• ETRI Journal
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.131-141
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• 2013

Integral cryptanalysis, which is based on the existence of (higher-order) integral distinguishers, is a powerful cryptographic method that can be used to evaluate the security of modern block ciphers. In this paper, we focus on substitution-permutation network (SPN) ciphers and propose a criterion to characterize how an r-round integral distinguisher can be extended to an (r+1)-round higher-order integral distinguisher. This criterion, which builds a link between integrals and higher-order integrals of SPN ciphers, is in fact based on the theory of direct decomposition of a linear space defined by the linear mapping of the cipher. It can be directly utilized to unify the procedure for finding 4-round higher-order integral distinguishers of AES and ARIA and can be further extended to analyze higher-order integral distinguishers of various block cipher structures. We hope that the criterion presented in this paper will benefit the cryptanalysts and may thus lead to better cryptanalytic results.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.919-923
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• 2005

A bacterium capable of poly(${\gamma}$-glutamic acid) production was isolated from nonpasteurized soy sauce. It was judged to be a variety of Bacillus subtilis and designated as B. subtilis C1. B. subtilis C1 produced ${\gamma}$-PGA in the absence of exogenous glutamic acid; therefore, it is a de novo PGA­producing bacterium. The product produced by B. subtilis C1 was characterized by amino acid analysis to be composed of solely glutamic acid. However, the $H^1-NMR$ spectra showed chemical shifts of glycerol protons in addition to those of authentic ${\gamma}$-PGA, indicating that the product is in fact a bioconjugate of ${\gamma}$-PGA. The finding is unique, because the microbial production of ${\gamma}$-PGA bioconjugate has never been reported before. The molecular mass of the product was over 10,000 kDa as determined by GPC, and $97\%$ of the product was D-glutamate, indicating that L-glutamate was converted to its D-form counterpart by B. subtilis C1.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.363-369
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• 2011

본 논문은 기술발전에 따라 등장하게 된 융합미디어에 대한 수용자 인지가 실제 이용 의도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 분석하였다. 분석결과, 융합미디어에 대한 인지된 유용성이 높다고 생각할수록 이용의도가 높아지며, 인지된 용이성이 높을수록 이용의도 역시 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 이용 의도는 실제 이용도에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났는데, 이용의도가 높을수록 융합미디어를 많이 이용한다는 것을 의미한다. 반면 혁신저항이 높을수록 인지된 유용성, 사용의도, 매체 친밀도는 낮아는 것으로 나타났다. 결국 혁신저항으로 인해 매체 이용의도가 낮아지고, 융합 미디어 수용이 지연되는 결과를 가져올 수 있다.

• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2024

Harmful pet insects, if not controlled, can negatively affect people, plants and their surrounding environment. In Vietnam, all crops are regularly impacted by pest insects. In serious cases, crops can be totally destroyed by insect pests. Harmful insects that damage crops often grow fast and increase rapidly. Therefore, research on insects is crucial for managing pests, protecting crops, and forecasting pest situation in the following years. This study aimed to collect data regarding changes of pests on rice and corn as two main crops in four provinces in Red River Delta of Vietnam, including Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Ha Nam, and Hung Yen, from 2018 to 2022. Primary data were collected from reports of government agencies and official statistics. Based on these data, this study evaluated changes of pest insects in five years, discussed reasons for such changes and response methods, and forecasted pest's behavior in the following years. Significant findings of this study include the fact that Vietnam has to face many difficulties to develop its agricultural sector. For insect management, an essential action is to do ground surveys to gather all related data including weather data, pesticide data, crop yield, and product quality. This information is meaningful for finding out causes of changes, understanding relationships between insects and surrounding factors, and predicting the situation in the following years.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제68권
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• pp.43-63
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• 2015

The number of final appeal(the rate of final appeal: 43%) has been on the increase every year over the past ten years in Korea. The number of final appeal cases given to a justice of the Korean Supreme Court amounts to nearly one everyday, which makes it vulnerable to faulty decisions. Reversal rate of final appeal is as low as 10% with most of the cases being dismissed and hence the percentage of people having trust in the judiciary is merely 27%. In this context, the Korean judiciary has announced its plan to set up a final appellate court in the Supreme Court. The establishment of final appellate court, however, is not only against the Constitution but also hardly seen in other nations. It would only overexpand the Supreme Court. Furthermore, the final appellate court would end up deteriorating into the court of fourth instance and impose extra burden on the government as well as on the disputing parties. Therefore, it is necessary to upgrade the quality of the court by increasing the number of judges in the lower court and let them focus on the fact finding process. Facilitating the ADR(Alternative Dispute Resolution) process such as arbitration would help improve the structure of the judiciary. The incompatibility among the four values of the dispute resolution process(equitability, truth, quickness and efficiency) calls for building comprehensive judicial system in which disputes are settled by choosing either jurisprudence or utility.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.344-354
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• 2002

