• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.1294-1299
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• 2012

A total of 96 pigs ($49.23{\pm}3.20$ kg) were used in an 11 wk growth trial to evaluate the effect of fermentable carbohydrate (FC) content on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrient, blood profile, and meat quality. The dietary treatments were: i) negative control (NC), basal diet, ii) positive control (PC), NC+antibiotics (positive control diet with 5 ppm flavomycin), iii) PCL, PC-13% lower FC, and iv) NCL, NC-13% lower FC. The growth performance (average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain/feed) didn't differ among treatments through the whole experiment. These pigs fed the PCL diet had the greater (p<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter than those from PC and NC treatment at the end of the experiment. No differences were observed in white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), and lymphocyte concentration among different treatments. After the feeding period, meat samples were collected from the pigs at slaughter. The pigs in NCL and PCL treatments had greater (p<0.05) backfat thickness and lower lean percentage. The color value of loin was higher (p<0.05) in NCL treatment compared to PCL treatment. Also, the NCL treatment had higher (p<0.05) marbling value than PC treatment. The drip loss was depressed by PCL and NCL treatment comapared to NC treatments. The water holding capacity (WHC) was higher (p<0.05) in NC and PCL treatment. In conclusion, the low FC can improve digestibility and meat quality of finishing pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.211-222
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• 2011

The present review was aimed to assess the feasibility of increasing the slaughter weight (SW) of finishing pigs. Growth performance, including ADG, ADFI and gain:feed, does not change significantly with increasing SW between 110 and $135{\pm}5kg$ in lean-genotype pigs, whereas in non-lean pigs, ADG and gain:feed decrease with increasing SW within the similar range of BW. Backfat thickness (BFT) and marbling of the carcass, which are greater in barrows than in gilts, increase with the increase of SW. The SW could be increased by using a low-energy diet and thereby reducing the rate of fat deposition per weight gain. The yield of the belly increases with the increase of SW, which may be economically significant in Korea. However, yields of some other primal cuts do not change so much as to affect the carcass value. The redness and fat content of the muscle increase slightly with the increase of SW whereas moisture content is minimally influenced by SW. Muscular protein content rarely changes, but sometimes increases slightly, with increasing SW. Other physicochemical characteristics, including lightness, pH, drip loss, and cooking loss of the muscle, are barely influenced by SW. Marbling of fresh loin and ham increases with increasing SW. Sensory characteristics of fresh loin, ham, and belly, including color, aroma, off-flavor, drip, and acceptability, are not influenced significantly by SW. The eating quality of cooked pork also has almost no relation to SW. In conclusion, it is thought that the current SW for moderately lean barrows and gilts can be raised up to 125 and 135 kg, respectively, with BFT at these weights predicted to be approximately 24 mm near the last rib, without compromising the meat quality.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.22.1-22.7
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• 2014

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of two groups of sires with 'medium' and 'high' weight gain potentials (M-sires and H-sires, respectively) on growth of their progenies on varying planes of nutrition during the growing-finishing period. The ADG of the M-sires' progeny was greater (P < 0.05) than that of the H-sires' progeny (0.51 vs. 0.47 kg) during a 26- to 29-d early grower phase beginning from 55 d of age, but the opposite was true (0.66 vs. 0.72 kg) during the latter grower phase. Overall grower-phase ADG was greatest on the high plane of nutrition (H plane) followed by the medium (M) and low (L) planes (0.65, 0.61, and 0.51 kg, respectively; P < 0.05) in the M-sires' progeny, whereas in the H-sires' progeny, ADG was greater on the H and M planes vs. L plane (0.63, 0.62, and 0.54 kg, respectively). The ADG of pigs on the M or H plane during the grower phase and switched to the H plane thereafter (M-to-H or H-to-H planes) was greater than that of pigs on the L-to-L planes (0.99 vs. 0.78 kg) during the early finisher phase in the M-sires' progeny (P < 0.01). However, in the H-sires' progeny, ADG of pigs on the L-to-L planes did not differ from that of pigs on the M-to-M or H-to-M planes (0.94 vs. 0.96 kg). Results suggest that the H-to-H or H-to-M planes and M-to-M or M-to-L planes are optimal for maximal growth of the M- and H-sires' progenies, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.1489-1495
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• 2002

