• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1153-1153
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• 2001

Directive 79/373/EEC on the marketing of compound feeding stuffs, provided far a flexible declaration arrangement confined to the indication of the feed materials without stating their quantity and the possibility was retained to declare categories of feed materials instead of declaring the feed materials themselves. However, the BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) and the dioxin crisis have demonstrated the inadequacy of the current provisions and the need of detailed qualitative and quantitative information. On 10 January 2000 the Commission submitted to the Council a proposal for a Directive related to the marketing of compound feeding stuffs and the Council adopted a Common Position (EC N$^{\circ}$/2001) published at the Official Journal of the European Communities of 2. 2. 2001. According to the EC (EC N$^{\circ}$ 6/2001) the feeds material contained in compound feeding stufs intended for animals other than pets must be declared according to their percentage by weight, by descending order of weight and within the following brackets (I :< 30%; II :> 15 to 30%; III :> 5 to 15%; IV : 2% to 5%; V: < 2%). For practical reasons, it shall be allowed that the declarations of feed materials included in the compound feeding stuffs are provided on an ad hoc label or accompanying document. However, documents alone will not be sufficient to restore public confidence on the animal feed industry. The objective of the present work is to obtain calibration equations fur the instanteneous and simultaneous prediction of the chemical composition and the percentage of ingredients of unground compound feeding stuffs. A total of 287 samples of unground compound feeds marketed in Spain were scanned in a FOSS-NIR Systems 6500 monochromator using a rectangular cup with a quartz window (16 $\times$ 3.5 cm). Calibration equations were obtained for the prediction of moisture ($R^2$= 0.84, SECV = 0.54), crude protein ($R^2$= 0.96, SECV = 0.75), fat ($R^2$= 0.86, SECV = 0.54), crude fiber ($R^2$= 0.97, SECV = 0.63) and ashes ($R^2$= 0.86, SECV = 0.83). The sane set of spectroscopic data was used to predict the ingredient composition of the compound feeds. The preliminary results show that NIRS has an excellent ability ($r^2$$\geq$ 0, 9; RPD $\geq$ 3) for the prediction of the percentage of inclusion of alfalfa, sunflower meal, gluten meal, sugar beet pulp, palm meal, poultry meal, total meat meal (meat and bone meal and poultry meal) and whey. Other equations with a good predictive performance ($R^2$$\geq$0, 7; 2$\leq$RPD$\leq$3) were the obtained for the prediction of soya bean meal, corn, molasses, animal fat and lupin meal. The equations obtained for the prediction of other constituents (barley, bran, rice, manioc, meat and bone meal, fish meal, calcium carbonate, ammonium clorure and salt have an accuracy enough to fulfill the requirements layed down by the Common Position (EC Nº 6/2001). NIRS technology should be considered as an essential tool in food Safety Programs.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.233-238
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• 1978

Rainbow trout were reared in a stainless steel aquarium from Nov. 11, 1977 to June 12, 1978, and the following results were obtained : 1. The volume of water was about $400\iota$ in a aquarium measuring $1m\;(Length)\times1m\;(Width)\times67cm(Height)$ and water depth 40 cm. Water was supplied for about 16 hours daily at a rate $3\iota/min$ and was drained through the conical settling part in the middle of the aquarium bottom. Filter tank was about $23cm(W)\times23cm(L)\times40cm(D)$ and contained pebbles 30 cm in depth. Water recirculation rate was at)out $1,030\iota/hr$, or 2.6 turn-over per hour. 2. During the first period (77 days), the trout grew from 88.3g to 229g in average, the total weight attaining 30.7kg. The food coefficient was 1.249, average daily increment 243.3g, average daily growth rate 1.245%, and the mortality was 2 smallest fish weighing 53 g, owing to unknown reason. During the second period (135 days), the trout grew from 239g to 555g in average, the total weight attaining 57.2 kg. The food coefficient was 1.447, average daily increment 279.8g, average daily growth rate $0.65\%$ and the mortality was 31 fish weighing 11,255 g, owing partly to miss-handling and partly to disease. 3. The feed consisting of fully domestic materials was prepared in this laboratory, and the feed conversion was not inferior to high protein commercial feed available in foreign countries. 4. The result of whole period for 212 days was 56.5 kg in gross increment, and based on this result, when $1\iota/min$ full day inflowing water available, the net production will become 28.25 kg. So, if a 5000kg production is planned, $180\iota/min$ or about $10.8m^3/hr$ be reauired, and the production in value frill become 15million won at local price at the expense of about 5.3 million won. From the result of this experiment, rainbow trout is feasible for commercial production in Korea with relatively small amount of well water and simplified water recirculation system.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.222-224
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• 1975

