• BMB Reports
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.393-398
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• 2011

Polydnaviruses are a group of double-stranded DNA viruses and are symbiotically associated with some ichneumonoid wasps. As proviruses, the replication of polydnaviruses occurs in the female reproductive organ at the pupal stage. This study analyzed the effects of two developmental hormones, juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysteroid, on the viral replication of Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV). All 23 CpBV segments identified contained a conserved excision/rejoining site ('AGCTTT') from their proviral segments. Using quantitative real-time PCR based on this excision/rejoining site marker, initiation of CpBV replication was determined to have occurred on day 4 on the pupal stage. Pyriproxyfen, a JH agonist, significantly inhibited adult emergence of C. plutellae, whereas RH5992, an ecdysteroid agonist, had no inhibitory effect. Although RH5992 had no effect dose on adult development, it significantly accelerated viral replication. The results of immunoblotting assays against viral coat proteins support the effects of the hormone agonists on viral replication.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.379-388
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• 2011

The mechanism by which gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and dopamine (DA) control gonadotropin (GTH) release was studied in male and female rainbow trout using cultured pituitary cells obtained at different reproductive stages. The mechanisms of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release by GnRH and DA could not be determined yet. However, basal and salmon-type GnRH (sGnRH)- or chicken-II-type GnRH (cGnRH-II)- induced luteinizing hormone (LH) release increased with gonadal maturation in both sexes. LH release activity was higher after sGnRH stimulation than cGnRH-II stimulation at maturing stages in both sexes. The GnRH antagonist ([Ac-3, 4-dehydro-$Pro^1$, D-p-F-$Phe^2$, D-$Trp^{3,6}$] GnRH) suppressed LH release by sGnRH stimulation in a dose-dependent manner, although the effect was weak in maturing fish. The role of DA as a GTH-release inhibitory factor differs during the reproductive cycle: the inhibition of sGnRH-stimulated LH release by DA was stronger in immature fish than in maturing, ovulating, or spermiated fish. DA did not completely inhibit sGnRH-stimulated LH release, and DA alone did not alter basal LH release. Relatively high doses ($10^{-6}$ or $10^{-5}M$) of domperidone (DOM, a DA D2 antagonist) increased LH release, which did not change with reproductive stage in either sex. The potency of DOM to enhance sGnRH-stimulated LH release was higher in maturing and ovulated fish than in immature fish. These data suggest that LH release from the pituitary gland is controlled by dual neuroendocrine mechanisms by GnRH and DA in rainbow trout, as has been reported in other teleosts. The mechanism of control of FSH release, however, remains unknown.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.439-445
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• 2009

Cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom) catalyzes the conversion of androgens to estrogens and plays an important role in reproduction and development in vertebrates. We investigated the expression patterns of ovarian P450arom (P450aromA) and brain P450arom (P450aromB) mRNA during sex change in black porgy. Maturity was divided into seven stages from male to female (immature testis, mature testis, testicular portion of mostly testis, ovarian portion of mostly testis, testicular portion of mostly ovary, ovarian portion of mostly ovary, and mature ovary). P450aromA expression was significantly higher in the ovarian portion of mostly-ovarian stage fish, and P450aromB expression was highest in the brain of black porgy with mostly-ovarian gonads. Histology showed that testicular tissues were disintegrated with the development of ovarian tissue associated with an increase in the expression of the two P450arom mRNAs during sex change. Interestingly, among various tissues, P450aromA was only expressed in the ovary, and P450aromB was only expressed in the brain. To understand the role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and estradiol ($E_2$), we injected exogenous hormone (GnRH analogue [GnRHa] and $E_2$) into immature black porgy. In the GnRHa group, expression of the two P450arom genes decreased 12 h after injection, and expression of the two P450arom genes were significantly higher at 6 dafter $E_2$ injection. These results provide useful baseline knowledge on the mechanism of natural sex change in black porgy.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.13-16
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• 2001

