• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1769-1775
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• 2006

An eight week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of hizikia (Hizikia fusiformis) on growth performance, immune responses and resistance of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) to Streptococcus iniae. Four experimental diets (designated as Hiz 0, Hiz 2, Hiz 4 and Hiz 6) were formulated to be isonitrogenous (50% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.2 MJ/kg DM). Hizikia powder was added at 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% in diets Hiz 0, Hiz 2, Hiz 4 and Hiz 6, respectively. Three replicates of fish groups (15 fish/tank) were fed one of the experimental diets. At the end of feeding trial, no significant differences were observed in final body weight, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, feed utilization and feed intake among fish groups fed the experimental diets. However, there was clear trend that the growth performances of fish were improved by the increment of dietary hizikia showing a positive growth effects. Mean phagocytes activated with nitro-blue-tetrazolium were significantly increased with the increment of dietary hizikia. The cumulative mortality was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the fish groups fed Hiz 6 diet (no mortality) than that in the other fish groups for 15 days of S. iniae challenge test. The findings of this study suggest that a dietary supplementation of hizikia could enhance the nonspecific immune response and improve the resistance of juvenile olive flounder to S. iniae.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 1999

In order to investigate the immune response induced by supplementation of herb medical stuff in diet on the nile tilapia. Oreochromis niloticus, experiments were performed with feeding of four different experimental diets supplemented with 2% ginseng. Panax ginseng, 3% Kugija. Lycium chinense, 3% Hasuo, Polygonum multiflorum, 2% Omija, Schizandra chinensis, respectively, for 84 days. The non-specific immune responses changed during the feeding period were investigated at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 weeks in each group. Average body weight of the nile tilapia with supplemented diets was heavier than control group. The fish fed on diet supplemented with 3% Kugija showed the better growth than the other tested groups. Complement activity such as complete hemolytic activity ($CH_{50}$) and bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli tended to be increased by the supplementation of herb medical stuff. The lysozyme activity of serum and adherent phagocyte activity showed higher in the fish fec on diet supplemented with 3% kugija than the other tested groups. In respect to the RPS against experimental Edwardsiella tarda infection, all of the group fed on the herb medical stuff in diet appeared higher response compared with control group. From these results, herb medical stuff (Panax ginseng, Lycium chinense. Polygonum multiflorum, Schizandra chinensis) might be used a additives of diet for the increasing of non-specific immune response or resistance against bacterial fish diseases.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.74-75
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of several additives(macroalgae, wasabi, and herb) in formulated diets on the growth, body composition, blood chemistry and non-specific immune response of juvenile flounder. Three replicates of juveniles (average weight 8.4 g) in flow-through aquarium system were fed one of six isonitrogenous (45%) and isolipidic (8%) diets containing 5 and 10% Undaria powder, 2% wasabi leaf, 2% wasabi stem, and 0.5% herb (Obosan) for 8 weeks. Survival was not affected by the different dietary additives (P>0.05). The highest weight gain and feed efficiency offish fed the diet containing 0.5% herb were significantly higher than those of fish fed the diets containing 10% Undaria powder (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in contents of moisture, crude protein, lipid and ash of whole body (P>0.05). Fish fed the diet containing 10% Undaria powder showed the highest moisture and the lowest crude lipid contents in the liver. Although hematological parameters (red blood cell, hematocrit and hemoglobin) and serum constituents (glucose, total cholesterol and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase) contents of fish varied between treatments, no specific trend was observed throughout feeding periods. Lysozyme activity in the serum and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction of macrophage in the head kidney from fish fed the diets containing herb was significantly higher than those of fish fed the control diet. The results of this study suggest that herb as an additive in this formulated diet may improve growth and non-specific immune response of juvenile flounder.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.67-74
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• 2008

