• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.222-226
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• 2006

Smoking of tobacco cigarettes is associated with a rise in blood pressure together with increase in heart rate. This study was aimed to examine the acute effect of tobacco and non-tobacco cigarette smoking on the blood pressure and heart rate by randomized crossover study. In the results, systolic/diastolic blood pressure and heart rate changes after smoking were significantly different between male and female group. Blood pressure and heart rate were elevated after smoking, but statistical significance for the difference was identified only in the female group. Because Non-tobacco smoke made from leaves of E. ulmoides has no nicotine, its effect on blood pressure and heart rate was negligible. Remarkable difference of heart rate changes in women was observed between tobacco cigarette smoking group and non-tobacco cigarette smoking group.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.75-87
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of the drinking and smoking behaviors of health science majors to their knowledge of and attitude toward drinking and smoking in an effort to determine the influential factors for their drinking and smoking. Methods: The subjects in this study were 380 selected health science majors in two four-year universities and a three-year college that were respectively located in Seoul and Chungcheong Province. A survey was conducted with structured questionnaires from September 1 to 15, 2015. As for statistical data analysis, a statistical package SPSS 18.0 was utilized. Results: There were significant differences between the male and female students in smoking(p=0.000), and no gender differences were found in drinking(p=0.754). The male students who both drank and smoked outnumbered the female students who did, and the female students who only drank outnumbered the male students who did. And the differences were statistically significant(p=0.000). There were statistically significant differences according to smoking and drinking in relationship with professors(p=0.020), peer relationship(p=0.035), drinking attitude(p=0.033, smoking knowledge(p=0.008) and smoking attitude (p=0.006). The factors that affected drinking were religion and the drinking of fathers, and the factors that exerted an influence on smoking were gender, academic year, form of residence, religion and the smoking of family. Conclusions: A lot of temperance and antismoking education programs should be provided for college students in their early school years in the form of peer teaching and in association with their major classes. Besides, they should be encouraged to join clubs related to temperance and antismoking, and professors should try to facilitate their relationship building.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.318-328
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• 2007

Purpose: Because it is important to prevent adolescents from becoming involved in smoking, this study was done to explore important factors influencing cigarette use and the increase in smoking frequency. Method: For this study the Korea Youth Panel Survey (KYPS) was analyzed. Because the KYPS is longitudinal, a fixed effect regression method was used to control for the effects of time-independent factors. More specifically, a logistic regression was used to explore factors affecting cigarette use, and a Poisson regression was used to explore smoking frequency. Result: As the adolescents got older, the number of male adolescents who tried smoking increased, while the number of female adolescents who tried smoking decreased. Also, the frequency of cigarette use among male and female smokers increased over time. Significant factors affecting cigarette use were friends who smoked, delinquent behavior, and loneliness at schools. Important factors affecting the increase in smoking frequency were grade (e.g., the 2nd- and 3rd-year of middle school), friends who smoked, delinquent behavior, monthly pocket money, expectation for the highest level of education, and attack tendency. Conclusions: To solve the problems linked to adolescent smoking, it is critical to develop intervention programs that target specific homogeneous subgroups of smokers, and that take into consideration gender difference in smoking and factors affecting levels of smoking behavior.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.196-207
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• 2009