수온과 광주기 조절에 따른 볼락, Sebastes inermis의 혈장내 성steroid hormone 변화를 조사하였다. 월별 GSI의 변화에서 암컷은 대조구의 경우 11월부터 증가하기 시작하여 1월에 최고값이 되었다. 수온과 광주기를 조절한 실험구중 조절에 반응한 개체들 (Tr-r)에서는 대조구 보다 1개월 늦은 2월에 최고값을 나타내었다 그러나 수온과 광주기의 조절에 반응하지 않은 개체들 (Tr-n)은 GSI의 발달이 중단되어 전 실험기간동안 1.2 이하의 낮은 값을 유지하였다. 수컷의 월별 GSI 변화는 대조구와 조절구 사이에서 뚜렷한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 암컷에서 혈장 E2와 T의 변화는 GSI의 변화와 같이 수온과 광주기를 조절한 실험구가 대조구에 비해 2개월 늦게 최고값에 도달하였다. GSI의 월별 변화에서 차이가 없었던 수컷에서 혈장 11-KT와 T의 월별 변화도 대조구와 조절구에서 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 수온과 광주기를 자연상태보다 2개월 늦추어 사육한 결과, 자연상태의 대조구에 비해 암컷의 성숙이 지연되었다. 이것은 수온과 광주기의 자극이 시상하부-뇌하수체-생식소 축을 따라 전달되면서 성 steroid의 분비가 영향을 미쳤기 때문에 난소의 성숙이 지연되었다고 생각된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1097-1103
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• 2017

뱀장어(Anguilla japonica)의 인공종묘생산은 연어뇌하수체추출물(SPE, salmon pituitary extract)을 암컷 뱀장어에게 지속적인 투여를 하고 인위적으로 성성숙을 유도로 얻은 난과 정자를 인공수정을 하고 부화 시켜 생산한다. 하지만 SPE를 반복적으로 복강에 주사하는 방법은 암컷 뱀장어에게 많은 스트레스를 주며, 결국 스트레스로 인하여 완전한 성성숙을 하지 못하고 폐사에 이르게 되거나 배란한 난의 질이 좋지 않아 부화율과 자어의 생존율이 떨어지는 문제점을 갖고 있다. 본 연구에서는 뱀장어의 성성숙 유도에 유효하다고 알려진 호르몬이 주입된 osmotic pump를 복강에 삽입 후 암컷 뱀장어의 성성숙 유도를 하였다. 본 연구결과 SPE를 투여한 실험어의 GSI가 hCG, GnRHa, MT를 각각 또는 함께 투여한 실험구 보다 유의하게 증가하였으며 조직학적 분석결과에서도 난소의 난모세포가 핵이동기 단계로 발달되었음을 관찰할 수 있었다. 본 결과를 통해 osmotic pump를 이용한 암컷 뱀장어 인위적 성성숙 유도 방법으로 이용 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2015

The sexual maturation occurred by the changes of steroid hormones was known to sex-dependently and/or age-dependently regulate the lipid metabolism in various animal species. Our current study demonstrates that lipid and its functional fatty acids can be changed depending on the status of sexual maturation. Of the functional fatty acids, ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3n-6) is an important factor for maintaining human health. The purpose of our study was to investigate the level of GLA in mice with different stages of sexual maturation. To this end, the longissimus muscle (LM) of immature (3-week-old) and mature (7-week-old) female mice was analysed for the fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. Furthermore, both gene and protein level of ${\Delta}6$ desaturase (FADS2) which is involved in GLA metabolism by real time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Mature females showed greater (P<0.05) serum $17{\beta}$-estradiol (E2) level and LM GLA contents than immature group. The mRNA and protein levels of FADS2, which converts precursor linoleic acid into GLA, were higher (P<0.05) in mature female mice than in immature mice. In conclusion, these results show that sexual maturation of female mice induces GLA and FADS2 contents in LM.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2020

