• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.419-426
• /
• 2001

This study was carried out to develope a convenient instant spiced Toha-jeot. Toha-jeot was manufactured by five samples; 8%, 10%, 13% 23% sodium chloride and a conventional type soy sauce. The Toha-jeot was refrigerated at 4$\pm$1$\^{C}$ for 3 months and then boiled glutinous rice, red pepper powder, chopped garlic and ginger were added, and the spiced Toha-jeot was fermented at 4$\pm$1$\^{C}$ for 2 months, was freeze-dried at a condition of 40$\^{C}$, vacuum 100∼200 millitor millitorr and then packed in vacuum. It is called freeze-dried instant spiced Toha-jeot (FIST). Changes in the components and quality of refrigerated spiced Toha-jeot (RST) and FIST were investigated for 30day. The moisture content of RST was 53.79∼58.91%. Among the mineral constituents of RST, Na and Ca were dominantly occupying. Water activity of FIST was 0.28-0.39 while that of RST was 0.87-0.92. TBA value of FIST was lower than that of RST. Acidity, VBN (volatile basic nitrogen) and TBA(thiobarbituric acid) of the FIST and RST increased slightly, whereas pH decreased. The major components of fatty acids in FIST and RST were analysed into a feater amount of linoleic acid (Cl8:2), palmitic acid (Cl6:1), oleic acid (Cl8:1), linolenic acid (Cl8:3), EPA (C2O:5) and stearic acid(Cl8:0). In sensory evaluation, the RST had higher scores in color and taste and the FIST in chewiness and flavor. The qualitative characteristics and sensory evaluation of FIST and RST were similar.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.680-687
• /
• 2017

This study investigated acetic acid fermentation properties and antioxidant activity of vinegar by addition of lemon grass to develop high quality vinegar by using lemongreass. Traditional brown rice wine contained 5% lemongrass powder and had an alcohol content of 7.2%. The wine was fermented by Acetobacter. sp. RIC-V and made into lemongrass vinegar (LV). The pH and total acidity of the LV were 3.13% and 7.21%, respectively. Fructose was detected whereas glucose, sucrose, and maltose were not detected. Among organic acids, acetic acid was highest at 3658.6 mg%; trace amounts of lactic acid, citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and oxalic aicd were detected. Of the 17 free amino acids, glutamic acid, histidine, alanine, and proline were mainly detected. To conduct total polyphenol content and ABTS radical scavenging activity, 3% and 5% lemongrass powder (P3LV, P5LV) and 1%, 2%, and 3% of lemongrass extract (E1LV, E2LV, E3LV) were added to LV, respectively. Total phenolics increased as the added lemongrass powder and extract increased. Total phenolics were 490.9, 559.4, and $895.7{\mu}g$ gallic acid equivalents/mL in brown rice vinegar, LV, P5LV. ABTS radical scavenging activities were 43.2%, 58.0%, and 91.0% in brown rice vinegar, LV, P5LV, respectively. These results show that lemongrass vinegar has considerable potential as a high quality functional vinegar with antioxidative effects.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.107-122
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to develop menus for daily intake of 25g soybean protein and to analyse nutrients of these foods. Analytical values were compared to the theoretical one using the flood composition table and recommended dietary allowances for Koreans (7th revision). The results are as follows. 1. Soybean curd residue stew, Soybean curd, Kimchi saute, and hard boiled soybean and lotus root were selected for the menu for January, of which the content of soy bean protein(SBP) was 33.1g, soybean stew, soybean curd and soybean sprout saute, and Italian deep fried soybean curd were fur February, of which the content of SBP was 35.0g. The content of SBP in soybean paste soup with soybean curd, fried soybean curd and fried soybean curd roll, the menu for March, was 24.9g. That of April were soybean curd gratin with soymilk, soybean curd and ham with garlic dressing and the content of SBP was 26.3g. That of May were soybean porridge, soybean flour cake with honey (Dasik), soybean sprout soup and the content of SBP was 26.7g. That of June were soymilk, pan-fried soybean curd, steamed soybean curd with chicken and the content of SBP was 28.4g. That of July were noodle with soymilk, mapatofu, soybean curd salad and the content of SBP was 24.7g. That of August were soybean sprout with mustard dressing, Tossed green pepper with raw soybean flour, Tofu and Kimchi stew, soybean curd steak and the content of SBP was 26.2g. That of September were Chinese cabbage soup with raw soybean flour, sweet and sour tofu and the content of SBP was 23.2g. That of Oct. were Fermented soybean stew, soybean pan cake and the content of SBP was 24.3g. That of November were not-pressed soybean curd casserole, pan-fried mashed soybean curd with egg, stir frying deep-fried soybean curd with vegetables and the content of SBP was 22.4g. That of December were soybean curd and mushroom casserole, fried soybean curd and vegetables, hard boiled soybean curd and the content of SBP was 28.9g. 2. The ratio of the analytical value over theoretical value (A/B%) of one serving in kcal, carbohydrate, protein, fat ash and dietary fiber were 57.7~107.7% 42.9~131.9%, 79.2~118.3%, 54.5~ 100%, 40.7~80.8% and 42.1~113.2%, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.339-346
• /
• 2003

