• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.511-517
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• 1992

The hypoglycemic effects of Korean wild vegetables : Capsella bursa-pastoris Medicus(CBM) Commelina communis L. (CCL) Calystegics japonica Choisy(CJC) Discorea japonica Thunb(DJT) and Persicaria perfolidata Gross(PPG) in diabetic rats were determined. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley diabetic rats(130~180g) induced by the streptozotocin (45mg/kg) injection into the tail vein were fed either a control or experimental diets for four weeks. The plasma levels of glucose and cholesterol were measured. The urinary glucose levels were monitored. Crude fiber mineral(Ca, Fe, Zn and Cr) and ascorbic acid contents of the wild vegetables were analyzed. The extents of blood glucose decrement in CCL. DJT or PPG fed rats were greater than that in the control group. This extents of decrement in CBM or CJC fed rats were not significan-tly different from that in the control group. The urinary glucose was shown to be negative to Band reagent strip in CCL or DJT group at the 4th week. The plasma cholesterol levels of all the groups including control group were not essentially different. It is suggested that the intakes of CCL or DJT could be useful for prevetive and therapeutic approches to alleviate the hyperglycemic status in diabetes mellitus.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1691-1698
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• 2000

An in situ digestion trial (Experiment 1) and a lactation trial (Experiment 2) were conducted to determine the effects of replacing corn and wheat bran with soyhulls (SH) in lactating dairy cow diets on the extent and kinetics of digestion of DM and NDF, and lactation performance. In experiment 1, five mixed feeds consisting of mixed concentrate and roughages (50:50 on a DM basis) were formulated on isonitrogenous and isoenergetic bases to produce five levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) of SH replacement for corn and wheat bran. SH had high in situ digestion (92 and 89% for potentially digestible DM and NDF) and fairly fast digestion rate (7.2 and 6.3 %/h for DM and NDF). Increasing level of SH replacement resulted in increased NDF digestibility (linear, p=0.001-0.04) and similar DM digestibility (beyond 12 h incubation, p=0.10-0.41). As level of SH replacement increased, percentage of slowly digestible fraction (b) of DM increased (linear, p=0.03), percentage of rapidly digestible fraction (a) of DM tended to decrease (linear, p=0.14), and DM digestion lag time tended to be longer (linear, p=0.13). Percentage of potentially digestible fraction (a+b) and digestion rate (c) of slowly digestible fraction of dietary DM remained unaltered (p=0.36-0.90) with increasing SH in the diet. Increasing level of SH for replacing corn and wheat bran in the diet resulted in increases in percentages of b (quadratic, p<0.001), a (linear, p=0.08), a+b (quadratic, p=0.001) and a tendency to increase in c for NDF (linear, p<0.19). It was also observed that there was a satisfactory fit of a non-linear regression model to NDF digestion data ($R^2=0.986-0.998$), but a relatively poor fit of the model to DM digestion data ($R^2=0.915-0.968$). In experiment 2, 42 lactating Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete block design. SH replaced corn and wheat bran in mixed concentrates at 0, 25, and 50%, respectively. These mixed concentrates were mixed with roughages and fed ad libitum as complete diets. Replacing corn and wheat bran with SH at 0, 25 and 50% levels did not influence (p=0.56-0.95) DM intakes (18.4, 18.6, and 18.5 kg/d), milk yields (27.7, 28.4 and 27.6 kg/d), 4% fat-corrected-milk (FCM) yields (26.2, 27.6, and 27.3 kg/d) and percentages of milk protein (3.12, 3.17 and 3.18%), milk lactose (4.69, 4.76 and 4.68%) and SNF (8.50, 8.64, and 8.54%). On the other hand, milk fat percentges linearly increased (3.63, 3.85 and 3.90% for SH replacement rates of 0, 25 and 50% in the diet, p=0.08), while feed costs per kg FCM production were reduced.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.948-956
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• 2000

