• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제60권12호
• /
• pp.379-384
• /
• 2017

Feeding is an interaction between a child and caregiver, and feeding difficulty is an umbrella term encompassing all feeding problems, regardless of etiology, severity, or consequences, while feeding disorder refers to an inability or refusal to eat sufficient quantities or variety of food to maintain adequate nutritional status, leading to substantial consequences, including malnutrition, impaired growth, and possible neurocognitive dysfunction. There are 6 representative feeding disorder subtypes in young children: infantile anorexia, sensory food aversion, reciprocity, posttraumatic type, state regulation, and feeding disorders associated with concurrent medical conditions. Most feeding difficulties are nonorganic and without any underlying medical condition, but organic causes should also be excluded from the beginning, through thorough history taking and physical examination, based on red-flag symptoms and signs. Age-appropriate feeding principles may support effective treatment of feeding difficulties in practice, and systematic approaches for feeding difficulties in young children, based on each subtype, may be beneficial.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.1-5
• /
• 2015

본 연구는 흑염소 사양체계 확립에 대한 기초자료를 얻고자 방목과 사사형태의 사육이 흑염소의 번식능력과 자축의 발육성적에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 공시축은 흑염소 36두를 방목구와 사사구로 나누어 처리구당 18두씩 공시하여 2011년 4월부터 11월까지 8개월간 수행하였다. 단태의 비율은 방목구가 31.5%, 사사구가 37.0%로 통계적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 산자수는 방목구와 사사구가 각각 1.76과 1.69두로 사육형태에 따른 차이가 나타나지 않았으며, 이유 시의 두수는 방목구가 사사구 보다 높은 경향으로 나타났다(p=0.11). 사육형태에 따른 생시체중은 방목구가 2.3 kg, 사사구가 2.29 kg 로 나타나 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 생후 90일 령 이유 시 방목구가 9.97 kg 로 사사구의 9.45 kg 보다 높은 경향으로 나타났으며(p=0.09), 포유기간 일당증체량에서도 방목구가 사사구 보다 높은 경향으로 나타났다(p=0.13). 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면, 흑염소를 방목과 사사형태로 사육하였을 때, 분만형태, 산자수 및 생시체중에는 차이가 없었으나, 이유두수 및 자축의 일당증체량에서는 방목사육 형태가 우수한 경향으로 나타나, 방목이 흑염소의 생리적 욕구를 충족시켜 건강한 흑염소 생산에 기여 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.128-138
• /
• 2019