In order to improve some problems such as contamination of undesirable mold, mycotoxin production and excessive drying on the surface of traditional meju, we developed a capsule type-meju(CM) coated with steamed black bean and Aspergillus oryzae - rice koji(0.3％, w/w) mixture to surface of traditional meju and fermented at 25$^{\circ}C$ for 14 days under 80％ relative humidity. Contamination of undesirable mold on the surface of CM was not detected within 2 weeks and some genus Penicillium molds on control meju without koji were found naturally after 12 days of fermentation. The moisture content of meju was showed to be in the range of 34.7 - 29.4％ being 32.7％(w/w) of mean value. Titratable acidities in CMs prepared with black bean(BCM) and soybean(SCM) were much higher than that in control meju, and BCM was similar to SCM. Free sugar content in BCM(123.98 mg％) was 10 times and 2.1 times higher than that in control meju(15.02 mg％) and SCM(59.85 mg％), respectively. Amino type nitrogen content in control meju was 147.00 mg％ and its content in BCM(255.50 mg％) was 1.37 times higher than that in SCM(187.25 mg％). Total organic acid content in BCM(95.98 mg％) and SCM(1l9.98 mg％) were much higher than that in control meju(26.44 mg％), and then lactic and malic acid contents were markedly changed according to capsulation of meju. Lightness value(L) of Hunter color index was much higher in BCM than in SCM. Fatty acid composition of CM was not different as compared to control meju. Total free amino acid content in BCM(1039.70 mg％) was 4.4 times and 2.4 times higher than that in control meju(236.45 mg％) and SCM(556.07 mg％), respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.191-198
• /
• 2013

In this study, wheat doenjang was manufactured using Korean wheat meju and soybean meju, and its quality were investigated according to mixing ratio of meju. The general characteristics such as moisture contents, pH and salinity of wheat doenjang, which is fermented and aged at $25^{\circ}C$ for 70 days, were slightly decreased time dependently as similar pattern. The pH of wheat doenjang ranged from 4.95 to 5.11% and generally decreased with aging. The moisture contents was 54.5~57.5%, and there was no significant differences in the aging period. Also, there was no significant changes in the salt contents. The amino-type nitrogen contents were 376.27~600.91 mg% at day 70 of the aging period, and showed 3 fold change compared to the initial contents. The reducing sugar contents showed significant difference between the samples, and repeated fluctuation in the aging period. Wheat meju sample A, which contains 50% of soybean meju, showed the highest antioxidation ability. In addition, wheat meju sample A showed the highest score in the sensory evaluation of the colour, taste, flavor, and overall acceptability. Therefore, wheat doenjang manufacturing at a 1:1 of mixing ratio will lead to desirable quality of wheat doenjang.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.32-41
• /
• 1979