The effect of high and low level of feed intakes on nutrient digestibility, nutrient losses through methane, energy and protein utilization by goats fed on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) pellets based diets was investigated in this study. Twelve castrated Japanese goats were employed in two subsequent digestion and metabolism trials. The goats were divided into three groups, offered three diets. Diet 1 consisted of 100% alfalfa pellet, Diet 2 was 70% alfalfa pellet and 30% corn, and Diet 3 was 40% alfalfa pellet and 60% corn. The two intake levels were high (1.6 times) and low (0.9 times) the maintenance requirement of total digestible nutrients (TON). Rumen ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) level of Diet 1 was lower (p<0.001) compared to Diets 2 and 3, but the values were always above the critical level (I50 mg/liter), The pH values of rumen liquor ranged from 6.02 to 7.30. Apparent digestibility of nutrient components did not show differences (p>0.05) between the two intake levels but inclusion of corn significantly altered the nutrient digestibility. Diet 3 had highest (p<0.001) dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE) and nitrogen fee extract (NFE) digestibility followed by the Diet 2 and Diet 1. The crude protein (CP) digestibility values among the three diets were in a narrow range (70.1 to 70.8%). Crude fiber (CF) digestibility for Diet 3 was slight higher (p>0.05) than that for other two diets. When alfalfa was replaced by corn, there were highly significant (p<0.001) increases in DM, OM, EE and NFE apparent digestibility and a slight increase in the CF digestibility (p>0.05). There were no differences (p>0.05) in energy losses as methane ($CH_4$) and heat production among the diets but energy loss through urine was higher for the Diet 1. The total energy loss as $CH_4$ and heat production were higher for the high intake level but the energy loss as $CH_4$ per gram DM intake were same (0.305 kcal/g) between the high and low intake level. Retained energy (RE) was higher for Diet 3 and Diet 2. Nitrogen (N) losses through feces and urine were higher (p<0.001) for Diet 1. Consequently, N retention was lower (p>0.05) for Diet 1 and higher in Diets 3 and 2. It is concluded that inclusion of corn with alfalfa increased the metabolizable energy (ME) and RE, and retained N through reducing the energy and N losses. The high level of intake reduced the rate of nutrient losses through feces and urine.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.285-298
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• 2001

The effects of dried leaf powders and water and ethanol extracts of persimmon and green tea on lipid metabolism, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activity were investigated in 12-month-old rats. Forty-nine male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 520$\pm$19g were blocked into seven groups according to body weight. Rats were raised for four weeks with control(no tea leaf powder or extracts) and experimental diets containing either 5%(w/w) dried leaf powders of persimmon(Diospyros kaki Thunb) or green tea(Camellia sinensis O. Ktze), or water or ethanol extract from equal amounts of each dried tea powder. Food intakes of all tea diet groups were higher than that of control. Weight gains and food efficiency ratios of all tea diet groups were not significantly different from those of control. All tea diets decreased plasma triglyceride level, especially, green tea powder and persimmon ethanol diets were more effective than other diet. All the tea diet groups showed decrease in liver triglyceride level, and persimmon powder and ethanol extract increased fecal triglyceride excretion. Plasma cholesterol levels of all the tea diet groups were not significantly different from the control, but control. Fecal cholesterliver cholesterol concegroups were significantlntrations of all tea y lower than that of ol excretions of persimmon powder, green tea ethanol extract, persommon ethanol extract and green tea ethanol extract groups were significantly higher than that of control. Plasma and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) concentrations of all the tea diet groups were lower than that of control. Especially, plasma TBARS concentrations of green tea powder and persimmon ethanol extract groups were sinificantly low. Red blood cell(RBC) superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities of persimmon ethanol extract and green tea water extract groups were increased, and RBC catalase activities of all experimental groups were not significantly different. RBC glutathione peroxidase(GSH-px) activities of persimmon ethanol extract, persimmon water extract and green tea powder groups were increased. Liver SOD activities of all the tea diet groups except green tea ethanol extract group were higher than that of control. Liver catalase activities of all experimental groups were not significantly different, and liver GSH-px activity of green tea powder group was significantly higher than that of control. In conclusion, dried leaf powders, and water and ethanol extracts of persimmon and green tea were effective in lowering lipid level, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and increasing antioxdative enzyme activities in 12-month-old rat. Green tea leaf powder with high contents of flavonoids and water soluble dietar fiber was most effective in lowering plasma triglyceride, cholesterol and TBARS level. (Korean J Nutrition 34(3) : 285~298, 2001)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.287-299
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• 2014

