• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.353-363
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• 2012

Methylmercury is a hazardous substance that is of interest with regard to environmental health, as inorganic mercury circulating in the general environment is dissolved into freshwater and seawater, condensed through the food chain, ingested by humans, and consequently affects human health. Recently, there has been much interest and discussion regarding the toxicity of methylmercury, the correlation with fish and shellfish intake, and methods of long-term management of the human health effects of methylmercury. What effects chronic exposure to a low concentration of methylmercury has on human health remains controversial. Although the possibility of methylmercury poisoning the heart and blood vessel system, the reproductive system, and the immune system is continuously raised and discussed, and the carcinogenicity of methylmercury is also under discussion, a clear conclusion regarding the human health effects according to exposure level has not yet been drawn. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives proposed to prepare additional fish and shellfish intake recommendations for consumers based on the quantified evaluation of the hazardousness of methylmercury contained in fish and shellfish, methylmercury management in the Korea has not yet caught up with this international trend. Currently, the methylmercury exposure level of Koreans is known to be very high. The starting point of methylmercury exposure management is inorganic mercury in the general environment, but food intake through methylation is the main exposure source. Along with efforts to reduce mercury in the general environment, food intake management should be undertaken to reduce the human exposure to methylmercury in Korea.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.175-183
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• 2004

The dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamiyavanichii Balech, a producer of toxins causing paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), has recently been considered as one of main organisms responsible for toxication of shellfish in Japan. In this study, A. tamiyavanichii was subjected to a molecular phylogenetic analysis inferred from 28S rDNA D1-D2 sequences and a species-specific LSU rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide DNA probe was designed to identify A. tamiyavanichii using the whole cell-FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization). The sequences of the 28S rDNA D1-D2 region of A. tamiyavanichii showed no difference from A. cohorticular AF1746l4 (present name A. tamiyavanichii) and formed a distinct clade from the 'tamarensis species complex'. The probe, TAMID2, reacted specifically with A. tamiyavanichii cultured cells, without any cross-reaction with other species belonging to the same genus, including A. tamarense, A. catenella, A. affine, A. fraterculus, A. insuetum and A. pseudogonyaulax. In a test of cross-reactivity with a field sample, TAMID2 reacted consistently with only A. tamiyavanichii, indicating that the present protocol involving the TAMID2 probe might be useful for detecting toxic A. tamiyavanichii in a simple and rapid manner.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2005년도 Proceedings of KSEH.Minamata Forum
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• pp.4-15
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• 2005

Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental pollutant with neurotoxic effects on the central nervous system. The major exposure route of MeHg to humans is via consumption of fish and shellfish which accumulate the chemical through the food web in an aquatic environment. Hair mercury level is an excellent marker for MeHg exposure. We have been conducting a survey on hair mercury contents among general populations from 14 districts to estimate the current Japanese MeHg exposure level. Total mercury levels of all hair samples collected (12923 in total) were analyzed by the oxygen combustion-gold amalgamation method using an atomic absorption mercury detector. Multiple regression analysis revealed that mercury levels were significantly correlated with several covariates, such as sex, age, the amount of daily intake of total fish/shellfish, a preference for certain fish such as tuna or bonito, and artificial waving. The geometric means for the population without artificial waving were 2.47 and 1.65 ${\mu}g/g$ for males (n = 5623) and females (n = 3470), respectively. Hair mercury levels varied with age, and the variations were more significant in males. Since the difference between sexes was not evident at younger ages, some hormonal control might also be involved in the mercury uptake by human hair. The average mercury levels in our hair samples varied among the sampling districts. Tuna is a major carnivorous fish with high mercury accumulations that is often consumed in Japan. The amount of fish consumption and the preference rate far tuna would appear to be responsible far the regional variation in hair mercury levels in Japan. Recently, a provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of MeHg was revised by 61st JECFA to 1.6 ${\mu}g/kg/week$, which was about half that of the Japanese standard, and corresponded to a hair level of 2.2 ppm. The distribution of hair mercury levels in Japanese populations in the present study indicated that 25% of the Japanese females of child-bearing age were estimated to be exposed to MeHg over the PTWI level. This would reflect the high Japanese consumption of marine products. However, not only mercury contamination, but also the nutritional benefit may have to be considered when discussing the risk involved in the current level of fish and shellfish consumption in Japan.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.178-182
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• 2006