To clarify the formation of secondary amines in Korean native soysauce, periodical changes during 90 days aging were investigated. The results were as follows; 1. The average content of secondary amines in Korean native meju was 20.86 ppm $(7.25{\sim}50.76{\;}ppm)$ as dimethylamine(DMA), higher than modified meju(artifcial lyinoculated Aspergillus oryzae). Especially, the high amount was detected in severely deteriorated meju. 2. Cooked soybean, wheat, barley and rice contained 1.28, 0.57, 0.34 and 0.35 ppm of secondary amines, respectively. The more amounts were detected in koji, the respective contents in soybean, wheat, barley and rice koji were 2.63, 1.09, 0.64 and 0.54 ppm. 3. The new formation of secondary amines was not recognized in normally fermented Korean native soysauce during 90 days aging. 4. Secondary amines were formed below 18% sodium chloride under dark condition during soysauce aging, but not formed at 14% under sun-light condition. 5. The modified soysauce, prepared with modified meju, did not contain the newly synthesized secondary amines at 14% sodium chloride under sun-light condition during 30 days aging. 6, Drying of meju and boiling of soysauce did not affect the evaporation of secondary amines.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.22-28
• /
• 2003

Kimchi made with the addition of 2 percent of boiled young antler, raw young antler, young antler treated with lactic acid(acid treated young antler) has been fermented for 15 days at 11$^{\circ}C$. After 15 days of fermentation, the results show that pH of boiled young antler Kimchi was 3.87, that of raw young antler Kimchi was 4.04, acid treated young antler Kimchi was 3.97, control Kimchi was 3.86, and acidity of boiled young antler Kimchi was 7.4, that of raw young antler Kimchi was 10.5, that of acid treated young antler Kimchi was 10.7, control Kimchi was 6.9, respectively. After 15 days, total sugar content was 1.46% in boiled young antler Kimchi, 0.53% in raw young antler Kimchi, 0.92% in acid treated young antler Kimchi, 1.46% in control Kimchi, and reducing sugar was 0.50% in boiled young antler Kimchi, 0.14% in raw young antler Kimchi, 0.39% in acid treated young antler Kimchi and control Kimchi, respectively. Amino acid content was 13.42${\mu}$㏖/$m\ell$ in boiled young antler Kimchi, 17.83${\mu}$㏖/$m\ell$ in raw young antler Kimchi, 14.48${\mu}$㏖/$m\ell$ in acid treated young antler Kimchi, 17.60${\mu}$㏖/$m\ell$ in control Kimchi, and protein was 2.101% in boiled young antler Kimchi, 1.945% in raw young antler Kimchi, 1.722% in acid treated young antler Kimchi and 2.011% in control Kimchi, respectively. Lactic acid content was 2.021% in raw young antler Kimchi, 2.004% in acid treated young antler Kimchi, 1.950% in boiled young antler Kimchi, 1.200% in control Kimchi, and succinic acid was 0.081% in boiled young antler Kimchi, 0.086% in raw young antler Kimchi, 0.078% in acid treated young antler Kimchi and 0.111% in control Kimchi, respectively. Acetic acid was 0.080% in boiled young antler Kimchi, 0.092% in raw young antler Kimchi, 0.114% in acid treated young antler Kimchi, 0.086% in control Kimchi, respectively. The number of microorganism was 1.09${\times}$ 10$\^$8//g in boiled young antler Kimchi, 1.08${\times}$10$\^$8//g in control Kimchi, 9.88${\times}$10$\^$8//g in acid treated young antler Kimchi and 6.6${\times}$ 10$\^$8//g in raw young antler Kimchi. The number of microorganism was highest in acid treated young antler Kimchi, and followed by raw young antler Kimchi, and boiled young antler Kimchi, control Kimchi, respectively. The results of test of the saltness, sour, aroma, color, texture through sensory evaluation reveal that boiled young antler Kimchi has the excellent taste, and followed by raw young antler Kimchi and control Kimchi, acid treated young antler Kimchi, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.590-596
• /
• 2002