Three strains of common carp, i. e. , Israeli carp, red-and-white, and golden strains, were stocked in the same pond, and their growth rates were compared with following results: From August 12 to November 21 in 1975, fingerlings of the three strains of common carp, Cyprinus carpo, each weighing about 0.5 g with total length of 2 to 3 cm, were stocked. The pond had an area of $316m^2$ with a mean water depth of 55cm, and the bottom was covered with a 20 to 30 cm thick layer of silt containing a considerable amount of decaying organic materials. Feed given was prepared with equal amounts of fish meal and polished barley, of which, in addition, $10\%$ green grass and $1\%$ table salt were mixed together when prepared into paste feed using a chopper after boiling the barley. Total protein content of the feed was $34.9\%$ in dry state with $5\%$ moisture content. Total feed given was 30.08 kg calculated in dry state to produce 20.588 kg of the common carp fingerlings, thus the feed coefficient being 1.51. By strains, the harvested Israeli carp ranged 98 to 311g each with a mean weight of $172.69g(100\%)$, red-and-white strain 15 to 318g with mean of $104.1g(60.3\%)$, and the golden strain 30 to 268g with mean of $128.7g(74.6\%)$. During the rearing season mean water temperature was $23.9^{\circ}C$ and the assumed main growth period with the water temperature above $15^{\circ}C$ was, upto the end of October, for 80 days with a mean water temperature of $23.9^{\circ}C$. Taking this main growth period as the basis for growth rate analysis, the mean daily increments, expressed as the attained body weight in times of the starting weight, become 1.075786 times (or the Israeli strain, 1.06901 times for the red-and-white strain, and 1.07185 times for the golden strain.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.395-400
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• 1983

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of protein level on weight gain, feed consumption and the efficiencies of feed, energy and protein when the broiler chick was fed the diet of different protein level with the iso-calorie content. The energy and protein level of the basal ration was 3200 kcal and 22.85% for starter period and 3265 Kcal and 18.58% for finisher period, respectively. In order to increase the protein level of the experimental diet, the basal diet was substituted by fish meal by the ratio of 3, 6, 9, and 12%. The male Abor Acre broiler chicks were employed for 8 weeks and the result obtained were as follows. 1. The weekly body weight gain was significantly greater for Diet C than for Diet A and E in the starter period and greater for Diet A than for Diet E in the finisher period (P<0.05). 2. In stater period the feed intake was not affected by the protein level but in finisher period the feed intake for Diet C, D, and E was significantly reduced compared with Diet A. 3. As for feed conversion ratio, Diet C of 1.43 was improved significantly compared with Diet A of 1.58(P<0.05). 4. As the protein level of diet increased, the energy efficiency ratio increased and however, the protein efficiency ratio decreased in starter and finisher period. In conclusion the best performance of broiler is thought to be realized when the protein and energy level was 23% and 3200 Kcal for starter period and 20% and 3250 Kcal for finisher period, respectively.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.29-46
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• 1993

In order to determine the optimum digestible energy to protein (DE/P) ratio in diets for Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, $45\%$ and $40\%$ protein diets with graded levels of DE/P ratio were fed to average 36g and 80g fish, respectively. The DE/P ratios in the $45\%$ protein diets ranged from 7.4 to 10.0 kcal/g protein, while those in the $40\%$ protein diets varied between 7.5 and 8.9 kcal/g protein. Both in the $45\%$ and $40\%$ protein diets, the changes in the DE/P ratios did not affect either the daily weight gain or the feed efficiency. However daily protein retention, daily energy retention, nutrient utilization and chemical composition in carcass varied depending on the DE/P ratios. Thus based on these parameters as criteria, the optimum DE/P ratio for both the $40\%$ and $45\%$ protein diets, estimated to be about 8 kcal/g protein. DE/P ratios more than 8 kcal/g protein, led to the deposition of a large amount of body fat, especially in the viscera. Any protein-sparing effect was not observed with the increase of the energy content in the diets. Apparent digestibility coefficients determined by the indirect method, using $Cr_2O_3$ as an indicator, were around $90,\;98\%\;and\;70\%$, for protein, lipid and digestible carbohydrate respectively, without any distinct differences between the diets.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.132-138
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• 2019

Among several marine-derived microorganisms isolated from the coast of Jeju Island that had antimicrobial activity against fish disease pathogens, Bacillus subtilis MD-02 was tested for its dietary effect on the innate immune response and disease resistance of olive flounder. Strain MD-02 was fed to the olive flounder at a concentration of $1.2{\times}10^4$, $1.2{\times}10^6$, or $1.2{\times}10^8CFU/100g$, respectively. Consequently, the hematocrit was higher in these three groups than that in the control group at 4 weeks, and the aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were decreased in the $1.2{\times}10^8$ and $1.2{\times}10^4CFU/100$ groups compared with the control group levels. The amylase activity and total protein were significantly increased in the $1.2{\times}10^4CFU/100g$ group at 3 weeks. The innate immune response, determined from the lysozyme and macrophage activities, was higher in the $1.2{\times}10^8CFU/100g$ group than in the control group. In addition, treatment of the olive flounders with Streptococcus parauberis at $1.2{\times}10^6CFU/ml$ confirmed the mortality rate, which was 100% in the control group and 40-60% in the groups fed B. subtilis MD-02, indicating that the fish had resistance to fish disease pathogens. Therefore, it was confirmed that when fed MD-02, olive flounder builds an innate immune response and acquires resistance to fish disease pathogens, indicating that B. subtilis MD-02 can be developed as a beneficial feed additive.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2005