For the estimation of prevalence state of major chronic adult disease and their relationships with drinking and smoking habits in the Korean employees, we analyzed a medical check-up data of 155,799 subjects that was accumulated during the year of 2008. In age and sex distribution of the sample, male subjects were 106,229 and female 51,827 showing the ratio of 2:1 and the majorities were 30s and 40s covering 70.7% of the total. The prevalence rates of major chronic diseases were obesity 29.8% (male 38.3%, female 12.3%), hypertension 4.1%, HBV carrier inactive 3.3%, diabetes mellitus 2.9%, hypothyroidism 1.7% (male 1.3%, female 2.4%), hyperlipidemia 1.1%, hyperthyroidism 1.4% (male 1.1%, female 2.1%), osteoporosis 1.4% (male 1.4%, female 1.4%), anemia 0.9% (male 0.3%, female 2.0%) and renal disease 0.9%. The frequency of and volume of drinking in male group were 4.6 times and 7.5 times higher than female group respectively. The 33.8% of the workers were smoking currently. In the serological tests, all the items such as AST, ALT, ${\gamma}-GTP$, LDH for liver function, Cholesterol, TG, uric acid for hyperlipidemia and BP systolic, Fasting blood sugar, BMI for metabolic syndrome were significantly higher in the more drinking and more smoking groups than other groups (p<0.001). The higher prevalence rates in male group in the liver disease seems to be strongly related with the drinking and smoking habits in male employees. We suggest that employees should rather relying on leisure or hobbies than drinking and smoking for the stress relief.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.123-136
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was to investigate the gender difference of relationship between psycho-social factors ana smoking, drinking in adolescents. Method: The stratified cluster sample consisted of 925 adolescents. Data were collected from May to March 2002. The instruments used in this study were Perceived Stress, DES-D, Social Support and Self-Esteem. Results: The results showed that female had more perceived stress, depressed than male. Male had more social support network, smoke than female. Male who smoked cigarettes were more perceived stress, depressed than those who did not smoke. Female who smoked cigarettes were more social support network, and had less self-esteem than those who did not smoke. Also male who drank alcohol were more perceived stress, depressed than those who did not drank. Female who drank alcohol were perceived stress, depressed, social support network, and had less self-esteem than those who did not drank. Conclusion: It is hoped that much more research on gender difference in adolescents who smoked cigarettes, drank alcohol will be implemented in the future. In addition, it is suggested the application of various interventions to deal with drinking and smoking behavior among female and male adolescents.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.441-451
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the smoking behaviors and to identify the impacts of depression, temperament, and characteristic on smoking experience in the female adolescents. Methods: This study surveyed 691 highschool girls in the Gangwon area using self -administered questionnaires. Data were analyzed by SPSS 12.0. using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. Results: The smoking rate of the highschool girls was lower than that of the national average. Depression was observed to be seriously in the highschool girls. There were a positive correlations among smoking experience, the school records and novelty seeking and a negative correlation between smoking and cooperativeness. The significant predictors of smoking experience were the type of school, the satisfaction with school the school records, novelty seeking, reward dependence and cooperativeness. Conclusion: These results suggest that femalel adolescents who have the factors identified in this study are considered to have the potential for smoking. These results provide the basis for developing smoking prevention and cessation programs.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.48-60
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• 1999

This study was done to determine the factors influencing smoking-cessation behavior in female university students. A total of 534 students participated in this cross sectional study by answering a questionnaire. The data collection was done between September 1 and October 31, 1997 The measurement tools used in this study were the self help change process scale (Cronbach's alpha＝.9930 : developed by Oh & Kim, 1996) for smoking-cessation behaviors, the self efficacy scale(Cronbach's alpha＝.8250 : developed by Sherer et al, 1982), the sex role acceptance scale (KR－20＝.7757 : developed by Kim, 1991) and the social support scale(Cronbach's alpha＝.9172 : developed by Park, 1985). The summarized results are follows : 1. The mean scores for smoking-cessation behaviors in smokers (N＝150) was 91.72 that was considered a middle score compared to the total possible score of measurement tool (150.0). The mean score for smoking-cessation behaviors by smoking-cessation step showed significant different between the groups(F＝11.71, p＝.000). 2. The group with no experience in smoking(N＝332) showed a high general self efficacy score (t＝5.24, p＝.000), and more openness to sex role acceptance(t＝-2.15, p＝.032) compared to the group with smoking experience (N＝202). 3. General self efficacy, sex role acceptance, and social support were not different significantly between the groups according to the steps in smoking-cessation. 4. Significant factors influencing smoking-cessation behavior (total, sub concepts) were religion, sex role acceptance, social support, smoking duration, smoking attitude, time of smoking onset, amount of smoking, drinking, and perception of health status. 5. Smoking-cessation behaviors which explained 11% of the variance were smoking attitude, and smoking duration. In conclusion, this study identified factors influencing smoking-cessation behavior. Thereby it will help in the development of smoking-cessation intervention strategies. For future research, exploration other determinants of smoking cessation behaviors, evaluation of intervention efficiency, and comparative study by gender characteristics are needed.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.243-254
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• 2008

