• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.129-137
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• 2011

The antioxidant activities of fermented red ginseng (FRG) were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The contents of total polyphenol and total flavonoid in FRG extracts were $17.01{\pm}2.00$ ${\mu}g/mg$ and $18.42{\pm}3.97$ ${\mu}g/mg$, respectively. These extracts were capable of directly scavenging ${\alpha}$, ${\alpha}$-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl free radicals. The antioxidative effects of the FRG extracts in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were also investigated. The activities of plasma alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferase were significantly decreased by extract administration as compared to an STZ control group. Hepatic glutathione content depleted by STZ treatment was significantly increased by treatment of the FRG extracts, but the elevation of lipid peroxide content induced by STZ was significantly decreased by the extracts. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase decreased after STZ-treatment were recovered by the treatment of the FRG extracts. These results indicate that FRG extracts have antioxidative effets in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.218-224
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• 2014

Objectives : Zizyphus jujuba fruits(ZJF), a traditional Korean medicine has various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and neuro-protective effects. However, it is still unclear whether ZJF has any biological effect on anti-aging. In this study, we examined the effect of ZJF on lifespan and thermal stress in C. elegans. Methods and Results : ZJF water extracts were fermented for 7 days(F7-ZJF) and 14 days(F14-ZJF) by Laetiporus sulphureus to increase secondary metabolites such as aglycone of flavonoids and terpenoids. In the lifespan assay, ZJF water extracts and fermented ZJF were treated on the agar medium plate with age synchronized egg stage of C. elegans. Treatment of F7-ZJF-$200{\mu}g/mL$ with OP-50 E. coli and F14-ZJF-$200{\mu}g/mL$ with OP-50 E. coli significantly increased life span of C. elegans(N2) at thermal stress condition of $25^{\circ}C$. Moreover mRNA levels of lifespan associated HSP 16.1, HSP 70, and HSF-1 were increased at thermal stress condition of $25^{\circ}C$. However, in the equilibration temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ after stress condition of $35^{\circ}C$ for 2 hr, F-14-ZJF-$200{\mu}g/mL$ treatment decreased the levels of heat shock protein in hsp16.2/GFP C. elegans. Conclusions : Our study indicates that prolong role of fermented-ZJF in C. elegans is mediated by control HSPs production.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1354-1360
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• 2007

Theaflavins (TF) and thearubigins (TR) are constituents of tea pigments which are polyphenols derived from Korean fermentation tea. After TF, TR and [(-) epigallocatechin-3-gallate](EGCG) have been applied to macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and cytokines production were estimated. Cytokines production by enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) determined. NO production was increased by about 1.5-folds at the dose of $80\;{\mu}g/ml$ compared to control and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation when TF, TR and EGCG were applied to a RAW264.7 cell. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor ($TNF-{\alpha}$) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) increased depended on concentrations of TF, TR and EGCG. The production of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ increased highly in TR, TF and EGCG group with LPS. These results suggest that TF, TR and EGCG have immune-enhancement effect through the cytokine production. TF, TR and EGCG inhibited cancer cell viability, the anticancer effect of these polyphenols may explain the anti-tumor promotion action and antioxidant activity of these tea constituents.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 1979.04a
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• pp.113.2-114
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• 1979

$\beta-Galactosidase$ is an enzyme which catalizes hydrolysis of lactose, a natural substrate, to glucose and galctose and transferring some monosac-charide units to active acceptors as sugar or alcohol. The occurence of $\beta-Galactosidase$ is known in various microorganisms, animals and higher plants and has been studied by many investigatigators. Especially, a great deal of articles for the enzyme of E. coli have been presented in genetic control mechanism and induction-repression effects of proteins, On the other hand, in the dairly products industry, it is important to hydrolyes lactosd which is the principal sugar of milk and milk products. During the last few years, the interest in enzymatic hydrolysis of milk lactose has teen increased, because of the lactose intolerence in large groups of the population. Microbial $\beta-Galactosidases$ are considered potentially most suitable for processing milk to hydrolyse lactose and, in recent years, the immobilized enzyme from yeast has been examined. Howev, most of the microbial $\beta-Gal$ actosidase are intracellular enzymes, except a few fungal $\beta-Gala-$ ctosidases, and extracellular $\beta-Galactosidase$ which may be favorable to industrial applieation is not so well investigated. On this studies, a mold producing a potent extracellular $\beta-Galactosidase$ was isolated from soil and identified as an imperfect fungus, Beauveria bassians. In this strain, both extracellular and intracellular $\beta-Galactosidases$ were produced simultaneously and a great increase of the extracellular production was acheved by improving the cultural conditions. The extracellular enzyme was purified more than 1, 000 times by procedures including Phosphocellulose and Sephadex G-200 chromatographies. Several characteristics of the enzymewas clarified with this preparation. The enzyme has a main subunit of molecular weight of 80, 000 which makes an active aggregate. And at neutral pH range, it has optimum pH for activity and stability. The Km value was determined to be 0.45$\times$10$^{-3}$ M for $o-Nitrophenyl-\beta-Galactoside.$ In any event, it is interesting to sttudy the $\beta-Galactosidase$ of B. bassiana for the mechanism of secretion and conformational structure of enzyme.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.203-207
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• 1998