The optimum salinity and the effects of rapid salinity change on oxygen consumption and ammonia nitrogen excretion were examined in River Puffer Takifugu obscrus (total length 9.5$\pm$0.9 cm, total weight 18.7$\pm$5.4 g). Fish examined at the different transfer medium salinity (2, 12, 22 and 32 psu) after 2 months of acclimation period at each salinities. The routine metabolic rates of River puffer are shown as parabola equation, $Y=-0.0873X^2+0.6384X-0.690$ for oxygen consumption and $Y=-2.1667X^2+7.1672X+31.999$ for ammonia nitrogen excretion with the salinity medium at 2, 12. 22 and 32 psu. The oxygen consumption and ammonia nitrogen excretion of River puffer trans-ferred to the low salinity medium (2 and 12 psu) showed significantly difference in each salinities rearing groups than to salinity of 22 and 32 psu. Fish has a diurnal rhythm in relate to feeding, it was showed that the peak of oxygen consumption appeared at 3 hours after feeding and the ammonia nitrogen excretion rate reached maximum 4 hours after feeding. These results may indicate that the optimum salinity for rearing of River puffer is 22 psu based on growth and feed conversion ratio. The rapid change of medium salinity had no effects on the oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion in River puffer based on this experiment.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2000

Five diets, containing different levels (0.3-1.5%) of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3HUFA) adjusted by adding different ratio of squid liver oil and soybean oil to 8% lipid, were fed to the rockfish (130 g) for 8 weeks. Mean weight gain and feed efficiency were lowest in the fish fed the diet containing 0.3% n-3HUFA. These values improved with increasing squid liver oil, and showed linear relation up to 0.6% n-3HUFA, Using the brocken line model, the dietary n-3HUFA requirement was estimated as about 0.9 % for optimal weight gain of the fish. Crude lipid levels of the liver in 0.3-0.6%) n-3HUFA diets were significantly higher than in the 1.5% n-3HUFA diet (P<0.05). Fatty acid composition of polar lipid in the liver were directly affected by dietary lipid sources. The level of n-3HUFA of polar lipid in the liver increased with dietary n-3HUFA levels, although 18:2n-6 content decreased. Hence the n-3HUFA requirement of a growing rockfish is 0.6-0.9% of diet.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2007

To decrease stress in eel (Anguilla japonica) during its culture or transportation, aspirin (ASA) known as analgesic, antiinflammatory and antithrombic agent was administrated by dipping or oral routes. Concentrations of aspirin (ASA) and salicylic acid (SA) in eel plasma were simultaneously measured by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The plasma was acidified with 0.2 M HCl and 0.2 M orthophosphoric acid, and mixed with acetonitrile. ASA and SA extracted with acetonitrile were analyzed by the HPLC equipped with reversed phase Novapak C18 column (4 ㎛ silica, 150×4 mm) and UV detector(237 nm). The mobile phase consisted of 740 ㎖ water, 900 ㎕ orthophosphoric acid (85%) and 180 ㎖ acetonitrile. The retention times of ASA, SA and 2-methylbenzoic acid(MBA) were 4.8 min, 8.4 min and 11.5 min, respectively. The limit of quantification was 0.01 ㎍/㎖ for SA and 0.05 ㎍/㎖ for ASA. The mean recovery from eel plasma was 70.8～99.6% for ASA and 95.2～100.3% for SA. This HPLC method was applied to analyze ASA and SA of eel plasma after either dipping in a concentration of 20 ppm or feeding the feed supplemented with 50 ㎎/kg BW. Only SA was detected in eel plasma after the administration of ASA by dipping or oral routes because the drug was quickly decomposed into SA in eel plasma. The amount of SA in eel plasma reached the highest value at 3hr in dipping and 7 days in oral administration. When the ASA-administrated eel were kept in ASA free aquaria, 0.02-0.03 ㎍/㎖ of SA were detected 48 hr after the administration in both routes.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.432-438
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• 2016

Ethoxyquin (EQ, 1,2-dihydro-6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-quinoline) is quinoline-based antioxidant used in the animal feed and food industry to protect the raw materials and final products against oxidation. In recent years the use of synthetic antioxidants in fishmeal ingredients carry-over to farmed fish fillets has received increasing attention in food safety. This study was conducted to develop an analytical method to determine EQ in aquatic products. The analytes were confirmed and quantified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The sample was extracted with 1 N HCl (in case of flatfish extracted with 1 N HCl containing 10% acetonitrile). Then, solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for the cleanup. Standard calibration curves presented linearity with the correlation coefficient ($r^2$) > 0.99, analyzed at 0.005-0.2 mg/kg concentration. The developed method was validated according to the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) guideline. The limits of quantitation for EQ were 0.01 mg/kg. Average recoveries ranged from 81.3% to 107%. The repeatability of measurements, expressed as the coefficient of variation (CV, %), was below 10%. The analytical method was characterized with high accuracy and acceptable sensitivity to meet CODEX guideline requirements and would be applicable to analyze the EQ residue in aquatic products.