The domestic grape, cultivar Campbell's Early, was investigated for suitability for production of red wine. The factors for red wine fermentation and quality such as concentrations of sugar, acidity and organic acids in the fresh fruit and the wine from the grape were analyzed. The average concentration of sugar in the fruit was 14%. Since the concentration was not sufficient for fermentation, sugar was added up to 23%. It resulted in production of wine with 12% of alcohol. The total acidity and pH of the fruit were 0.8% and pH 3.4 respectively. Those were optimum levels for fermentation. The fruit contained 3,649 ppm of tartaric acid, 5,339 ppm of malic acid and 948 ppm of citric acid. The wines from Icheon and Youngdong, which were fermented from the grape and M wine which was an imported red wine, were tested. Their pH were 3.5, 3.4 and 3.7, and total acidities were 0.75%, 0.71% and 0.57%, respectively. They contained 1,881 ppm, 2,098 ppm and 8,534 ppm of tartaric acid, 3,033 ppm, 1,952 ppm and undetectable amount of malic acid, 769 ppm, 389 ppm and undetectable amount of citric acid, and 3,337 ppm, 2,368 ppm and 11,991 ppm of lactic acid. This results indicated that M wine contained much more amounts of tartaric acid and lactic acid than the wines of Icheon and Youngdong. The sensory analysis showed that Korean students preferred Youngdong and Icheon wine to M wine. The analytic results indicated that the domestic grape, cultivar Campbell's Early, is suitable source for high quality red wine.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.86-94
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of hardness and microstructure of Dongchimi cooked with various source of water(distilled water, purified water, Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water). This study was conducted to observe the changes of pH, total acidity, salt content, turbidity, texture and microstructure. Dongchimi cooked with source of water of water was fermented at 10$^{\circ}C$ for 46 days. The changes of pH on Dongchimi cooked with various source of water decreased in all samples during fermentation period, and then showed a slowly decrease after 12 days of fermentation. The total acidity of Dongchimi cooked with Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water was arrived slowly at best tasting condition 0.3 ∼ 0.4 point compared with other conditions. So Dongchimi cooked with Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water was continued to the best tasting condition for end of fermentation. At early stage of fermentation, the changes of turbidity of Dongchimi used Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water showed highly as compared with other test condition for 12th days of fermentation. The maximum cutting force of chinese radish of Dongchimi showed the highest value among all at the 25th day of ripening and then decreased gradually. The maximum cutting force of chinese radish of Dongchimi used Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water was the highest compared with other conditions at 25th day of fermentation. The calcium content of Dongchimi juice used Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water was observed hish at the early stage of fermentation and showed the highest value at 25th day of ripening. The calcium content of chinese radish and Dongchimi juice of Dongchimi cooked with water purifier was lower than that of Dongchimi cooked with Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water, and was higher than that of Dongchimi cooked with Distilled water at the early stage of fermentation. The magnesium content in all samples increased gradually from the early stage of fermentation. The microstructure showed disintegration appearance of middle lamella and cell wall during fermentation period.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.35 no.7
• /
• pp.926-934
• /
• 2006

The base for preparing oyster hydrolysate-added yogurt was consisted of whole milk (1,000 mL), skim milk (44.05 to 42.05 g), enzymatic oyster hydrolysates powder (OHP, 0 to 2.0 g) and pectin. The yogurt base was fermented with 7 kinds of starter cultures (3% based on yogurt volume), such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, lactobacillus bulgaricus, lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus pentosus, Streptcoccus thermophilus and the mixed starters (L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus) at optimal temperature. Processing condition and quality characteristics of the yogurt were evaluated by analyzing pH, titratable acidity, viscosity, viable cell count, functional properties and sensory evaluation. The results suggested that the optimal conditions for preparing the good quality yogurt revealed the mixed starters (L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus) for starter culture, 1.0 g of 3 kDa hydrolysate for amount, and 5.5 hrs for fermentation time. The good quality yogurt showed 4.31 for pH, 1.07% for titratable acidity, 469 cps for viscosity and $4.9{\times}10^8\;CFU/mL$ for viable cell count. The hydrolysate-added yogurt was 2 times higher in ACE inhibitory and antioxidant activities than commercial yogurt, and kept good quality during storage of 15 days at $5^{\circ}C$.