이 연구에서는 해산어 초기 자어 사육 과정에서 자어가 섭이하는 로티퍼의 새로운 관찰 및 계수방법을 제시한다. 지금까지는 해산어 자어를 사육하면서 언제부터 로티퍼를 먹이로 이용 가능한지? 그리고 일령이 경과함에 따라 어느 정도 양의 로티퍼를 섭이하는지? 정확하게 분석할 수는 없었다. 왜냐하면 자어가 섭이한 로티퍼(몸통)는 소화기관내에서 소화되어 연구자가 관찰할 수 없었기 때문이다. 그러나 이 연구에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결할 수 있는 새로운 관찰 방법으로서 로티퍼의 저작기(trophi)를 이용하는 방법을 제시한다. 로티퍼는 각 개체마다 한개의 저작기를 가지며 이 저작기는 해산어 자어의 소화기관내에서도 소화되지 않고 그 형태를 유지한다. 따라서 이 연구 결과에 의하면 자어의 소화기관내의 저작기를 관찰하여 계수하는 방법(RTCM; Rotifer Trophi Counting Method)을 이용하여 로티퍼를 최초로 섭이하는 일령은 물론 자어의 일령이 경과함에 따른 포식 로티퍼 개체수를 정확하게 분석할 수 있다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2015

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV)는 세계적으로 담수와 해산어에 심각한 경제적 손실을 야기시키는 주요바이러스이다. 이매패류는 감염어로부터 해수로 방출된 바이러스를 여과섭식작용을 통해 축적하는 것으로 알려져 있어 carrier로써의 가능성이 보고된 바 있으므로. 본 연구에서는 이를 확인하기 위해 국내 어류 양식장 주변에 서식하는 참굴(Crassotrea gigas)과 담치(Mytilus edulis)를 샘플링하였고, RT-PCR법을 통해 바이러스를 검출하여 패류 내 VHSV존재를 확인하였다. 기존 병성감정기관에서 사용하는 primer로는 IVa genotype만을 검출할 수가 있었기 때문에 Glycoprotein(G) gene의 conserved region에 대한 primer를 제작하여 VHSV의 4가지 타입 모두 검출할 수 있게 하였고 이를 본 연구에 사용하였다. 총 84개 중 22개의 시료가 nested PCR을 통해 양성으로 확인되었고, 이 중 6개의 양성시료를 시퀀싱하여 유전학적 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 국내 여러 지역의 패류에서 검출된 VHSV는 모두 IVa genotype으로 아주 제한적인 결과를 보여주었으며, 이는 국내 어류에게 질병을 일으키는 VHSV의 타입은 IVa genotype이라는 이전의 보고와 상응하는 결과를 나타냈다고 할 수 있다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서는 양식장 주변에 서식하는 이매패류의 여과섭식작용으로 인한 축적되는 바이러스로 인한 전염가능성과 패류 내 존재하는 바이러스와 어류에서 질병을 발생시키는 바이러스와의 상호관계를 조사하였으며, 향후 다른 genotype의 유입 및 검출을 위한 연구는 계속적으로 필요하다고 생각된다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.360-369
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• 2021

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) are neurotoxins that display pharmacological activity that is similar to that of specific sodium channel blockers; they are the principle toxins involved in shellfish and puffer fish poisoning. In Korea, puffer fish is a very popular seafood, and several cases of accidental poisoning by TTX have been reported. Therefore, it is necessary to determine whether puffer fish poisoning incidents are caused by PSTs or by TTX. In this study, we used mouse bioassay (MBA) and liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine the presence of PSTs and TTX in puffer fish from an area near Mireuk-do, Tong-Yeong on the southern coast of Korea from January through March, 2014. The toxicity of PSTs and TTX extracts prepared from three organs of each specimen was analyzed by MBA. Most of the extracts killed mice with typical signs of TTX and PSTs. The LC-MS/MS analysis of seven specimens of Takifugu pardalis and Takifugu niphobles, each divided into muscles, intestines, and liver, were examined for TTX. In T. pardalis, the TTX levels were within the range of 1.3-1.6 ㎍/g in the muscles, 18.8-49.8 ㎍/g in the intestines, and 23.3-96.8 ㎍/g in the liver. In T. niphobles, the TTX levels were within the range of 2.0-4.5 ㎍/g in the muscles, 23.9-71.5 ㎍/g in the intestines, and 28.1-114.8 ㎍/g in the liver. Additionally, the toxicity profile of the detected PSTs revealed that dcGTX3 was the major component in T. pardalis and T. niphobles. When PSTs were calculated as saxitoxin equivalents the levels were all less than 0.5 ㎍/g, which is below the permitted maximum standard of 0.8 ㎍/g. These findings indicate that the toxicity of T. pardalis and T. niphobles from the southern coast of Korea is due mainly to TTX and that PSTs do not exert an effect.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.211-215
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• 1989