Background: The effects of the dietary administration of two heat-inactivated whole bacteria from the Vibrionaceae family, singly or combined, on innate immune response of the rainbow trout were studied. The two bacteria (Pdp11 and 51M6), which were obtained from the skin of rainbow trout, showed in vitro characteristics that suggested they could be considered as potential fish probiotics. Methods: The fish were fed four different diets: control (non-supplemented), or diets supplemented with heat-inactivated bacteria at $10^8$ cfu/g Pdp11, $10^8$ cfu/g 51M6 or with $0.5{\times}10^8$ cfu/g Pdp11 plus $0.5{\times}10^8$ cfu/g 51M6 for 4 weeks. Six fish were sampled at weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4, and then the main humoral (natural haemolytic complement activity and serum peroxidase content) and cellular innate immune responses (leucocyte peroxidase content, phagocytosis, respiratory burst and cytotoxicity) were evaluated. Results: The serum peroxidase content and the natural haemolytic complement activity increased with time, reaching the highest values in the third and fourth weeks of feeding, respectively. The phagocytic ability of specimens fed the mixture of the two inactivated bacteria was significantly higher than in the controls after 2 and 3 weeks of treatment. The same activity increased significantly in rainbow trout fed the Pdp11 diet for 2 weeks or the 51M6 diet for 3 weeks. Respiratory burst activity was unaffected by all the experimental diets at all times assayed. Cytotoxic activity had significantly increased after 3 weeks in fish fed the 51M6 diet. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated the usefulness of incorporating inactivated probiotic bacteria into fish diets.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.648-653
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• 2012

The present study examined the effects of dietary supplementation with nucleotide (inosine monophosphate product, IMP) on the growth performance, feed utilization, and non-specific immune responses of juvenile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Triplicate groups of tilapia (initial body weight, $7.4{\pm}0.04$ g) were fed experimental diets containing 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% IMP. Fish were fed six times a day until apparent satiation for 13 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, final body weight and food utilization of fish fed 0.1% IMP were significantly higher than those of fish fed the control diet. Results of hematological parameters were not affected by dietary IMP. However, blood protein level was significantly higher in the 0.05% treatment, as compared to that of the control and 0.2% IMP diets. Myeloperoxidase activity was higher in fish fed 0.1% IMP than in fish fed the control and 0.2% IMP diets. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with IMP can enhance the growth performance, feed utilization, and innate immune response of juvenile tilapia. The optimal IMP supplementation level appears to be 0.1% in practical feed formulations for tilapia.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1360-1367
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• 2014

Triplicate groups of fed and starved olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (body weight: $119.8{\pm}17.46$ g), were examined over 42 days for physiological changes using hematological, biochemical, and non-specific immune parameters. No significant differences in concentrations of blood hemoglobin and hematocrit and plasma levels of total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, glucose, and cortisol were detected between fed and starved groups at any sampling time throughout the experiment. In contrast, plasma total protein concentrations were significantly lower in starved fish than in fed fish from day 7 onwards. Moreover, plasma lysozyme concentrations were significantly higher in starved flounder from day 21 onwards. This result confirms that the response of olive flounder to short-term (less than about 1.5 months) starvation consists of a readjustment of metabolism rather than the activation of an alarm-stress response. The present results indicate that starvation does not significantly compromise the health status of fish despite food limitation.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.341-345
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• 2000

It has been very difficult to develop and evaluate efficient fish vaccines because fish immune cells have not been properly characterized. In this study, we investigated the cell-mediated immunological properties of B- and T-like cells in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica). Surface immunoglobulin negative ($slg^{-}$) cell population proliferated in response to mammalian T-cell mitogens PHA and Con A, while surface immunoglobulin positive ($slg^{+}$) cells responded to the B-cell mitogen LPS. The slg$^{[-10]}$ cells from hemocyanin (HC)-immunized Tilapia, compared to the non-immunized control, reacted more to PHA than to Con A. Unexpectedly, antigen (Ag)-specific response was observed in both $slg^{-}$ and $slg^{-}$cells. Regardless of HC immunization, whole leukocytes from 8 head kidney of fish showed natural killer (NK)cell activity. Especially, NK cell activity was much higher in slg$^{[-10]}$ cells than in slg$^{+}$cells, indicating the possibility that fish NK cells were not at least associated with slg$^{+}$ cell population and not activated by Ag. Further understanding of functional fish immune cells will help to evaluate and develop effective vaccines for fishes and to monitor the course of therapy In infected fishes.hes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.350-366
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• 1987