본 연구에서는 '국가해양생태계종합조사' 결과를 활용하여 "암반 조하대에 서식하는 연체동물의 군집구조가 먹이자원의 종류와 양에 따라 섭식형(feeding type)별로 차이를 보일 수 있는지?"를 확인하였다. 다수의 참고문헌을 바탕으로 연체동물 섭식형을 초식형, 여과섭식형, 퇴적물섭식형, 잡식형, 포식형으로 구분하였을 때, 조사해역에서는 초식형과 여과섭식형이 우점하였다. 해역별로는 동해에서 초식형 비율(47.9%)이 가장 높았고, 남해에서는 초식형(32.6%)과 여과섭식형의 비율(29.6%)이 유사하게 높았으며, 황해에서는 여과섭식형 비율(42.3%)이 우세하여 해역별로 섭식형에 따른 연체동물의 군집구조가 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 "연체동물의 해역별 섭식형에 따른 군집구조 차이가 우연한 것인지?" 아니면, 각 "섭식형별 활용 가능한 먹이자원의 종류와 양(조성율, %)적 차이에 의한 것인지?"를 파악한 결과, 섭식형에 따른 군집구조의 차이는 각 섭식형별 활용 가능 먹이자원의 종류와 양적 차이에서 기인됨을 확인하였다. 초식형이 우점한 동해에서는 투명도가 상대적으로 2배 정도 높아 해조류 성장에 유리하였으며, 그 중에서도 엽상형(sheet form)과 다육질형(thick-leathery form)의 해조류 군집이 발달되어 있어 초식형의 먹이자원이 풍부하였다. 한편, 초식형과 여과섭식형의 비율이 유사하게 높았던 남해에서는 해조류 군집이 발달되었을 뿐만 아니라, 식물플랑크톤 밀도가 상대적으로 가장 높았으며, 황해는 타 해역 대비 해조류의 서식량이 가장 낮은 반면 식물플랑크톤의 밀도는 유사하여 여과섭식형의 서식에 유리한 조건이었다. 따라서, 연체동물의 군집구조, 특히 섭식형에 기초한 'Feeding guild'로서의 군집구조는 우연히 결정되는 것이 아니라, 이들의 서식지 내에서 이용 가능한 먹이자원의 종류 및 양이 하나의 주요한 결정 요소로 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단되었다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.23-43
• /
• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine and analyse factors related to the actual status and practice of breast-feeding during an infant period to grasp elements detrimental to breast-feeding and, therefore, provide basic information useful for its effective practice and encouragement. Method: From April 1 to June 30, 2001, this study was carried out with the mothers of 337 who were 6 months old, as of the surveyed date, of infants born in 2002 and registered in Seongju-gun Public Health Center, Gyeongsangbug-do Province. The method for its survey included both of the visiting and telephone interviews, and questions were mainly about the mothers' general characteristics(3 questions), infants' general characteristics(3 questions), environmental characteristics of infant delivery( 4 questions), support to breast-feeding(4 questions), understanding of breast-feeding(5 questions), and feeding type during the 1 to 6-month period after birth. Result: 1. The feeding type during the I-month period after birth showed that the breast-feeding accounted for 42.4%, which was higher than dry milk-feeding(30%) or mixed milk-feeding(26.8%). However, it began to be lower than the dry milk-feeding from the 2-month period after birth. During the 6-month period, the breast-feeding accounted for 28.6% which was lower than 56.5% of the dry milk-feeding. 2. The mothers who were encouraged by their delivery clinic to and were educated to breast-feed infants accounted for 55.4% and 41.4%, respectively, which were relatively low. The understanding of breast-feeding indicated that the responses were positive from the view point of mother ＆ infant health, but negative from mother's physical form. 3. It was shown that the lower the educational background of mother(p〈0.05) and the higher the unemployment of mother(p〈0.001), the higher the positive understanding of breast-feeding, and that the higher the entire support to breast-feeding, the more positive their understanding. 4. It was also shown that the lower the educational background of mother(p〈0.05), the higher the unemployment of mother(p〈0.001), the more the experience in breast-feeding at a delivery clinic(p〈0.01) and the faster the initial feeding(p〈0.001), the higher the rate of breast-feeding. 5. The factor having an effect on breast-feeding included a delivery clinic's encouragement to breast-feed(p〈0.001), understanding of breast-feeding(p〈0.01), father's comment on feeding method(p〈0.05) and mother's employment(p〈0.05). Discussion: In order to encourage the breast-feeding, as shown above, it is required, fist of all, to offer pregnant women an education about importance and excellence of breast-feeding and its appropriate method before delivery in advance to result in a positive comprehension of the breast-feeding. To do that, both the publicity activities and program development designed to encourage the breast-feeding must be performed in advance at the government level. In addition to that, the mother-infant space as ‘rooming-in’ available for breast-feeding immediately after delivery must be prepared on the basis of legal and administrative support. Finally, female employees' leave after childbirth must be performed for the purpose of productive welfare and circumstances also be prepared for breast-feeding, such as a children's home at work.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.303-311
• /
• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and educational needs regarding breast feeding of women's mothers and mother-in-laws with a grandchild aged less than 24 months. The degree of knowledge regarding breast feeding was 14.84 points out of 25 points, while the attitude toward breast feeding was 83.88 points. Additionally, 16.4% of the respondents reported that education regarding breast feeding was unnecessary. There were significant differences in knowledge regarding breast feeding among individuals of different age (p<0.05), economic status (p<0.05), and with different aged grandchildren (p<0.05). Additionally, there were significant differences in attitude toward breast feeding based on the type of feeding (p<0.05), the practice of breast feeding (p<0.01), and reasons for low breast feeding rate (p<0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between knowledge regarding breast feeding and attitude toward breast feeding. The factors affecting knowledge regarding breast feeding were attitude toward breast feeding and middleclass economic status. In addition, the factors affecting attitude toward breast feeding included knowledge of breast feeding and the practice of breast feeding. Overall, the subjects had high educational needs regarding breast feeding; therefore, women's mothers and mother-in-laws should be given the opportunity for various types of education to improve their breast feeding knowledge.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.377-398
• /
• 1993

