• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.79-92
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• 1986

Death is one of the population movement phenomena used as an important health index in most society. Especially it is regarded as group phenomenon in a specific group rather than individual one and considered important in public health field because the level and cause of death is related to health of public. The auther examined the changes of the Korean mortality pattern to evaluate the status of the Korean public health by studying mortality indicator using the population census and other materials from 1930 to 1980. The results are as follows: First, the Korean crude death rate was reduced to one third in 1980 compared to that in 1930, but the crude birth rate was constant from 1930 to 1960 causing the increase of population. So the population pattern is changing from the classic pyramic shape to bell shape and the dependency ratio was reduced from 78 in 1930 to 61 in 1980. Second, the infant mortality rate decrease rapidly. In 1980 it was one seventh of that in 1930 which was proved by the change of the age-specific death rate curve from U to J shape. Third, the male mortality reduction after the age of forty was much less than that of female, which explained the specific death pattern of high mortality in Korean middle and oldaged males. Fourth, the main cause of death was changed from infectious, parasitic, respiratory and digestive system disease to circulatory of tumorous diseases. Considering the above results, Korean health problem is now changing from the infant infection to geriatric chronic regressive disease. That naturally the direction of health service should be turned from the infant stage maternal and child health to the health problems of old people.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.292-297
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• 2018

Background: Gelada baboon is one of the endemic mammals of Ethiopia residing in different highlands. The population structure and habitat use of gelada baboon in Wof-Washa particularly Gosh Meda area was investigated from September 2016 to August 2017. Total counting method was used to collect data on the population status by dividing the study area in to four blocks, namely, Kundi, Arbgebeya, Goshber, and Goshmeda. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The age-sex category and the numbers of geladas found within the different blocks were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and paired t test was also used to analyze the pair wise comparison of the different age and sex categories during both dry and wet seasons. Results: A total of 435 and 471 gelada baboons were counted during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The maximum group size consisted of 178 individuals whereas the minimum group size contained 53 individuals. Out of the total population adult females accounted for 54.7% in the wet and 54.56% in the dry seasons. There was a significant difference among the age-sex categories in both the wet ($F_{2432}=630$, P < 0.05) and dry ($F_{2468}=696.6$, P < 0.05) seasons. The male to female ratio was 1:5.7 during wet season and 1:5.8 during dry season. So that the population will have a better chance to increase in the study area. Conclusion: Wof-Washa Forest could be a good site for eco-tourism activities due to the presence of endemic animals and its scenic beauty. However, the quality of the habitat is decreasing due to livestock grazing, agricultural expansion, and invasion of exotic plants species. Therefore, appropriate conservation measures should be implemented to conserve gelada baboon in particular and other wildlife resources in general.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.392-409
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• 2024

The present study aims to analyze the biological aspects and population dynamics of Indian mackerel in Barru waters. Data was collected in Barru for 11 months, from June 2022 to April 2023. The observed parameters of biological aspects included gonadal maturation stages (GMSs), size at first gonadal maturation, and length-weight relationship. Meanwhile, the aspects of population dynamics encompass age group, growth, mortality rate, and exploitation rate. Data analysis consisted of morphological selection of general maturation stages, Spearman-Kärber method in estimating gonadal first maturation size, Bhattacharya method in identifying age group, von Bertalanffy function through FISAT II to measure growth (L_∞ and K), Pauly Model to estimate mortality rate, Beverton & Holt Model to estimate Y/R, and virtual population analysis (VPA) analysis to estimate stock and fish yield. The results demonstrated that GMS I was observed to be dominant, followed by stages II and III. The initial gonadal maturation was estimated to be 17.98-19.28 cm (FL) for females and 17.98-19.27 cm (FL) for males. The length-weight relationship in male and female Indian mackerels indicated a positive allometric growth. The mode grouping analysis results from the fork length measurement revealed three age groups. It was also identified that the asymptotic length (L_∞) = 29.5 cm (fork length), growth rate coefficient (K) = 0.46 per year, and theoretical age at zero length (t₀) = -0.3576 per year. Total mortality (Z) = 2.67 per year, natural mortality (M) = 1.10 per year, fishing mortality (F) = 1.57 per year, and exploitation rate (E) = 0.59, the actual Y/R = 0.083 gram/recruitment, and optimal Y/R 0.03 gram/recruitment. Fishing mortality is higher than the natural mortality rate, and a high exploitation value (E > 0.5) also reflects over-exploitation. VPA analysis on fish yields and stock estimation reported a highly exploited rate between the 11.5 cm and 14.5 cm length classes and an exceeding current yield of 467.07 tons/year with a recommended yield of 233.53 tons/year to ensure population sustainability.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1996

