• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.59-70
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• 2009

Objectives : Although CTTH is one of the most common symptom in primary headache, the mechanism and treatment is not definite. The purpose of this study is to research about clinical characteristic and roentgenographic finding of the cervical spine in CTTH to determine relationship between the cervical spine and headache. Methods : This study was carried out on 93 patients with CTTH. By roentgenographic finding, they were classified into four groups - HNP, Spondylosis, Sprain, Normal. Then the HNP group was divided again into two groups - singer type and multiple type. Results: 1. Among 93 patients with CTTH, 69(74.19%) patients had abnormal cervical spine by roentgenographic finding. 2. There were HNP, spondylosis, sprain in abnormal roentgenographic finding. And a great majority of the patients were diagnosed as cervical sprain. 3. There were no significant difference between four groups on sex, weight, height, blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate. But on ages, the HNP group showed the highest average while the sprain group showed the lowest. 4. The patients in HNP group had more frequent, severe pain, longer onset and higher onset-age than those of the other three group. 5. The patients in Multiple-type HNP group had severe pain, longer pain-duration, longer onset, more pre-symptoms and younger onset-age than those of the Single-type HNP group. Conclusions : A great majority of the patients with CTTH had abnormal cervical spines. Also, we found out that the worse the grade of HNP, heavier the level of headache.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.867-876
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• 2016

In accordance with the changing of society, remarkable increase in knowledge and information, the competencies to choose and use proper information in various domains are considered as an important skill. As one of the methods in developing these competencies, it is emphasized that a problem-based learning can make student understand and use knowledge by solving the contextualized problem. However, it is skeptical of learner's development of competencies to use knowledge by solving well-defined given problem. Therefore it is required that students be allowed to develop the competency to find problem through experiences to determine and evaluate the purpose of the problem and method. The purpose of this study is to understand how undergraduate students use science or technology in finding a problem. In this line, this study articulated four cases conducted by participants who engaged in convergence teaching-learning program. And this study investigated the participants' process of problem-finding, method and reason to apply science or technology. The results were drawn by analyzing interviews and written data, including their proposal, a poster, and final reports. Participants changed the form of problem from initial ill-structured one into a concrete one, where the participant could derive a detailed solution. Science or technology applied as the detailed example to convert problem into a concrete form, or as the analyzing tool or theoretical background of problem to make a link with other domain. Their reason of applying science or technology could be summarized in 'personal interest based on prior experience' and 'alternatives to resolve a dissatisfaction.' Based on the result, this study suggests holistic approach that is included in both intuitive thinking and logical thinking and metacognitive regulation to stimulate problem-finding in problem-based learning program.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2014

This paper presents a study on the radiation characteristics of low-VHF band electrically small antenna for direction finding. Firstly, it is simulated the antenna for mounting on flat ground and tank model(in 40MHz), and measured for mounting 1/10 scaled model(in 400 MHz). In case of flat ground feed at ${\phi}=0^{\circ}$, $180^{\circ}$(xz-plane), yz-plane $E_{\phi}$ (H-plane) and xz-plane $E_{\theta}$ (E-plane) radiation patterns are hemispheric omni-direction due to effect of narrow ground side. Then, in case of tank model, it is shown equally in case of the flat ground, yz-plane $E_{\phi}$ (H-plane) and xz-plane $E_{\theta}$ (E-plane) radiation patterns are hemispheric omni-direction nearly without effect of mounting position. Therefore, the suggested electrically small antenna for direction finding, in case of mounting on ground narrow side xz-plane(E-plane), is shown more stable radiation patterns as direction finding antenna.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.2 s.61
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• pp.183-198
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• 1998