Abstract - Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine smoking status and the relates factors in the rural elderly. Methods: This study was conducted with 2,421 elderly people(male 1,273 and female 1,148) residing in the selected 25 villages, and face-to-face interviews with the subjects were made from January 1 through March 30, 2002. Results: The average age of the male subjects was 72.7 and that of the female subjects 72.8. The investigation of smoking states showed that for male subjects, smokers accounted for 49.4%, nonsmokers 26.9%, and abstainers from smoking 23.7% and that for female subjects, smokers accounted for 18.3%, nonsmokers 75.4%, and abstainers from smoking 6.3%. The level of ?low ADL? was significantly higher in abstainers. In men, smoking rate had higher in alone, non-job, queerstreet, 「high ADL」. In women, smoking rate had higher in younger age, queerstreet, unhealthy, 「high ADL」. Conclusions: The smoking rate of the elderly was relatively high, especially at abstainers. The smoking status of elderly was correlated with age, family type, job, economic status by self-assessment, Self-recognition of health status, ADL level.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.166-171
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• 2005

Background: Smoking effects are relatively well-documented, especially on cancers and cardiovascular diseases. However, the direction and magnitude of association between smoking and obesity remain unclear. Conflicting results so far are thought to stem from the multiple confounding structure of smoking and other obesogenic life style characteristics. Methods: Cotwin control study is a genomic epidemiology design, in which the other twin (=cotwin) serves as a control of the twin. Cotwin control study, discordant for smoking habits can provide powerful evidence of association between smoking and obesity by completely matching genomic information, intrauterine environment, and almost all environmental factors. We selected 3,697 like-sex twin pairs (2,762 male and 935 female pairs) out of 63,666 pairs of adult twins in the existing Korea Twin and Family Register, whose smoking habits are discordant. We used the information of obesity as body mass index (BMI, $kg/m^2$) blood pressure, and blood cholesterol level at the time or later than the smoking information. Paired t-test was done to compare the smoking effects. Results: Lifetime smoking rate was 80.1 % (47.9 current smoker) for men and 10% (1.7% current smoker) for women. Among 2,762 and 935 male and female like-sex twin pairs, 363 male pairs and 20 female pairs correspond to the definition of smoker-nonsmoker pair. The male smokers demonstrated increase in BMI by 0.47, while female smokers show slight decrease (by 0.13), which were not statistically significant. Diastolic and systolic blood pressure, and cholesterol level were slightly increased among smokers by 1.85 mmHg, 0.62 mmHg, and 1.28 mg/dl for men. For women, the results show increase in diastolic blood pressure (3.42mmHg) and cholesterol level (1.25 mg/dl), and systolic pressure (8.17 mmHg). Conclusion: The results refute the possibility that smoking can reduce BMI. Considering the direct adverse effect of smoking, it should be emphasized that smoking do not decrease obesity and thus increase overall metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.315-328
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to explore the process of smoking behavior of college women with a history of smoking. The subject were 48 female students selected by theoretical sampling from a womens' university in Korea. The data were collected by in-depth interviews using audiotape recordings done over a period of seven months. The data were analyzed simultaneously by a constant comparative method in which new data were continuously coded into categories and properties according to strauss and corbin's methodology. Analysis of the data resulted in identification of 15 categories representing 34 concepts. The results of this study were as follows : 1. Smoking in college women is caused by either curiosity or antagonism toward male smokers 2. The meaning(phenomena) of smoking behavior in college women is justifiable or regretable 3. Smoking occurs in connection with eating, during period of psychological conflict or as an habitual practice 4. Smoking behavior is related to the perception of harmfulness to health, influence of others and the accessability of cigarettes. 5. College women experinced a change in their state of health, emotional relaxation, change in their social relationships It is suggested that the results of this study may contribute to the development of strategies for the purpose of decreasing smoking behavior among female college students.