This study aims at finding a new home economics education which will include male and female students as its teaching objects, and then providing home economics teachers with useful materials. For this purpose I examined analized male and female the upper secondary school students’and parents’recognition and demand to the home economics education The conclusion of this study is summarized as follows： 1. There was significant difference between male students(73.7％) and female students(89.8％) in the necessity for studying Home Economics(P＜.001). In the necessity of Home Economics education, male students emphasized the spiritual part but female students emphasized the functional part. In part of parents, there was no significant difference between fathers(95.5％) and mothers(96.4％). 2. The necessity of each part in the contents of Home Economics 1) In the part of family, there was significant difference between male and female students in the true nature of family, the role and responsibility of family, and the laws relating to family(P＜.001). There was significant difference between mothers and fathers in the true nature of family and the role and responsibility of family. Fathers and male students emphasized the true nature of family and the role and responsibility of family more than mothers and female students did. 2) In the Home management and economy parts, there was significant difference between male and female students in the significance of home management(P＜.001), the relation of family to society(P＜.001), and fluctuating measures for home economy. There was significant difference between fathers and mothers in the relation of family to society(P＜.05). Fathers and male students emphasized the relation of family to society more than mothers and female students did. Mothers, male and female students emphasized the importance of the protection of consumers. 3) In the clothes part, male students emphasized the role of clothes, the disign and making of clothes(P＜.001), the present situation of the resources of clothing and the distribution of clothes (P＜.05) more than female students did. 4) In the part of food, there was significant difference between male and female students in the kinds and function of nutritive elements(P＜.05). Parents and students emphasized the importance of selecting good food. 5) In the part of housing, male students emphasized home planning, and arrangements and facilities of house more than female students did. Female students emphasized the interior of the house(P＜.05). Fathers emphasized the planning of a residential space and arrangements and facilities of a house(P＜.05) more than mothers did. 6) In the parts of human development and upbringing, and upbringing, male students emphasized the significance of being parents, family planning and the population problem(P＜.001), pregnancy and delivery(P＜.01), and the chracteristic of juvenile development(P＜.05) more than female students did. Parents and students emphasized the importance of prevention and countermeasures for diseases and the significance of being parents.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.104-142
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• 1989

IndustrialiBation and urbanisation have been known to increase divorce rates through the enhancement of emotional function of flmily, the weakness of extendedfamilial network, the separation of public and private spheres, increase of educationallevel for women, increase of labor participation rate for women, and the pursuit ofegalitarian relationship for the couple. Divorce rates by sex, age, province andeducation in Korea for the period 1970 ~ 1995 were examined using the data ofmarriage and divorce registration and population census. Crude divorce rates, sex-age-specific divorce rates and sex-age-adjusted divorce rates were calculated for thetotal population and the married population respectively, and the characteristics ofvarious divorce indicators were discussed. During 1970~1995, divorce rates increasedthree times, and divorce rate in 1995 was 3.5 per 1,000 married persons. Divorcerate was highest for those under 25 years old, and it was increasing rapidly fDr allages, with the most rapid increase fDr the middle-aged. The relative divorce increaserate was highest fDr females than males. Divorce rates were highest for Seoul, Pusan,Inchon, Taejon, Kyonggi, and Jeju, and for aged 25 ~ 34 years of Chonbuk andKangwon. Divorce rate was highest fDr the male elementary-school graduates andlowest for the male college graduates, it was highest for the female high-schoolgraduates and lowest for the female uneducated.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.120-129
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• 2011

The purposes of this study were to measure health related quality of life (HRQOL) of persons disabled by stroke dwelling in Gyeongju-si using EQ-5D and to estimate total QALYs loss of persons disabled by stroke in Korea. The eligible subjects were 982 persons with stroke aged 50 and over in Gyeongju-si disabled registry, as of March, 2008. Interviewers measured HRQOL of study subjects using EQ-5D. EQ-5D index, utility weight, was derived from the Korean valuation set. In order to compare the results of this study, we selected two comparison groups representing Korean healthy population and general population of Korean using the 4th Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey. Finally, after age and gender standardization, we estimated the total QALYs losses of persons disabled by stroke in Korea. Of 982 eligible subjects, 566 persons participated in the survey (response rate: 57.6%). In both of female and male, utility weights in the 70s or 80s were lower than those of the 50s or 60s. Utility weights differences among persons with disability, general population, and healthy population in male were larger than those differences in female. Total estimated QALY losses of persons disabled by stroke were 67,011.6 QALYs lower than healthy control group and 54,167.1 QALYs lower than general population, respectively.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.393-404
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the associations between blood hemoglobin (Hgb) levels and the risk of death by specific causes. Methods: Using the National Health Insurance Services-National Health Screening Cohort (n=487 643), we classified serum Hgb levels into 6 sex-specific groups. Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the associations between Hgb levels and the risk of cause-specific death. Results: Hgb levels in male population showed a U-shaped, J-shaped, or inverse J-shaped association with the risk of death from ischemic heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, liver cancer, cirrhosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (all non-linear p<0.05; hazard ratio [HR]; 95% confidence interval [CI]) for the lowest and the highest Hgb levels for the risk of each cause of death in male population: HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.34; HR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.48 to 5.57; HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.40; HR, 3.05; 95% CI, 1.44 to 6.48; HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.18 to 1.56; HR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.05 to 4.26; HR, 3.64; 95% CI, 2.49 to 5.33; HR, 5.97; 95% CI, 1.44 to 24.82; HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.30; HR, 3.84; 95% CI, 1.22 to 12.13, respectively), while in female population, high Hgb levels were associated with a lower risk of death from hypertension and a higher risk of death from COPD (overall p<0.05; HR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.29 to 2.67 for the lowest Hgb levels for hypertension; overall p<0.01, HR, 6.60; 95% CI, 2.37 to 18.14 for the highest Hgb levels for COPD). For the risk of lung cancer death by Hgb levels, a linear negative association was found in male population (overall p<0.01; the lowest Hgb levels, HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.33) but an inverse J-shaped association was found in female population (non-linear p=0.01; HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.63; HR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.21 to 5.50). Conclusions: Both low and high Hgb levels were associated with an increased risk of death from various causes, and some diseases showed different patterns according to sex.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.86-92
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• 2021