Five regions and 258 pigs were selected for this study: North (Beijing), Central (Wuhan), South (Guangzhou), Southwest (Chongqing), Northeast (Harbin). Five typical genetics of growing-finishing pig were selected: Landrace${\times}$Large White${\times}$Beijing Black, Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Large White, Duroc${\times}$Large White${\times}$Landrace, Landrace${\times}$Rongchang, Landrace${\times}$Harbin White, respectively at each sites. The basal diet was a corn-soybean meal containing sufficient nutrients to meet requirements. Carcass fat-free lean gain was determined by dissecting and analyzing chemical composition of the carcass. Cubic function fitted lean moistures to live weights better than other functions. Exponential function fitted lean lipids to live weights equally to allometric function. Carcass fat-free lean gain of Duroc${\times}$Large White${\times}$Landrace, Landrace${\times}$Large White${\times}$Beijing Black, Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Large White, Landrace${\times}$Harbin White, Landrace${\times}$Rongchang from 20 to 100 kg of average body weight was 259 g/d, 261 g/d, 311 g/d, 220 g/d, 200 g/d, respectively. All are lower than intermediate fat-free lean gain in NRC (1998).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2010

A total of 96 non-lean-type (Yorkshire $\times$ Landrace) $\times$ Duroc gilts and barrows weighing approximately 80 kg were randomly allocated to 24 pens under a 2 (sex) $\times$ 3 [diet; 3.4, 3.2, and 3.0 Mcal DE/kg {'high'-, 'medium'-, and 'low'-energy diets (HE, ME, and LE), respectively}] factorial arrangement of treatments. All animals were slaughtered approximately at 115 kg, after which carcass quality traits and grades and physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the loin related to meat quality were analyzed. The ADG and gain:feed were not affected by the sex or dietary treatment, whereas ADFI was greater in the ME vs HE group. Backfat thickness was greater in barrows vs gilts and also in ME and HE vs LE only in barrows. Enumerated carcass marbling and quality grade, which were highly correlated (r=0.56; P<0.01), were greater in barrows vs gilts. Physicochemical characteristics including the color, pH, drip loss and contents of moisture, protein, and fat of fresh loin, as well as sensory characteristics of fresh and cooked loin, were not affected by the sex or dietary treatment, except for shear force for cooked loin which was greater (P<0.05) in LE and ME vs HE. In conclusion, it is thought that ME is comparable to HE in terms of the effect on growth and carcass quality of finishing pigs, but that the relative effect of LE vs ME needs to be further studied.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권12호
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• pp.1987-1994
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• 2021

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of varying standardized ileal digestible lysine:threonine (SID Lys:Thr) ratio in the diet on the performance and meat quality of finishing pigs. Methods: In total 192 crossbred pigs ([Landrace×Yorkshire]×Duroc, 17 weeks old), with an initial body weight (BW) of 70.6±3.9 kg were used in an 8-wk trial. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of six dietary treatments based on their initial BW and sex (8 replications; 4 pigs per pen, 2 barrows and 2 gilts). The pigs in the 6 treatments were fed diets having different SID Lys:Thr ratios such as 1:0.65, 1:0.66, 1:0.67, 1:0.68, 1:0.69, and 1:0.70. Results: A linear increment (p<0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) and trends in reduction in feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed during day 29 to 56 of the experiment and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter tended to increase linearly (p = 0.094) at the end of the experiment (day 56) with the increase in the dietary SID Lys:Thr ratios. The backfat thickness and lean percentage increased (linear effect, p<0.05) on day 28. In addition, at day 56, a linear (p<0.05) increment in lean percentage was observed. Significant quadratic responses (p = 0.02) for pH and drip loss at day 7 (p = 0.02), a linear increase (p<0.05) in cooking loss and drip loss at day 7, and a trend in quadratic response (p = 0.07) in the lightness of meat color (L^*) were observed, whereas other meat quality indices were unaffected by varying the SID Lys:Thr ratios. Conclusion: The SID Lys:Thr ratio for maximum ADG, minimum FCR and enhanced digestibility was found to be 0.70. However, for carcass trait and meat quality, the SID Lys:Thr ratio of 0.65 was enough.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.895-903
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• 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of various dietary unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratios (UFA to SFA ratios) on growth performance, carcass traits, blood lipid parameters, tissue fatty acid (FA) composition, and meat quality of finishing pigs. Methods: A total of 45 crossbred pigs ([Duroc×Landrace]×Yorkshire), with an average initial body weight of 60.3±2.4 kg, were randomly allocated to three treatment groups of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 dietary UFA to SFA ratios. Results: Both average daily gain and average daily feed intake of pigs were decreased linearly (p<0.05), whereas backfat thickness was decreased linearly (p<0.05) with increasing of dietary UFA to SFA ratio. Serum triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were decreased quadratically or linearly (p<0.05) respectively, whereas high density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased quadratically (p<0.05) with increasing dietary UFA to SFA ratio. In M. longissimus thoracis, the proportion of C18:1 and monounsaturated FA was decreased linearly (p<0.05), whereas the proportion of C18:2n-6, C20:4n-6 and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were increased linearly (p<0.05) as dietary UFA to SFA ratio increased. In the subcutaneous adipose tissue, the proportion of SFA was decreased linearly (p<0.05), whereas the proportion of n-6 PUFA, n-3 PUFA, and the UFA to SFA ratios were increased linearly (p<0.05) with increasing of dietary UFA to SFA ratio. Meat color scores and shear force of pigs were decreased linearly (p<0.05), whereas drip loss and cooking loss were increased linearly (p<0.05) with increasing of dietary UFA to SFA ratio. Conclusion: Appropriately boosted dietary UFA to SFA ratio could be conductive to optimize blood lipid parameters and tissue FA composition. However, when the ratio is too high or too low it tends to have negative effects on growth performance and meat quality.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.493-502
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• 2006