Purpose: The goal of this study was to examine body image satisfaction and perception according to weight status, and to investigate those associations with dietary habits and nutritional status among preadolescent children. Methods: Body image and dietary habits and intake were assessed in 134 elementary school students in grade 4. Children were categorized according to normal and overweight or obese groups. Figure rating scales were used to assess body image perception (identification of perceived current body size) and dissatisfaction (difference between perceived current body size and ideal body image). Results: There were sex differences in body image perceptions. Normal-weight girls, overweight or obese girls and boys were more likely to desire a leaner body size than their perceived body size compared with normal-weight boys. Body image satisfaction and perception showed an association with weight status. More overweight or obese children indicated dissatisfaction or underestimation of body image than normal-weight children. Children with body image dissatisfaction due to heavier perceived body size than ideal body image showed lower frequencies of consumption of meals and vegetables, compared to those who were satisfied with their body image. Children who underestimated their body image were more likely to have a lower frequency of breakfast and meal regularity and a higher frequency of eating out of home or food deliveries than those with accurate body image perception. In addition, body image underestimation showed an association with lower intakes of protein, dietary fiber and calcium, and the higher percentage of calories derived from fat. Conclusion: Body image dissatisfaction as well as underestimation in children before puberty showed an association with overweight or obesity, and was also related to unhealthy dietary habits. These findings highlight the importance of accurate perception and satisfaction with body image in preadolescent children in order to prevent development of obesity in adolescents and adults.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1710-1718
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplements with different crude protein (CP) contents on grazing cattle intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation pattern, and nitrogen (N) metabolism characteristics during the rainy season. Five ruminal and abomasal cannulated Holstein${\times}$Zebu steers (296 kg body weight, BW) were used in a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design. The animals grazed five signal grass paddocks (0.34 ha). The five treatments evaluated were: Control (no supplement) and 1.0 g of supplement/kg BW with 0, 330, 660, and 1,000 g of CP/kg as-fed. The supplement was composed of starch, soybean meal, urea, and ammonium sulphate. There was a positive linear effect ($p{\leq}0.033$) of the CP content in the supplements on the organic matter (OM), CP, and digested OM intakes. The provision of supplements did not increase ($p{\geq}0.158$), on average, total and ruminal digestibilities of OM and CP. However, the increase in CP content in the supplements caused a positive linear effect ($p{\leq}0.018$) on ruminal digestibilities of OM and CP. Additionally, a quadratic effect of the CP contents of the supplements were observed (p = 0.041) for the ruminal digestibility of neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, with the highest estimate obtained with the CP content of 670 g/kg. The supply of supplements increased (p<0.001) the ruminal ammonia N concentration, which also changed linearly and positively (p<0.001) according to increase in CP content in the supplements. The apparent N balance and relative N balance (g/g N intake) were not, on average, changed ($p{\geq}0.164$) by the supplements supply. However, both showed a tendency of a linear increase ($p{\leq}0.099$) with increasing supplement CP content. The supplements increased (p = 0.007) microbial N production in the rumen, which also changed linearly and positively (p = 0.016) with increasing supplement CP content. In conclusion, protein supplementation in grazing cattle during the rainy season, while stimulating voluntary forage intake, results in higher efficiency of N utilization when compared to energy supplementation. This is a possible response to increased microbial protein synthesis in the rumen and improved N status in the animal body.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 2008

This study was intended to investigate whether the computer use hours affect physical development, dietary habits, and nutritional status or not. One hundred and ninety elementary school students from Gyeonggi province and Seoul were selected and surveyed during December, 2006. Participants were divided into 2 groups: long-time computer user (${\geq}$ 2 hrs./day) and short-time computer user (<2hrs./day). The survey included the questionnaires and anthropometric measurement. A dietary survey was conducted by using 24-hour recall method. The most of long-time computer user accessed computer more often than those of short-time computer user weekly bases. The purpose of the computer use was for the computer game (p < 0.05). Most participants accessed computer after the school at night and at their home. The longer the computer use, the more the body weight and %RBW (p < 0.05). Dietary habits score of long-time computer user 34.5 points) was lower than that of short-time computer user (38.0 points) (p < 0.001). The long-time computer user consumed more fatty foods, instant foods, and sugary foods. In case of dietary habit changes incurred by computer use, the long-time computer user had inferior dietary habits: skipping meals, meal size, appetite, eating speed, weight, exercise, and sleeping trouble (p < 0.05). The long-time computer user consumed less calories than the short-time computer user (p < 0.05). Also, the long-time computer user tended to have lower intakes of vitamin C, Ca, and dietary fiber without significance. From the findings, the longer use of computer by the elementary school children negatively affects their physical development, dietary habits and nutritional status.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.482-494
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• 2016