In order to determine the prevalence rate and find out the sexual difference of abnormal electrocardiographic findings manifested by computerized EKG, which is equipped with auto-analyzing function, a total of 2,083 electrocardiograms that were taken from population over 20 years-old from October 1996 to February 1997 were studied according to their age, gender and blood pressure. 1. Using the electrocardiography with auto-analyzing function, 33 kinds of abnormal findings were manifested. The prevalence rate of abnormal findings was 52.8% in male and 43.7% in female. Among them, the most common finding was sinus brady-cardia found in 17.6% of male and 15.4% of female. Left ventricular hypertrophy by voltage criteria, minimal voltage of left ventricular hypertrophy, left axis deviation and atrial fibrillation were more common in male than in female statistically. Both of nospecific T wave and ST segment abnormality were more common in female than in male statistically. 2. Thirty-three kinds of abnormal findings were manifested. They revealed one abnormal finding alone or combined with some other ones making 128 kinds of abnormal finding. The most common abnormal finiding that manifested alone was right axis deviation (100%), then myocardial ischemia (95.7%) the next. The most common abnormal finding that complexed with other abnormal findings were left anterior fascicular block(percentage of single manifestation, 26.2%) and nonspecific T wave abnormality(percentage of single manifestation; 32.9%). Also, combination of sinus bradycardia and minimal voltage of left ventricular hypertrophy, and combination of sinus bradycardia and left ventricular hypertrophy were included in 25th sequences of abnormal findings. 3. The prevalence rate of abnormal electrocardiographic findings were higher in older group, hypertensive group, and the group of higher systolic or diastolic pressure in both sexes. 4. Abnormal findings that commonly manifested with sinus bradycardia were voltage criteria or minimal voltage of left ventricular hypertrophy(38.6%): sinus arrhythmia(10.5%): nonspecific T wave or ST segment abnormality(18.4%) and first degree AV block(7.2%) in descending order. 5. The most common site which manifested myocardial ischemia was posterior and inferior wall with equal percentage of 23.4%. And then anterior wall(19.1%), and antero-lateral wall and septum with equal percentage of 10.6% was noted in descending order.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.17
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• pp.7853-7857
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• 2015

Background: Mortality from breast cancer is high in low- and middle-income countries, in part because most patients have advanced stage disease when first diagnosed. Case-finding may be one approach to changing this situation. Materials and Methods: We conducted a pilot study to explore the feasibility of population-based case finding for breast cancer by community health workers (CHWs) using different data collection methods and approaches to management of women found to have breast abnormalities. After training 8 CHWs in breast problem recognition, manual paper data collection and operation of a cell-phone software platform for reporting demographic, history and physical finding information, these CHWs visited 3150 women >age 18 and over they could find-- from 2356 households in 8 villages in rural Bangladesh. By 4 random assignments of villages, data were collected manually (Group 1), or with the cell-phone program alone (Group 2) or with management algorithms (Groups 3 and 4), and women adjudged to have a serious breast problem were shown a motivational video (Group 3), or navigated/accompanied to a breast problem center for evaluation (Group 4). Results: Only three visited women refused evaluation. The manual data acquisition group (1) had missing data in 80% of cases, and took an average of 5 minutes longer to acquire, versus no missing data in the cell phone-reporting groups (2,3 and 4). One woman was identified with stage III breast cancer, and was appropriately treated. Conclusions: Among very poor rural Bangladeshi women, there was very limited reluctance to undergo breast evaluation. The estimated rarity of clinical breast cancer is supported by these population-based findings. The feasibility and efficient use of mobile technology in this setting is supported. Successor studies may most appropriately be trials focusing on improving the suggested benefits of motivation and navigation, on increasing the numbers of cases found, and on stage of disease at diagnosis as the primary endpoint.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.499-504
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• 2017

A Mobile Radio Wave Measurement System (MRWMS)is a vehicle-mounted system designed to be operating in a single mission. The mission characteristic for mobile measurement requires mobility. For this, we must consider the arrangement and embedded method of MRWMS's antennas. In this paper, we described the measurement method design of direction detecting accuracy for MRWMS and designed the direction finding antenna mast capable of rotating itself by using a slip ring without turntable for Direction Finding (DF) accuracy test. As we removed the dependency of a limited local area by designing a measurement method of direction detecting accuracy, Equipment Under Test (EUT) zero-Adjustment and mounted process shortened. So, we the reduced production costs. We expect an improved cable loss value by shortening the RF cable length in accordance with our design. In addition, due to the same phenomenon, the entire system is lighter and the mobility is improved.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.1483-1495
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• 2006

The navigation mesh represents a terrain as a set of triangles on which characters may move around. The navigation mesh cab be generated automatically, and it is more flexible in representing 3D surface. The number of triangles to represent a terrain may vary according to the structure of the terrain. As characters are moving around on a navigation mesh, the path planning can be performed more easily by projecting the 3D surfaces into 2D space. However, when the terrain is represented with an elaborated mesh of large number of triangles to achieve more realistic movements, the path finding can be very inefficient because there are too many states(triangles) to be searched. In this paper, we propose an efficient method of path finding in 3D games where the terrain is represented by navigation meshes. Our method uses the visibility tests. When the graph-based search is applied to elaborated polygonal meshes for detailed terrain representation, the path finding can be very inefficient because there are too many states(polygons) to be searched. In our method, we reduce the search space by using visibility tests so that the search can be fast even on the detailed terrain with large number of polygons. First we find the visible vertices of the obstacles, and define the heuristic function as the distance to the goal through those vertices. By doing that, the number of states that the graph-based search visits can be substantially reduced compared to the plane search with straight-line distance heuristic.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.434-443
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the way-finding exercise using a map in rehabilitation of cognitive function and activities of daily living in patients with a stroke. For the seven patients diagnosed with hemiplegia from a stroke, we executed the way-finding exercise using a map in the hospital, three times a week for two weeks. Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment(LOTCA) and Functional Independence Measure(FIM) were used to measure the cognitive function and performance of activities of daily living before and after intervention. For the visual perception area and the spatial relations of the spatial perception area of LOTCA, scores were significantly higher than before intervention(p<.05). For the walk/wheelchair of locomotion area and the problem solving of the social cognition area of FIM, scores were significantly higher than before intervention(p<.05). The results of this study show that a way-finding exercise for patients with a stroke is a useful therapeutic approach by enhancing cognitive function and performance of activities of daily living.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1285-1299
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• 2013

Nurturing students' scientific creativity is considered an important element in science education in Korea. The study aims to explore patterns displayed by well-known scientists in their quest for problem finding. Each case of scientists' course of problem solving is described in terms of historical background, a process of problem finding, and a process of problem solving. There are five patterns from ten scientists which are as follows: Pattern 1 is that scientists find problems from insufficiencies and/or errors from explanation of theories at the time and the related cases are A. Lavoisier, G. Mendel, and J. Watson. Pattern 2 shows that scientists find a problem because of strange phenomena unexplained by theories at the time, and here important case studies are E. Rutherford and W. R$\ddot{o}$ntgen. Pattern 3 demonstrates that scientists find a problem from analogical reasoning between known theories and unknown science phenomena. The cases include S. Carnot and T. Young. Pattern 4 points to the fact that scientists find a problem while they utilize a newly invented experimental instrument. Here, G. Galilei is an important example. Pattern 5 establishes that scientists happen to find a problem while they conduct research projects. The works of M. Faraday and J. Kepler are prominent case studies related to this pattern.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.279-302
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• 2009

This paper was to examine the effects of university-based science gifted education program on scientifically gifted students' science problem finding ability and cognitive-affective factors. For this study, 69 scientifically gifted students with previous Silted education experiences at the university-based science gifted education centers and 91 scientifically gifted students without any previous gifted education experiences were compared. Both groups of students were currently enrolled at a specialized science high school. To compare both groups, scientific problem finding ability, science anxiety, science related attitude, self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, test anxiety, cognitive strategies, and self-regulation were measured. The results indicate that there was no significant difference on scientific problem finding ability between these two groups. The comparison between the past and now in the aspects of variables observed in the study showed that both groups of students were decreased in the science anxiety and self-efficacy. But the test anxiety was significantly increased compared to the past in both groups. Implications of the study were discussed in depth.