양돈에 있어서 도살체중은 가장 중요한 경제 요인 중의 하나이다. 본 연구는 성장효율과 도체 품질에 크게 영향을 미치지 않고 비육돈의 도살체중을 130kg으로 증가시킬 수 있을 지의 여부를 알아보기 위해 착수되었다. 경남 지역에서 비육돈으로 가장 널리 사용되고있는 정육형 (Yorkshire×Landrace)×Duroc(YLD) 3원 교잡종 암퇘지 160두와 거세돼지 160두를 생체중 90kg에 선발하여 2(성)×2(도살체중; 110 vs. 130kg) ‘factorial’ 실험설계 하에 16돈방에 배치하였다. 공시돈에게는 3,200kcal/kg의 가소화 에너지와 15.5%의 조단백질을 함유하는 공시사료를 무제한 급여하였고, 계획된 체중에 도달하였을 때 도축하여 부분육 수율과 배최장근의 이화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 일당증체량은 거세돼지가 암퇘지보다 높았으나(0.86 vs. 0.79kg; P<0.01) 110kg 대비 130kg 도살체중 구 사이에는 차이가 없었다(0.83 vs. 0.81kg; P>0.05). 등지방두께는 암퇘지와 거세돼지 공히 130kg 도살체중 구가 110kg 도살체중 구보다 높았다(암: 17.6 vs. 21.6mm, 거세: 20.8 vs. 25.1mm). 정육중 삼겹살 비율은 거세돼지가 암퇘지보다 높았고(21.2 vs. 20.5%) 130kg 도살체중 구(21.4%)가 110kg 도살체중 구(20.2%)보다 높았다. 배최장근의 색깔, 48󰠏시간 육즙삼출율, 24󰠏시간 pH, 조단백질 및 조지방 함량 등의 이화학적 특성은 두 성간 혹은 두 도살체중간 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 110kg 대비 130kg 출하돈의 한계수익은 두당 약 󰠏20,000원에 달하였는데, 이 같은 손실은 거의 전적으로 130kg 출하돈의 도체가 너무 커 A, B 도체 등급의 도체중 상한선을 초과했기 때문이다. 그러나 만일 도체중 상한선이 철폐된다는 조건으로 계산하면 130kg 출하돈당 20,000원 이상의 한계수익이 발생할 수 있을 것으로 추정되었다. 이상의 결과는 정육형 비육돈에서는 성장효율이나 육질에 크게 영향을 미치지 않고 도살체중을 130kg까지 증가시킬 수 있고, 따라서 체중이 큰 출하돈을 수용하기 위해서는 ‘좋은 등급’의 도체중 상한선을 증가시킬 필요가 있음을 시사한다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.713-722
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• 2012