A survey of infant practices was conducted to provide information on which to base planned nursing interventions. The subjects were a convenience sample of 168 mothers visiting out - patients departments of five general hospitals and one public health center in Seoul for immunizations or treatment for common colds for their infants from two to 12 months of age. Data collection was carried out from July 8th to September 30th, 1991 using a questionnaire of 84 questions, 31 on the type of feeding, 22 on supplementary feeding and 21 on demographic infer mation. The results are summarized as follows : 1) The type of feeding was primarily artificial feed-ing (63.1%), followed by mixed feeding (22%) and breast feeding (14.9%) of the 59 mothers expecting during pregnancy to breast feed, 54. 2% changed artificial feeding and 30.5% went on to breast feed as they had expected. For mothers expecting to continue breast feeding over seven months. only one infant was being breast fed for over seven months. 2) For the 106 mothers using artificial feeding, 70. 8% hed attempted breast feeding, 64% of them for less than a month. Breast milk had been suppressed by for medication (38.7%) : 34.9% had used no specia] means. 3) The major reasons for replacing breast feeding with artificial feeding were the infants' demand for more milk (47.2% ) and insufficient supply of breast milk (49.3％). 4) Most mixed feeding was started at the age of one to three months (59.5%). Only 34.4% gave an artificial feeding after breast feeding : most (46%) alternated breast feeding with artificial feeding. On the whole, the motive for mixed feeding was the lack of breast milk (70.3%). 5) Many mothers (81.8%) were adding vitamin or mineral supplements to artificial milk and 51.5% were adding something to faciliate digestion. As for the method of sterilizing milk bottles and nipples, 56% had sterilized them together in boiling water from the beginning : 27% were just washing the bottles after boiling only once initially when measuring artificial milk powder, 31. 5% of the mothers over filled the measuring spoon rather than to the level. 6) The mother's occupation was related to her way of feeding. Mothers at home full time did more breast feeding than mothers employed outside the home. (x²=5.72, p=〈0.05). 7) Most mothers began supplementary food, from three to four months (48.8%) : 11.2% began later than seven months. Supplementary food was given between milk feedings by 67.2% of the mothers : 19.2% gave it before a milk feeding. Some mothers(26.4%) made their own supplementary food : 19.2% used ready - made supplementary food products for convenience. Recommendations for nursing interventions included : 1. Prenatal education about the advantages of breast feeding and breast care, and home visits after delivery for counselling related to breast feeding. Correct preparation of artificial feeding methods need to be taught in both pre & postnatal periods. In addition, specific education about supplementary feeding needed. 2. Further research is indicated about the Perceived lack of supply of breast milk and about the effectiveness of nursing interventions to Promote breast feeding.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.257-266
• /
• 1994