This study is a fact-finding research to understand the status of visiting nursing services operated by health centers in Korea and it aims to provide basic information for policy development on operation and management of visiting nursing services in health centers. Method: This study investigates the results of visiting nursing services in 242 health centers from Jan. 10 through Dec. 30, 2000, where 3,106 visiting nurses were employed by the public work program. Result: In 2000, 129,401 new household as service recipients was identified and that was 0.9% of Koreas total households (15,137,000), and 5.8% of low income households (2,242,000). The highest high risk group was dementia patients(aver. 55.2/1,000 person). Average number of households visited by visiting nurse were 4.5 households per day and the first-visited houses per visiting nurse were 1.1 households per day. The re-visiting rate was 71.3%. Total 4,059,130 service items were provided and assessment ranked the highest with 33.7%. The satisfaction level of clients on the nurses was an average of 3.17 points in the scale of 4 and the nursing service was a 2.60 points in a scale of 3. Conclusion: Visiting nursing service should continue to provide comprehensive healthcare services in cost-effective ways while cooperating with others

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.135-156
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• 2014

The Online business model for purchasing agent service is getting more popular. However, consumers perceive more risk when buying products from foreign online purchasing agents (FOPA) than from common online sellers (COS). This study focuses on finding out how consumers manage risk when they perceive risk and what different risk-reliever strategies they use when buying from high-risk FOPA and low-risk COS. This study has proved the following two. First, when consumers perceive risk at online purchasing, they tend to select risk-reliever strategies, such as the use of communication media, online assurance mark, seller's record, and secure payment to mitigate risk. With the application of those risk-reliever strategies, they built trust with the seller. Second, risk-perception of FOPA influences usage of communication media and check of online assurance mark more strongly than that of COS. On the contrary, risk-perception of COS influences the check of seller record more strongly than that of FOPA. This study helps to explain why FOPA is proliferating, despite its inherent high risk due to the fact that buyers and sellers are separated in time and space and that buyers and sellers have different social and cultural backgrounds. This study also helps managers of E-commerce to relieve consumer's risk-perception and to build trust.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.142-149
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• 2010

In recent years, genome-wide association (GWA) studies have successfully led to many discoveries of genetic variants affecting common complex traits, including height, blood pressure, and diabetes. Although GWA studies have made much progress in finding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with many complex traits, such SNPs have been shown to explain only a very small proportion of the underlying genetic variance of complex traits. This is partly due to that fact that most current GWA studies have relied on single-marker approaches that identify single genetic factors individually and have limitations in considering the joint effects of multiple genetic factors on complex traits. Joint identification of multiple genetic factors would be more powerful and provide a better prediction of complex traits, since it utilizes combined information across variants. Recently, a new statistical method for joint identification of genetic variants for common complex traits via the elastic-net regularization method was proposed. In this study, we applied this joint identification approach to a large-scale GWA dataset (i.e., 8842 samples and 327,872 SNPs) in order to identify genetic variants of obesity for the Korean population. In addition, in order to test for the biological significance of the jointly identified SNPs, gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses were further conducted.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제24권
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• pp.147-156
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• 2011

A brief consultation of English Arabic dictionaries and encyclopedias shows that there is no one single standard Arabic translation of the English concept 'democracy'. Arab authors use, instead, a series of multiple terms that need clarification if the first term is to be clear. In many cases, they tend to localize the term into Arabic using various orthographic forms; at other times, they run a rather lengthy analysis to elucidate the concept that seems to be an essentially contested term. This paper aims to inquire into the reasons for the confusion and inconsistency in the translation of the concept 'democracy', as well as the underlying arguments for advocating the localization rather than translation of this political concept. This will be followed by a discussion of the implications of this study for lexicographers and translators. Given the fact that ideology is of non-Arabic origin, English perceptions of this fluid concept might help account for its lack of clarity in Arabic translations since Arabic is highly influenced by English in various spheres of life. It would thus be wise first to check the perceptivity of English authors of the concept. To better serve the purpose of this study, the author distinguishes here between 'translation' and so-called 'localization'. The term 'translation' is concerned with finding an existing term in the target language with an equivalent meaning for a foreign word, whereas localization involves taking the foreign term and making it linguistically and culturally appropriate to the target language, by subjecting it to the morphological and syntactic rules of Arabic to be used as if it were originally Arabic.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to provide design guidelines necessary for creating disability-friendly campuses. To this end, a literature survey and a survey on the current educational welfare facilities for disabled college students were conducted. The fact-finding survey was conducted in writing and visiting evaluations on 19 campuses located in Gangwon-do(province). The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1) The college enrollment rate of the disabled has doubled since 2000, but it was found to be half of the enrollment rate based on school enrollment, and the number of students who gave up in the middle is increasing. This is due to an obstacle in the learning environment, so it is necessary to improve welfare facilities. 2) As a result of evaluating the status of educational welfare support for students with disabilities, it was found that the overall evaluation result was improved, but the absolute evaluation result was less than 70%, and it was not improved. 3) As a result of evaluating the actual conditions of the intermediate facilities, indoor facilities, sanitary facilities, guidance and other facilities, and unit spaces, it is necessary to expand and improve them due to the lack of disabled parking marks, continuity of access roads, pedestrian safety passages, lifts, and rest areas for the disabled.