Landrace와 Berkshire의 longissimus dorsi muscle으로부터 단백질 발현양상의 차이를 보기 위하여 2-DE실험을 통하여 분석한 결과 Landrace 에서 특이적으로 발현 양이 증가한 단백질들은 serum albumin precursor, troponin T (TnT; slow skeletal muscle), myoglobin였다. Berkshire에서 특이적으로 발현 양이 증가한 단백질들은 heat shock 27 kDa protein 1, troponin T (fast skeletal muscle), muscle creatine kinase, phosphoglucomutase 1, triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi 1), adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 (AK1)였다. Landrace의 longissimus dorsi muscle에서는 slow skeletal muscle과 연관된 단백질들이 발현된 반면에 Berkshire에서는 fast skeletal muscle, 물질대사경로, 에너지 생산과 관련된 단백질들이 발현되었다. Berkshire를 이용하여 성장단계별로 단백질 발현을 분석해 본 결과 growing Berkshire에서 발현이 증가한 단백질은 aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member L1 (ALDHL1)와 muscle creatine kinase이고 finishing Berkshire에서 발현이 증가한 단백질은 heat shock 27 kDa protein 1, TnT (slow skeletal muscle), TnT (fast skeletal muscle), serum albumin precursor, PGM 1, AK 1, Tpi 1였다. 이 결과는 Finishing Berkshire의 등심에서는 growing Berkshire에 비교하여 골격근육, 에너지물질대사, 세포골격 등이 보다 활성화된 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.525-534
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• 2001

A total of 120 pigs were used to investigate the effects of yucca extracts on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nutrient excretion and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs fed different levels of dietary protein. Pigs were allotted into $2{\times}3$ factorial design by the supplementation of yucca extracts (YE, 0 and 120 mg/kg) and 3 levels of dietary protein (14, 16, 18% for early finisher and 12, 14, 16% for late finisher for low, medium and high protein diet, respectively). During the early finishing period (51~76 kg BW), no significant difference was found in growth performance regardless of the YE supplementation or dietary protein levels. Growth performance of late finishing pigs (76~101 kg BW) was also not significantly different among treatments. However, ADG of pigs fed YE diet was significantly improved (p<0.05) regardless of the dietary protein levels. For the overall period (51~101 kg BW), although adding YE to the diet and elevating the protein level showed better ADG, there were no significant differences on growth performance among treatments. Early finishers showed significantly higher crude protein, crude ash and crude fat digestibilities when they were fed diets supplemented with YE. Digestibilities of amino acids were not affected by YE. Late finishers did not show any significant differences in proximate nutrient digestibilities regardless of YE supplementation or dietary protein levels. YE tended to slightly improve the CP digestibility, however no significant difference was found with increased dietary protein levels. There was no significant difference in amino acid digestibilities with YE supplementation or dietary CP levels during the late finishing period. Dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) excretion in feces did not show any significant difference among treatments. Early finishing pigs also did not respond to the inclusion of YE or dietary protein levels (p<0.05). Fecal N excretion of early finishing pigs seemed to be lowered in pigs fed YE. Pigs fed medium dietary protein diet tended to excrete a higher amount of N during the early finishing period, but not statistically different. A slight increase in fecal N excretion was found with the increased level of dietary protein during the late finishing period. For ammonia nitrogen excretion, although there was no significance, the NH3-N content tended to be increased by the increased dietary protein levels and with YE supplementation. The NH3-N content in manure increased by 24.5% with YE supplementation. There were no significant differences in carcass weight, backfat thickness, carcass grade and loin eye area among treatments. However, pigs fed non-YE with low protein diet showed a significantly (p<0.05) low carcass ratio among treatments and there was significant (p<0.05) difference between the YE-added treatment and non YE treatment in carcass ratio. As for the feed cost, the cost of feeding high level protein was higher than that of medium level protein by 5% and low level protein by 9% (p<0.05). Therefore, based on this study, it could be concluded that environmentally friendly agents might play a role to some extent in finishing pigs from the aspect of pollution control, and that more than 14 and 12% of dietary protein for early finishing and late finishing pigs respectively do not necessarily guarantee high growth performance.