수산식품의 가공 및 저장 중 지질성분의 변화에 대한 일련의 연구로서 현재 국내에서 시판되고 있는 14종류의 어패류통조림제품의 지방산조성을 분석하였다. 각 수산물통조림의 조지방함량은 참치기름담금통조림이 15.2%, 굴훈제기름담금통조림이 11.2%로서 함량이 많았고 그외 보일드, 토마토소오스담금, 조미어류통조림은 $4.8{\sim}7.8%$, 패류통조림은 $1.3{\sim}3.3%$ 범위였다. 지방산조성은 제품에 따라 상당한 차이를 보이고 있으나 전반적으로 폴리엔산의 조성비가 $34.5{\sim}61.4%$로 많이 함유되어 있었고 패류통조림이 어류통조림에 비해 그 조성비가 다소 높았다. 다음으로 포화산, 모노엔산 순이었고, palmitic, palmitoleic, olelc, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic acid 등이 주요구성지방산이었다. 참치기름담금 및 굴훈제기름 담금통조림의 경우 면실유에서 이행된 linoleic acid가 전체지방산의 48.2%, 34.5%를 차지하고 있었다. 수산물통조림은 제조 중 고온가열처리를 받아 지질성분이 산화 및 열분해되었음에도 불구하고 전반적으로 폴리엔산의 조성비가 높았고 eicosapentaenoic aicd, docosahexaenoic acid 같은 고도불포화지방산이 상당량 잔존해 있었다.

• 분석과학
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.109-117
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• 2009

조리 어패류 중 8종의 PAHs 실태파악을 위하여 어류 168건, 패류 40건을 분석하였다. 시료를 알칼리분해하여 n-hexane으로 추출하고 세척한 후 Sep-Pak Florisil Cartridge로 정제하여 HPLC/FLD로 정량 분석하였다. 각각의 PAHs에 대한 회수율은 약 88~112%였다. 조리어류에서 개별 PAH 평균 농도는 benzo(a)anthracene 불검출, chrysene 불검출, benzo(b)fluoranthene $0.0009{\mu}g/kg$, benzo(k)fluoranthene 불검출, benzo(a)pyrene $0.01{\mu}g/kg$, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 불검출, benzo(g,h,i)perylene 불검출, indeno(1,2,3-c,d) pyrene 불검출이었다. 조리패류에서 개별 PAH 평균 농도는 benzo(a)anthracene $1.84{\mu}g/kg$, chrysene $3.51{\mu}g/kg$, benzo(b)fluoranthene $0.81{\mu}g/kg$, benzo(k)fluoranthene $0.38{\mu}g/kg$, benzo(a)pyrene $0.39{\mu}g/kg$, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene $0.04{\mu}g/kg$, benzo(g,h,i)perylene $0.20{\mu}g/kg$, indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 불검출이었다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품위생안전성학회 2001년도 The Asia-Pacific Conference on Reproductive Biology and Environmental Sciences
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• pp.74-77
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• 2001

In order to investigate the distribution of paralytic shellfish poison, we examined the toxicity during from February to October in 2000. Of 591 shellfish samples, $17(2.88\%)$ samples were detected. Scapgarca broughtonii was highest collected $14.29\%(2/14)$. In the monthly detection rate of PSP, April was highest $13.3\%(8/60)$, in the regional collecting rate, Cheon-nam coastal area was highest $3.82\%(10/262)$, and in cases of imported area, China was $8.3\%(1/12)$. Imported area as well as domestic area samples should be strengthen to examine enduringly.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2010

A Sanitary survey in an Important shellfish-growing area of Biin Bay in Seocheon-gun Korea, was conducted to evaluate bay conditions and compliance with the bacteriological criteria for areas designated for the production of shellfish for export. Seawater samples were collected monthly at 55 sampling stations established in the survey area from January 2006 to December 2008. Bacteriological water quality did not change in response to a small rainfall (10.0 mm), but it increased abruptly in response to rainfall to 62.5 mm The most probable number (MPN) value for total coliforms and fecal coliforms in 1, 980 seawater samples ranged from <1.8 to >1, 600 MPN/100mL and from <1.8 to 330 MPN/100mL, respectively. The geometric mean and estimated $90^{th}$ percentile value for total coliforms ranged from 2.0 to 10.3 MPN/100mL and from 7.0 to 42.6 MPN/100mL respectively. The geometric mean and estimated percentile value for fecal coliforms ranged from 1.8 to 4.0 MPN/100mL and from 1.9 to 18.3 MPN/100mL, respectively. Accordingly, the bacteriological water quality of Biin Bay met the National Shellfish Sanitation Program (NSSP) and Korea Shel1fish Sanitation Program(KSSP) criteria for areas designated for shellfish production for export in Korea.