Purpose: The objective of the present study was to evaluate nutrient and food group intakes in Korean adults according to energy intake from eating-out. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study based on the 2013~2014 Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, and study subjects were 5,186 males (2,151) and females (3,035) aged 19~64 years. Energy intake from eating-out was analyzed using the 24-hour dietary recall method, and groups were classified by quartile according to energy intake from eating-out. Results: Subjects who had more energy intake from eating-out tended to be younger, highly educated, have a higher income, and have higher alcohol consumption. Total energy intake and fat intake density of the highest quartile group of energy intake from eating-out were higher than those of the other groups. However, fiber, vitamin $B_1$, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and iron intake density levels were significantly lower in the highest quartile group of energy intake from eating-out. The highest quartile group of energy intake from eating-out consumed significantly more meat and beverages compared to the other groups. In addition, regarding diet quality (Index of nutritional quality), significantly lower vitamin $B_1$, calcium, phosphorus, and iron levels were observed in the highest quartile group of energy intake from eating-out compared to those in the other groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, in Korean adults, consumption of eating-out decreased dietary quality, including vitamin $B_1$, calcium, phosphorus, and iron levels. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.316-325
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• 2003

This study was carried out to compare the characteristics of the over weight elementary school students with those of desirable-weight children. Anthropometric parameters such as height, weight, BMI, body fat percentile, triceps skin fold thickness were measured. Dietary assessment and blood analysis were performed. The average ages of over weight children and desirable-weight children were 10.9$\pm$2.5 and 10.2$\pm$2.8 years, respectively. The means body fat percentile of over weight children and desirable-weight children were 27.5$\pm$3.7% and 20.2$\pm$3.8%. respectively. Plasma levels of TG, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol of over weight children and desirable-weight children were 179.3$\pm$30.0, 104.9$\pm$26.6, 52.3$\pm$6.7 and 178.3$\pm$84.1 mg/dl, and those of desirable-weight children were 86.1$\pm$43.5, 183.7$\pm$16.5, 101.0$\pm$2.1 and 67.7$\pm$20.0 mg/dl, respectively. Plasma TG levels of over weight children were significantly higher than those of desirable weight children. On the other hand, plasma HDL-cholesterol levels of over weight children were significantly lower than those of desirable-weight children. Plasma levels of GOT and GPT were in normal range in both group however, GPT level of over weight children was higher than that of desirable weight children. Plasma levels of albumin, globulin, and BUN were all in normal range and no differences were found in both groups. Hematologic data did not show any difference between two groups except WBC, RBC and Hgb levels which were significantly higher in over weight group than those of desirable-weight children. Daily nutrients intake of over weight children and desirable-weight children were very similar and they were around the Korean RDA levels for each nutrients. However the intake of calcium of both groups were little over 50% of RDA. The consumption of dietary fiber was very low and the cholesterol intake was very high showing that the habitual meals of Korean school children were not well balanced.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.529-541
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• 2004

This study was carried out to survey the eating behaviors and the food preferences of the tourism transportation business managers in Daegu areas by age. The survey was performed from 17 to August 25, 2003 by questionnaires and the subjects were 365 males. As a general factor, the subjects of survey were male drivers in their thirties to sixties. Their education level was middle school(44.9%) and high school(45.8%) diploma. This study showed that the managers eat three meals per day with high percentage(75.9%) and a large number of managers(24.1%) eat two meals only. 77.8% of the subjects responded that their diet life were irregular due to the property of their job. Frequency of eating-out turned out to be much higher in managers aged 60 over(p<0.001). They considered taste of the food firstly, and the prices of the food secondly, but the nutritional value of the food was considered with a low percentage(22.7%). We found that their BMI were overweight from 23.5 to 26.01, their calorie and some nutrient intakes were below their RDA. The most insufficiently consumed nutrient(less than 75% of RDA) was vitamin B₂ followed by calcium. The food preferences of subjects showed that the managers preferred boiled rice to any other rice as a staple foods. Their favorite menu of one-course Korean style meal turned out to be the bibimbob(boiled rice mixed with assorted vegetable and meat). As for subsidiary foods, out of all various meat soups, beef soups and beef-rib soups were most preferred. The most preferred stew were soybean paste stew and kimchi stew, and the most preferred cooked vegetables were cooked spinach, seasoned cucumber. Baechu kimchi(white cabbage kimchi) were the most preferred kind of kimchi. For desserts there was a very high preference for the watermelons, apples, and pears. For beverages the most preferred were ginseng tea, fruit juices and dietary fiber drinks. From the results listed above, the nutritional education needed to be done to the tourism transportation business managers to set the proper menu considering the characteristics of the preference each age group of managers.