This research was designed to study the effect of Korean dietary lipids on the lipid metabolism and the immune function in young rats . The three different lipid sources were compared lard, perilla oil and fish oil. Three different levels of lipid in the diet, 2%, 15% and 30%,on the weight basis, were included. After four weeks feeding, the rats were sacrified and blood sample was collected to analyze for the total lipid, TG and cholesterol contents in serum. The HDL fraction in serum was seperated by the electrophoresis of lipoproteins. The immune responses were measured by the blastogenesis of spleen lymphocyte stimulated by PHA and in serum were measured. The following results were obtained. Lower body weight gain was shown in 30% lipid diet fed group on the isocaloric basis. In concerning the different dietary lipid sources, there were significantly lower boyd weight gain in fish oil than in perilla seed oil and lard group in 30% lipid groups. Deposition of body fat expressed by epididymal fat pad in serum were significantly different among perilla seed oil, lard and fish oil groups. Perilla seed oil group showed lowest level of total lipid and TG in serum regardless of dietary fat level. The feeding perilla seed oil to rats was resulted in lower serum cholesterol levels than lard in all three levels of fats tested. The HDL fraction was elevated in perilla seed oil group at the high fat level. The stimulating responses of lymphycotes by PHA did not seem to be influenced by different dietary fat sources. However, conA mitogenic responses was significantly increased in perilla seed oil group. The lower level of perilla seed oil (2%, 15%) showed slightly higher responses of ConA, indicating that lower level of perilla seed oil might have stimulatory response on the immune response. The number of antibody forming cells of spleen against SRBC was increased in 30% fat level for all the three kind of fats. However, no effect has been found in plaque forming cell response by the differences in dietary fat sources. There were no significant differences in serum IgG and IgA levels in all dietary groups.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.583-592
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• 2023

Celebes rainbow (Marosantherina ladigesi) is one of Indonesia's exported ornamental fish commodities, but the exploitation of this fish only relies on wild catches. The rise of unlimited fishing, especially those using poison, has changed the aquatic environment, threatening sustainability and causing fish extinction. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of several types of feed in improving the absolute growth rate (AGR), specific growth rate (SGR), survival rate (SR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency (FE), hematology, and immune response of Celebes rainbow. The fish used in this study were male ornamental Celebes rainbow (M. ladigesi) weighing 1.32 ± 0.21 g/ind, reared in 54 L-aquariums at a stocking density of 30 individuals/aquarium for six weeks. The fish were fed according to the test diet consisting of live Tubifex sp worms, dry Tubifex sp worms, Spirulina platensis, and crumble pellets. The parameters observed were AGR, SGR, SR, FCR, FE, hematology, intestinal histology, liver histology, and a challenge test with the pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila. The results showed that fish-fed live Tubifex sp worms had better AGR, SGR, SR, FCR, FE, hematology, and disease resistance compared to all other treatments. These results indicate that live Tubifex sp worms are the best feed for rearing Celebes rainbow.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.552-558
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• 2013

This study was performed to determine effects of the supplementation of Kimchi lactic acid bacterial culture in extruded pellets (EP) on the growth, body composition, blood chemistry and immune response of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Four hundred eighty individuals averaging 16.1 g were randomly distributed into 12, 180 L flow-through tanks (forty fish per tank). Four concentrations of Kimchi lactic acid bacterial culture (KL) were prepared: Control (0%), 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5%. Three concentrations (0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5%) of Kimchi lactic acid bacterial culture were each diluted to 10% of EP weight and then fully absorbed by EP for 10 minutes. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish. Fish were hand-fed to apparent satiation twice a day for 8 weeks. At the end of the 8-week feeding trial, the plasma lysozyme and bacterial activities of fish were determined. In addition, the cumulative mortality of fish was monitored for 8 days after their artificial infection with Edwardsiella tarda. The weight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, protein retention, hepatosomatic index and condition factor of fish were not affected by dietary supplementation with KL. None of the proximate composition, plasma parameters, lysozyme or bactericidal activities of fish was affected by dietary supplementation with KL. However, the cumulative mortalities of fish fed EP containing 0.1% and 0.5% Kimchi lactic acid bacterial culture were relatively low compared to that of fish fed the control diet. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with KL did not effectively improve growth, feed utilization, body composition, plasma chemistry, lysozyme, bactericidal activities or immune response of olive flounder after E. tarda infection under these experimental conditions.