Phthalates and those metabolites have long history in industry and suspected to have deficient effects in development and reproduction. These are well-known anti-androgenic chemicals and many studies have examined the effects of these compounds on male reproduction as toxins and endocrine disruptors. Uterus is a key organ for proper embryo development, successful reproduction, and health of eutherian mammals including women. To understand the effects of the phthalate, the horizontal approach with a whole group of phthalate is best but the known phthalates are huge and all is not uncovered. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most common product of plasticizers in polymer products and studied many groups. Although, there is limited studies on the effects of phthalates on the female, a few studies have proved the endocrine disrupting characters of DEHP or phthalate mixture in female. An acute and high dose of DEHP has adverse effects on uterine histological characters. Recently, it has been revealed that a chronical low-dose exposing of DEHP works as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC). DEHP can induce various cellular responses including the expression regulation of steroid hormone receptors, transcription factors, and paracrine factors. Interestingly, the response of uterus to DEHP is not monotonous and the exposed female has various phenotypes in fertility. These suggest that the exposing of DEHP may causes of histological modification in uterus and of disease in female such as endometriosis, hyperplasia, and myoma in addition to developmental and reproductive toxicity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.235-241
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to define an arginine effect when added to a diet. The influence of arginine supplements on bone mineral density and content were studied in young female Sprague-Dawley rats fed either an arginine supplemented diet or control diet. Twenty four rats (body weight $83{\pm}5g$) were randomly assigned to one of two groups, consuming casein or casein with supplemented arginine diet. All rats were fed on experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 9 weeks. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured using PIXImus (GE Lunar Co, Wisconsin, USA) in spine and femur 3, 6, and 9 weeks after feeding. The serum and urine concentrations of Ca and P were determined. Diet did not affect weight gain and mean food intake. The serum concentration of Ca and P were not changed by arginine supplementation. Urinary Ca excretion was significantly decreased by arginine supplementation. Spine BMD was significantly increased by arginine supplementation on 3 and 6 weeks after feeding. Femur BMD was significantly increased in the group of arginine supplementation on 3, 6, and 9 weeks. Rats fed the arginine-supplemented diet had better bone mineral content than did control diet rats in the experimental period. Therefore, arginine supplementation may be beneficial on spine and femur BMD increment in growing female rats. These are thought to be associated with an arginine-induced growth hormone release. The exact mechanism of this effect remains to be elucidated.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.565-572
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate nutritional intakes and preference food and blood composition of female college students of premenstrual syndrome. Based on physical measurement test results, both groups showed no noticeable difference and both groups were within the normal range according to body composition analysis. In terms of nutrients consumption, results showed nutritional intakes more than EAR(estimated average requirements) included phosphorus>vitamin $B_6$>vitamin $B_1$, while nutritional intakes less than EAR were vitamin A>vitamin $B_6$>calcium>folic acid. A significant difference was observed for vitamin C intake(p<0.05). The overall mean values of basic blood(WBC, RBC, Hct, and Hb), sex hormone(Estrogen, Progesterone), aldosterone, cortisol, Cu, Zn, and Ca, Mg indices in female college students were within the normal range and there was no significant difference between the PMS group and the Normal group. In conclusion, vitamin C intake of the PMS group showed a level of 84.8% EAR. Therefore vitamin C supplement can be beneficial to relieve the PMS Syndrome.

• 급식외식위생학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2022

As one of the post-COVID-19 response strategies, representative processed products derived from the natural plant material flaxseed and a dietary supplement fortified with female hormones (estrogens) were developed in Canada, an eco-friendly country was introduced. These products were: 1) flaxseed oil to help maintain cognitive and immune function, 2) Lignan50, a substance with effects similar to estrogen, a female hormone, 3) XanFlax, a thickener for confectionery/baking and egg substitute, 4) MediFlax, a constipation reliever, 5) SesaFlax, which has a fragrance similar to sesame, 6) Linusorb, which is effective for its pharmaceutical anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidation and anti-aging properties, and 7) LinuLyte, a water/electrolyte supplement containing high dietary fiber. It is expected that these dietary products will help maintain and promote health as part of a response to the COVID-19 pandemic.