Three protein feeding systems for egg-type pullets involving conventional step-down protein 18-15-12%), step-up protein(12-15-18%) and single-stage low protein (13-13-13%) with an iso-energy level of 2,900 ME kcal /kg were compared to examine the effect on pullet growth and subsequent laying performance. During the growing period, pullets subjected to the step-up and single-stage low protein feeding systems were lighter in body weight and consumed less feed and netabolizable energy than those on the conventional step-down protein feeding system(P<0.05). 3ut the pullets on the step-up protein diet consumed more protein, and those on the single-stage low protein diet consumed less protein than those on the step-down protein diet(P<0.05). Also, he feed cost was less in pullets on the single-stage low protein diet than in those on the other systems(P<0.05). During the laying period, sexual maturity was later in hens reared on the step-up and single-stage low protein diets than in those on the step-down protein diet(P<0.05), however, average hen-day egg production and egg weight were not significantly affected by the protein feeding systems in the growing period. Daily feed intake and feed required per egg were significantly reduced in hens on the single-stage low protein diet compared to those on conventional protein feeding system(P<0.05). It was concluded that the 13% single-stage low protein feeding system produced smaller pullets with less feed, energy, protein, and feed cost during the growing period, and hens reared on that system consumed less feed during the laying period without any impairment of production compared to the conventional rearing system.

• 여성건강간호학회지
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.116-123
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between knowledge of breast feeding and practice of feeding pattern. A sample of 117 mothers who have the babies between age from 1 month to 12 months were selected from one university hospital and one public heath care center in J city. The data were collected with the questionnaire during the period from the January. 5, 2002 through January. 30, 2002. Analysis was done by using frequency, percentage, t-test, analysis of variance, and scheffe test. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. Comparision of the method of feeding by general characters. Income state, rearing (p=.019), rearing supporters(p=.026), infant age(p=.03) have shown significant difference as the variables affecting Breast practice rate. Breastfeeding rate were 24.8%, mixedfeeding type, 14.5%, milkfeeding type, 60.7%. The mean of knowledge on breastfeeding by feeding patterns were the highest in the group of breastfeeding. There was statistical significance between the group of breast feeding and milkfeeding(p=.000). In the conclusion, this study revealed that knowledge of breastfeeding promoted practice of breastfeeding. Therefore, to promote practice of breastfeeding, it is necessary that nurses provide adequate information about knowledge of breastfeeding.

• 여성건강간호학회지
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.149-156
• /
• 2007

Purpose: This study aimed to elucidate the prevalence of breast feeding and maternal psychosocial predictors affecting the breast feeding practice at six months postpartum. Method: One hundred and sixty one mothers at six months postpartum were conveniently recruited in two public health center in Jeju-city. Subjects completed a well-structured questionnaire regarding the feeding types of the child, maternal self-esteem, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), husband support, and marital adjustment scale. The data was analyzed using the $X^2-test$, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and logistic regression. Result: The prevalence of breast feeding at six months postpartum was 29.9%. Predictors of breast feeding practice identified by the logistic regression analysis include first feeding type after delivery, marital adjustment, readiness for maternal role and work state. Conclusion: The prevalence of breast feeding practice was lower than WHO desired at six months postpartum. Therefore, the findings support the need for breast feeding education including interventions focused on improving readiness for maternal role and marital adjustment.

• 여성건강간호학회지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.142-147
• /
• 2005

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to investigate the current breast feeding rates in Jeju Province and to identify factors which influence breast feeding duration after birth. Method: The subjects were 189 women with a child between 12 months and 24 months old. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire from October 2003 to January 2004. Measures used in this study included general characteristics, delivery related characteristics, breast feeding related characteristics and the feeding type over a 12-month period after birth. Result: The study showed that the breast feeding rate in the first month was 63.1%, later dropping to 30.9% in the sixth month. In addition, only 14.2% of subjects were still breast feeding the baby at twelve months of age. The mean of breast feeding duration was 4.77 months. The factors which influenced breast feeding duration were wanted pregnancy, breast feeding education, planning of breast feeding and breast feeding experience. Conclusion: Considering the low rate of long-term breast feeding, the importance of breast feeding should be emphasized to promote and support the continuation of breast feeding in addition to at its initial stage. Based on the results, programs on breast feeding promotion and continuation need to be developed.