Background: Anemia is an important health problem affecting approximately 25% of the global population. Although its prevalence is decreasing worldwide, few studies have examined the prevalence of anemia in Korean adolescents. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia in Korean adolescents over the past 21 years using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods: We investigated the prevalence of anemia in adolescents aged 10-18 years for the period 1998-2018 according to sex, age, residential area, and household income. The effects of menarche age and menstruation were examined in female adolescents for the period 2001-2018. Results: Among the total 11,782 participants, the weighted prevalence of anemia was 4.0%. The prevalence of anemia in male participants significantly decreased (from 3.0% to 0.5%, P<0.001), whereas that in female participants did not change significantly over time (from 7.9% to 8.5%, P=0.054). The average age at menarche was 12.4±0.0 years; the prevalence of anemia in females increased from age 13 years onward. Multivariate analysis revealed that anemia was more common in female than male participants (odds ratio [OR], 9.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.19-13.57; P<0.001). In female adolescents, the prevalence of anemia increased with age (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.15-1.38, P<0.001) and was 3.6 times higher after than before menarche (OR, 3.65; 95% CI, 2.21-6.05, P<0.001). Conclusion: Over the 21-year study period, the prevalence of anemia decreased among male adolescents but did not change in female adolescents. In female adolescents, age and menarche were identified as significant risk factors that require continued attention.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.189-201
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to investigate the health status and nutritional intake of the old population living in Soonchang, Jeollabuk-do, Korea. 69 subjects aged 65 years and older were recruited in July 2016. The WHR, was significantly higher in elderly male group than elderly female group (p<0.05), but both groups had abdominal obesity (0.85 and over). T-score mean of elderly male and female groups were below $-2.5mg/cm^3$ that they were osteoporotic. In the elderly male group, the higher concentrations of creatinine, homocysteine and uric acid were found to be significantly unfavorable factors (p<0.001, respectively). The blood vitamin $D_3$ levels of elderly male group was significantly higher than that of elderly female group (p<0.05). The physical activity and self-rated health were significantly higher in elderly male group than in elderly female group (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively). The nutrient intakes of male group were found to be significantly favorable factors than in female group. The score of mini nutrition assessment was significantly lower in elderly female group than in the elderly male group. These results could be useful to plan effective strategies to increase the health-life expectancy and the prevention of disease of Korean elderly people living in rural areas.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.102-109
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• 2022

This study was conducted to test the significant difference of fertility variation among families and to select superior families for acorn production in the breeding seedling seed orchards (BSSOs) of Quercus acuta and Quercus glauca. The seed orchards were located in Jeju island and established by seedlings raised from selected parents for genetic testing in 2006. In the spring of 2021, the numbers of female and male flower were counted from 5 to 10 individuals per family in the BSSOs. To test statistical significance of which parameter is not satisfied through the normality test, we used a nonparametric analysis. Correlation analysis was performed to quantify the association between female and male flower production. As the results, the significant difference of flower production among families was found in both seed orchards. The averages of female flower production were 65.3 and 181.9 in Q. acuta and Q. glauca. The positive Spearman's rank correlation was existed between male and female flower production. Broad-sense heritability on female and male flower production were 0.191 and 0.147 in Q. acuta, and 0.285 and 0.068 in Q. glauca, respectively. Sexual asymmetry (e.g., maleness index) between female and male, and contribution variation among families (e.g., parental balance) were analyzed to find reasonable alternatives in the management of seed orchards. Effective population size of seed crops was predicted as a concept of status number. Loss of gene diversity (accumulation of group coancestry) would not be alarming in the BSSOs. Our results would be helpful to select breeding materials for establishing new seed orchards and to supply genetically improved seeds of evergreen oaks, which is one of the backbones of the strategy of carbon sink in the 2050 Carbon Neutrality of Korea Forest Service.