzed by formants, consonants durations, and energy level changes with an LSI speech work station program. During the pronunciation of the tested sounds (with and without temporary prosthesis), mandibular movements were recorded to a Mandibular Kinesiogram and analyzed . The findings led to the following conclusions: 1. Objective differences could not be found. However, in every informant, subjective improvement could be noticed. 2. There were no persistant correlations of the formant's changes. And in every informant, phonetic changes were variable. 3. There were various changes of the consonant durations in every informant. By and large, those of /si(시), jl(지), chi(치), Pi(피), hi(히)/ were longer than other tested sounds. After insertion of the prosthesis, durations were shorter. Consonants with /i(ㅣ)/ were longer than with /a(ㅏ)/, with or without prosthesis. 4. With and without temporary prosthesis, mandibular movements were various in the frontal view. Mandibular movements showed lateral deviations, and mandibular positions with /si(시), ji(지), ti(티), seu(스), hi(히)/ were nearer to the mandibular rest position. 5. The kinds of temporary prosthesis and conditions of the missing teeth influenced every informant variously, so there were no correlation between informants. 6. Energy levels increased in all tested sounds with a fixed temporary prosthesis. And, there were no differences between before and after insertion of a removable temporary prosthesis. However, sibilant sounds, and consonants with /i(ㅣ)/ showed a little increased energy level.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2009

Text-to-speech 시스템에서 입력 텍스트로부터 운율 정보를 생성하기 위해서는 운율구 경계, 음소 지속시간, 기본주파수 포락선 설정의 3가지 기본적인 모듈이 필요하다. Break 인덱스 (BI; Break Index)는 합성기에서 운율구의 경계를 나타내고, 자연스러운 합성음을 생성하기 위해서는 BI를 정확히 예측하여야 한다. 그러나 BI는 문장의 의미나 화자의 읽기 습관(reading style)에 따라 임의적으로 결정되는 경우가 많아 정확한 예측이 매우 어렵다. 특히 일본어 합성기에서는 악센트 구 경계 (APB; Accentual Phrase Boundary)와 major phrase 경계 (MPB; Major Phrase Boundary)의 정확한 예측이 어렵다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 APB와 MPB 예측 오류를 보완할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. BI를 고정 break (FB; Fixed Break)와 가변 break (VB; Variable Break)로 분류하여 합성단위 선택을 수행한다. 일반적으로 BI는 한번 생성되면 변하지 않는다. 따라서 BI가 잘못 생성된 경우 최적의 합성음을 생성할 수 없게 되는데, VB는 생성된 BI와 그것과 유사한 BI를 함께 이용하여 합성단위 선택을 수행함으로써 합성음의 BI가 생성된 BI와 다를 수 있는 것을 의미한다. APB와 MPB에 해당하는 BI에 대하여 VB인지 FB인지 CART(Classification and Regression Tree)를 이용하여 예측하고, VB인 경우 기본 주파수와 음소 지속시간에 대해 다중 운율 모델을 생성하여 합성단위 선택을 수행하였다. MOS 테스트 결과 원음이 4.99, 제안한 방법을 4.25, 기존의 방법은 4.01로 합성음의 자연성을 향상시킬 수 있었다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.317-324
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• 2014

PURPOSE. This study was to evaluate the effect of grinding of the inner metal surface during the porcelain try-in stage on metal-porcelain bonding considering the maximum temperature and the vibration of samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Ninety-one square prism-shaped ($1{\times}1{\times}1.5mm$) nickel-chrome cast frameworks 0.3 mm thick were prepared. Porcelain was applied on two opposite outer axial surfaces of the frameworks. The grinding was performed from the opposite axial sides of the inner metal surfaces with a low-speed handpiece with two types of burs (diamond, tungsten-carbide) under three grinding forces (3.5 N, 7 N, 14 N) and at two durations (5 seconds, 10 seconds). The shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed with universal testing machine. Statistical analyzes were performed at 5% significance level. RESULTS. The samples subjected to grinding under 3.5 N showed higher SBS values than those exposed to grinding under 7 N and 14 N (P<.05). SBS values of none of the groups differed from those of the control group (P>.05). The types of bur (P=.965) and the duration (P=.679) did not affect the SBS values. On the other hand, type of bur, force applied, and duration of the grinding affected the maximum temperatures of the samples, whereas the maximum vibration was affected only by the type of bur (P<.05). CONCLUSION. Grinding the inner metal surface did not affect the metal-porcelain bond strength. Although the grinding affected the maximum temperature and the vibration values of the samples, these did not influence the bonding strength.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회 논문집 전기기기 및 에너지변환시스템부문
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• pp.159-161
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• 2007

$CO_2$ laser sees that is most suitable to get this effect through minimum formation damage and advantage that is root enemy of effect that happen in minimum cellular tissue depth of 0.1mm is stable living body organization or internal organs institution. Formation damage by ten can be related in formation's kind or energy density, length of evaporation time. If shorten evaporation time, surroundings cellular thermal damage 200 - because happen within 400ums laser beam in rain focus sacred ground surroundings cellular tissue without vitiation me by evaporation Poe of very small floor as is clean steam can. Application is possible to vulva cuticle cousins by a paternal aunt quantity, uterine cancer, cuticle tumor by laser system that $CO_2$ laser gets into standard in obstetrics and gynecology application. Because effect that super pulse output is ten enemies of laser if uniformity one pulse durations are short almost is decreased, most of all pulse module special quality of pulse style $CO_2$ laser for obstetrics and gynecology mode stabilization by weight very, in this research to get into short pulse duration and higher frequency density, do switching by high frequency in DC-DC Converter output DC's ripple high frequency to be changed, high frequency done current ripple amount of condenser for output filter greatly reduce can. Ripple of output approximately to Zero realization applying possible inductor realization through a special quality experiment do.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.87-98
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of oral splints in reducing the intensity of pain in patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction in both short and long-term treatment durations. Electronic databases, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science, Egyptian Knowledge Bank, and EMBASE were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing different types of splints to non-occluding splints, behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy, counseling, and no treatment. The risk of bias was assessed by using Cochrane risk of bias recommendations. Fixed and random effects were used to summarize the outcomes. The effect estimates were expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD) or risk ratios with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Subgroup analyses were carried out according to the treatment duration. Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis of short-term studies up to three months revealed no significant difference between the study groups. However, long-term studies exhibited a significant difference in pain reduction in favor of the control group. Total analysis revealed that the control group resulted in significant pain reduction (SMD 0.14, 95% CI 0.05-0.23, P=0.002, I²=0%). Oral splints are not effective in reducing pain intensity or improving function in patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction.