• Journal of The Institute of Information and Telecommunication Facilities Engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.110-114
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• 2011

The recent development of 4G mobile communication system has led to the rapid technology shift from conventional repeater systems using coaxial cable links towards new fiber optic repeater systems using fiber-optic links between the base station and the outdoor fiber optic repeater. The technical changes have brought up the increasing needs of robust optic links that can be used in harsh environments. Based on the most demanding requirements, a new outdoor optical connector employing 2-channel fiber optics, uplink and downlink, has been developed for the applications where the rugged environmental protection is essential. This paper describes the development of the new connector along with the design criteria and performance results. In summarizing, the prototype optical connectors have undergone extensive laboratory and field test, and they have shown exceptional optical and mechanical characteristics under extreme environmental conditions. The connectors have also exhibited capabilities of providing fast and easy installation while maintaining high performance fiber optic connections.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.25 no.9B
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• pp.1542-1550
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• 2000

Fiber optic link systems based on SCM scheme are widely used as efficient and economic RF signal links between base station and a central station in mobile communication networks. However, its performance can be seriously limited depending on the operational conditions of not only the optical transmission system but also the wireless link in various environments. In this paper, we propose an analytic model for performance analyses of the SCM fiber optic link for CDMA RF signal transmission in various link environments. We present optimal operational conditions taking account of the nonlinear effects of the optical transmission system, and the multiple access interference produced at the wireless link. It has been shown through the BER analyses in this paper that the selection of optical modulation index of the SCM fiber optic links can be found optimally to minimize the fiber optic link noises and intermodulation distortion due to LD.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.103-109
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• 2009

We report an efficient jitter reduction technique in an analog fier-optic link employing a Mach-Zehnder modulator followed by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier. By adjusting the modulator-bias to $0.089V_{\pi}$, we could increase the RF gain up to 10.65 dB for 10 GHz RF signal and reduce the random jitter by 46.5%, max, at an input optical power of -0.11 dBm to the EDFA.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.227-234
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• 2016

Herein, we demonstrate clipping distortion suppression of directly modulated multi-IF-over-fiber links using a simple shunt diode predistorter. The dynamic range of a directly modulated analog fiber optic link is limited by nonlinear distortions caused by laser-diode clipping. We investigate the link performance in the context of carrie-to-noise and distortion ratio (CNDR) and error vector magnitude (EVM) requirements when supporting LTE-A services. We also design an analog predistorter with a shunt-diode structure, and demonstrate experimentally that the predistorter has the ability to suppress clipping-induced third-order intermodulation distortions of the link by at most 14 dB. It also improves the CNDR and EVM of the 4-IF-multiplexed LTE-A carriers by 7 dB and 2.9%, respectively.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.753-757
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• 2011

The possibility of implementing nonuniform residual dispersion per span (RDPS) in optical links with net residual dispersion (NRD) controlled by precompensation and postcompensation for 960 Gbps WDM transmissions is studied and discussed. The fiber optic communication links investigated in this paper consist of inline dispersion management (DM) for each fiber spans and optical phase conjugator (OPC) at mid-way of total transmission length in order to compensate for WDM signal distortions due to group velocity dispersion (GVD) and nonlinearities. It is confirmed that the effect of nonuniform RDPS distribution on system performance is not significant. It is also confirmed that the optimal NRD is obtained to be one of two values of +10 ps/nm or -10 ps/nm, which depend on the deciding of NRD controlled by precompensation or postcompensation, and the exact RDPS configurations. The effective NRD ranges resulting eye opening penalty (EOP) below 1 dB are independent on the exact RDPS distribution for relative low launch power. Therefore, results show the possibility of implementing the flexible optical links to expand network construction for WDM transmission of high bit-rate capability.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.303-308
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• 2008

Directly modulated fiber-optic links generally suffer higher link loss and larger signal distortion than externally modulated links. These result from the electron-photon conversion loss and laser modulation dynamics. As a method to overcome the drawbacks, we have experimentally demonstrated the RF performance of directly modulated, ultra-strong injection-locked gain-lever distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers. The free-running DBR lasers exhibit an improved amplitude modulation efficiency of 12.4 dB under gain-lever modulation at the expense of linearity. By combining gain-lever modulation with ultra-strong optical injection locking, we can gain the benefits of both improved modulation efficiency from the gain-lever effect, plus improved linearity from injection locking. Using an injection ratio of R=11 dB, a 23.4-dB improvement in amplitude response and an 18-dB improvement in spurious-free dynamic range have been achieved.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.495-505
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• 2009

Bridges form crucial links in the transportation network especially in high seismic risk regions. This research aims to provide a quantitative methodology for post-earthquake performance evaluation of the bridges. The experimental portion of the research involved shake table tests of a 4-span bridge which was subjected to progressively increasing amplitudes of seismic motions recorded from the Northridge earthquake. As part of this project, a high resolution long gauge fiber optic displacement sensor was developed for post-seismic evaluation of damage in the columns of the bridge. The nonlinear finite element model was developed using Opensees program to simulate the response of the bridge and the abutments to the seismic loads. The model was modified to predict the bent displacements of the bridge commensurate with the measured bent displacements obtained from experimental analysis results. Following seismic events, the tangential stiffness matrix of the whole structure is reduced due to reduction in structural strength. The nonlinear static push over analysis using current damaged stiffness matrix provides the longitudinal and transverse ultimate capacities of the bridge. Capacity loss in the transverse and longitudinal directions following the seismic events was correlated to the maximum displacements of the deck recorded during the events.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2007

We investigate the efficiency of an optical intensity modulator based on an electrically tunable $LiNbO_3$ reflection grating. Assuming a grating coupling coefficient and the waveguide propagation loss, waveguide length is varied to find its effect on the modulator slope efficiency and the device capacitance. With the low propagation loss of the $LiNbO_3$ waveguide, a very efficient optical intensity modulator can be achieved for a low frequency (${\sim}1GHz$) as long as the requirement for the grating coupling coefficient is satisfied.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2014

Retinal glial responses to hypertensive glaucomatous injury were spatiotemporally surveyed. Retinas as a whole or vertical sections were processed for anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), anti-Iba1, anti-nerve growth factor (NGF), and anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ immunohistochemistry for confocal microscopic analyses. The optic nerve head of paired controls was processed for electron microscopy. GFAP positive astrocytes appeared in the nerve fiber layer in the glaucomatous and control retinas, changing from fine protoplasmic to stout fibrous parallel to glaucomatous duration. Iba1 positive microglia appeared in both retinas, and enormous reaction appeared at the latest glaucomatous. M$\ddot{u}$ller reaction detected by GFAP reactivity expanded from the end feet to whole profile following to duration in the glaucomatous. NGF reactivity expended from the end feet to the proximal radial processes of the M$\ddot{u}$ller cells in both retinas according to glaucomatous duration. TNF-${\alpha}$ immunoreactivity in the nerve fiber layer was stronger in both the glaucomatous and controls than in the normal, and exceptionally at the latest glaucomatous was even lower than the normal. The astrocytes in the optic nerve head are interconnected with each other via gap junction. These results demonstrate that astrocyte reaction propagates to the contralateral via physical links, and TNF-${\alpha}$ is correlated with NGF production for neuroprotection in response to hypertensive glaucomatous injury.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.96-102
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• 2009

We investigate the characteristics of RJ (random jitter) in an analog fiber-optic link employing a MZM (Mach-Zehnder modulator) and an EDFA (Erbium-doped fiber amplifier). RJ has been measured using two methods, one of which derived from the noise spectrum of a RF spectrum analyzer and the other from the histogram data of a sampling oscilloscope. If the optical power and/or the RF power input to the MZM increase, RJ decreases due to the output signal power increase. For the optical link without EDFA, the minimum RJ is about 1 ps at an RF power of 10 dBm and an optical power of 8 dBm measured using the noise spectrum method. For the optical link with an EDFA, RJ decreases toward a jitter floor as the EDFA gain increases. If the gain increases further, it has been observed that RJ increases from the minimum. If the EDFA gain is fixed, RJ is smaller for the case of larger optical input power. As the EDFA gain increases, RJ reduction rate becomes greater for the case of lower optical input power.