Fed-batch fermentations with different feeding media were carried out in order to increase the productivity of invertase expression using a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing plasmid pRB58. Two batch cultures showed the expression of the SUC2 gene at a low concentration of glucose, suggesting that glucose concentration could be used as a control variable in a fed-batch operation mode. In the fed-batch culture by feeding the basal medium, cell mass and specific invertase activity did not increase much as compared with the simple batch culture. A series of fed-batch cultures revealed that the sucrose-supplemented medium increased cell mass whereas the enriched medium did specific invertase activity. To capitalize on the synergism of the sucrose-supplemented medium and the enriched medium, the sucrose-supplemented enriched medium was used as a feeding medium. The fed-batch culture using this medium resulted in a 2.4-fold increase in cell mass and a 1.9-fold enhancement in specific invertase activity compared with those of the batch culture. The increase in cell mass and specific invertase activity led to a marked increase in total invertase activity, 250U/ml, which was 6.3 times higher than that of the batch culture.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.183-188
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• 1996

For the scientific approaches and quality control of aloe wine as fundamental studies of industrialization and quality improvement, change of barbaloin content during the fermentation period and various characteristics of aloe wine were investigated. Alcohol of 6.35, 9.6%, and 11.3% in the 0.5% concentration of aloe powder was produced from 15%, 20%, and 25% addition of sugar in the wine mash, respectively, As the content of aloe powder is increased, production of alcohol was slightly decreased, indicating aloe powder might contain antimicrobial activity. The content of barbaloin in the 0.5% concentration of aloe powder was 4.2 mg/ml, 4.6 mg/ml and 2.21 mg/ml after 7, 10 and 30 day, respectively. The tasty characteristics of aloe wine brewed with aloe powder of 1.5% and 2.0% were most acceptable to the sensory panels.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 2012

To diversify usage of aquacultural red sea cucumber, new Kimchi containing red sea cucumber was developed and its quality and consumer preference were studied. The pH and total acidity, index of Kimchi ripening, decreased till 7 days of storage, then pH change became blunt and finally reached optimum pH 4-4.5. The amount of reducing sugar gradually decreased during storage period. The number of lactic acid bacteria increased in early fermentation period in both Kimchi containing boiled and fresh red sea cucumber, however, more lactic acid bacteria found in fresh red sea cucumber containing Kimchi. Preference of Kimchi containing boiled or fresh red sea cucumber compared to control Kimchi containing fermented salted fish was evaluated. The results revealed there were no differences in color, flavor, texture, taste, after taste and overall preference.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.247-251
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• 1997

Effects of amino acids on the lactic acid bacteria in kimchi were studied. 73 different lactic acid bacteria have been isolated during the kimchi fermentation at $15^{\circ}C$. Among these bacteria, dextran formers were occupied by 69.9%, of which Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus were 4.1% and 65.8%, respectively. All isolates didn't grow in a medium added with 500 ppm of tyrosine, whereas such an inhibition was not exhibited in kimchi with the same concentration of tyrosine. In kimchi added with tyrosine the lactic acid bacteria were less diverse than in the natural kimchi but the ratio of dextran formers were similar. As contrasted with natural kimchi, Leuconostoc was rather increased up to 41.4% and Lactobacillus was decreased down to 29.3%. Dominant species in each genus were Leu. mesenteroides and Lac. minor. Thus it is believed that tyrosine had inhibition effect for the growth of most Lactobacillus in kimchi.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.35-39
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• 2012

Sweet potato soju(SPS) has been made by vacuum distillation because sweet potato contains much fibrous materials which give high density to sweet potato mash. Generally, the SPS made by vacuum distillation has soft flavors and tastes. If the viscosity of sweet potato mash could be decreased by degradation enzyme, the process and production of SPS making by the method of vacuum distillation may be simplified and easier to distil the fermented sweet potato. Because the fibrous materials of sweet potato contains pectin with methoxyl group, methanol can be produced by fibrous degradation enzyme. For appling the fiber degradation enzymes to sweet potato mash for making SPS, the enzyme should be needed to degrade fibrous material without producing methanol. Special two fibrolytic enzymes are selected from 26 kind of commercial enzymes for the simplified and easier production of sweet potato soju by vacuum distillation, The selected enzyme A and X can degrade the fibrous material pectin of sweet potato without producing methanol. Although the different companies have produced the enzymes, same cellulase has been prepared from Trichoderma. reesei. The viscosity of sweet potato mash treated by the enzymes is decreased by 3 times with comparison to the viscosity of sweet potato mash of control group. The methanol concentration in the vacuum distilled SPS treated with the enzymes is 0.16%. The concentration is similar to that of commercially distilled SPS(0.15%). The result may suggest that the selected cellulases, A and X, can be used to make SPS by vacuum distillation.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.376-382
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• 1994

Repeated injections of low-doses of mercuric chloride in rats or mice induce polyclonal activation which includes the induction of anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies and circulating immune complex and it results in nephritis. Because this disease is autoimmune mediated disease resulted from immune dysfunction, immunomodulators are used to control the symptoms or to cure the disease. Irpex lacteus Fr. is a kind of new medicinal fungus. The polysaccharide fraction extracted from submerged fermentation of Irpex lacteus Fr. decreased the serum agglutinin, serolysin and IgM plaque forming cells in normal mice. The hitherto obtained clinical results suggested that it significantly improved the oligourea, edema, and hypertension in patients who have nephritis. To elucidate the action-mechanisms of Irpex lacteus Fr., we established the experimental model of HgCl$_2$induced polyclonal activation by intraperitoneal administrations of HgCl$_2$to mice. To assess the immunomodulating effect of Irpex lacteus fraction, we Investigated its effects on the mitogen induced proliferation and IgM PFC counts of splenic lymphocytes in mice during the treatment of HgCl$_2$. The Irpex lacteus polysaccharide reduced the abnormally increased mitogen induced Iymphocyte proliferation and IgM PFCs to almost normal levels. And the Irpex lacteus polysaccharides prevented the increasement of serum immunoglobulin level induced by HgCl$_2$. These data suggested that the Irpex lacteus polysaccharides might have the immunomodulating activity to prevent and /or improve the HgCl$_2$ induced autoimmune disease.